Comprehensive Overview of Chalcolithic Age Cultures in India

welcome guys I hope you all doing well uh now in our previous lecture we had talked about the late heran culture now

civilization next topic that we have to cover is the calic age now calic agea background their geographical

extent Etc as the name suggests when we use the term calcul

theic age we are referring to those cultures where a combination of metallic as well as stone tools were being used

which metal calco in Greek means copper and lith his Stone so this was the

copper stone age right now if we were to look at the history of the calic age

it ran parall to the haran civilization and it also uh continued to survive post the

haran civilization as well so when we are talking about the calic cultures there are different varieties of calic

cultures late haran cultures second were the pure calic

cultures and lastly we had the neic calic cultures right Le haran cultures we have

already discussed in the previous lecture from 1900 to around

1300 BC calcul EIC cultures from around 2,000 to let us say 700

BC and the Neolithic calic cultures from around 3,000 or more specifically 2500 mid

third millennium BC to about 1,000 BC

right geographical extent e but it's

okay now cultures over

here this was the ganeshwar Jura culture in Northern Rajasthan

then over here this was the ahar Banas culture in Southeastern

Rajasthan then in the Valley of the chambul river in madhya Pradesh the kayat

culture the kayat culture flourished from roughly 1,400 to sorry 1700 to 14400 BC following which it disappeared

and it was replaced by a more extensive culture around 1400 BC known as the malwa

culture then in the tapti river valley we have have

the saala culture in the same region a more extensive culture covering larger parts

of the dean flourished which was relatively more developed as compared to the other calcul cultures known as the

jway culture Okay so

ganeshwar Jura culture AAR Bas

culture the kayat culture

the malwa culture the saala

culture and the Jor culture

take good afternoon good afternoon uh you haven't missed anything we have just started the class shanil I was just

talking about the regional distribution of the calic cultures and uh calic culture as I explained was uh the next

phase of human development after the Neolithic age in which along with stone tools human beings also started using

copper tools calic cultures can be subdivided into different types some of them were late harapan cultures that we

have already covered in the previous lecture some were pure calculi cultures which emerged without having a solid

Neolithic base and finally we have the Neolithic calic cultures representing those cultures which developed or which

started using uh copper after having gone through the uh Neolithic Age Now first we have talked about this category

that is calic cultures this is the regional distribution of the calic cultures number one is ganeshwar Jura

culture number two is the ahar Banas culture number three is the kayath culture number four is the malwa culture

which overlaps with the kayat culture number five is the Savala culture and lastly the largest most extensive and

relatively more developed culture of the calic period the jway culture which overlaps with the ter of both the SAA as

well as the malwa cultures okay is it

clear all right now apart from this we have some other cultures such as the Neolithic ciic cultures now these

cultures were the ones which veloped into metal using cultures from their Neolithic

base over here in eastern up and Bengal we had the chirand culture then the

Neolithic cultures of the Northeast also evolved into calic communities around the time period of uh

6 or or 700 BC and then finally some of the Southern Neolithic cultures also began using Metals right

now these metals were not necessarily copper they also used iron for the first time around 1,000 BC

onwards okay these so X Chiran

culture why is the northeastern

Neolithic and Zed is the southern Neolithic

and then finally we have the first category which we covered in our previous lecture these include

the gandhar grave culture the Symmetry Edge culture

the juker culture and in the sash region the prabas rangpur culture

or lustrous red wear culture now for this p period the most amount of

attention that we are going to give is to this category that is pure CTIC cultures the cultures numbered one

through six why because both the late haran cultures of the Northwest as well as the

Neolithic calcul cultures of the East and uh Northeast are going to have a greater association with the Arian

culture right so they represent the assimilation of Arian culture into the uh Native cultic culture or common link

provide these calic cultures now coming back to these notes by the end of the Neolithic period a

full-fledged civilization had developed in the IND and sarasti valleys in the northern part of India which

civilization harapan civilization a completely different kind of culture known as the calic culture had emerged

in central India and the dean region they were contemporary of the harapan culture but some others were of later

haran age in spite of using metal they however never reach the same level of development as the haran civilization

okay so they were contemporaries of the haran civilization or the late haran culture but never reach the same amount

of material development they never attained the civilization stage urbanization calic cultures flourished

in semiarid regions of Rajasthan MP Gujarat and Maharashtra perhaps this was one of the reasons why they were never

able to attain the civilizational stage why civilization agricultural Surplus now while these

people may have had a surplus it was never large enough to sustain any full-fledged

civilization therefore they always remained in the pre- civilization stage names of the following cultures are

mentioned AAR culture time period 28 to 1400 BC important sites you can write down over here

only ahar gillund and

batal kayat culture located along the chambul river valley

type site is kayat which is also the largest site so far discovered and the

most well documented site is in present day

oen now kayat culture flourished from around 1900 to 1700 BC

right it was it disappeared around 1700 BC when it was replaced by the malwa culture its important sites once

again kayat n the toi Iran

prakash and Dad Savala culture located primarily

along the Valley of the tapti river most important site the site after which this culture is named

Savala this is in the dulle district near Pune and Maharashtra then we have

the Jor culture right Jor

culture also overlapped with the Savala and malwa cultures its important sites include

prakash diamond Abad and inam

then these two cultures the prabas and rangpur cultures located in the sorra region right they are together known as

the lustrous red wear cultures and they belong to which variety of

calic pure calic Neolithic calic or late haran culture late haran

culture right the most important sides being prabas and rangpur

respectively and finally we have the chirand culture located in Eastern up and Bihar important sides

being Chiran sinir

gadii pandu rajar dibi

son Mahal Etc some of these are located in northeastern up some of these are located in Bihar and a couple of them

are located in West Bengal right pandu rajar and Mahal in West Bengal uh sua and chirand

in Bihar and Sinar and tadi in northeastern up now which category of calic culture

does the chirand culture fall under Pure calic or late haran or Neolithic calic it

is Neolithic calic last mahes Dal m a h i s d a l m

now one by one the important traits of these cultures are mentioned kayat culture located on the chamble river and

its tributaries there were only a few sites in number and relatively small in size biggest one may not have been over

2 hectares in size the largest discovered site is K itself AAR culture the settlements of the ahar culture were

larger in comparison to the kayat culture excavations revealed that they used Stone mud bricks and mud for the

construction of houses and other structures balaal which was one of the important sites of the AAR culture was a

fortified site it has a mud wall fortification with a m dug around it dit right malwa culture located along

the NADA and its tributaries it is its best known settlements are Nai Iran and nagra na was one of the largest calic

settlements in the country spread over almost 10 hectares some of these sites were fortified as well such as Iran and

Naga both were fortified saala culture the typ site of saala culture is saala the D District of Maharashtra it is

mostly confined to the tapti river valley but evidence from Dad suggests that it reached up to the pr Valley the

pr Valley is one of the important tributaries of the godavari river so it is located further

south then prabas culture very few not more than a half a dozen settlements of Pras culture are known rangpur culture

settlements of the rangpur culture are located mostly on the Galo and kobar rivers in Gujarat both of them together

form the lus red wear culture and belong to the late haran culture pedigree then we have the

jway culture more than 200 settlements of the jway culture are known the greater number of these settlements are

found in Maharashtra the best known settlements are prakash dad and inam out of which dad was the largest one

measuring almost 20 hectares so it is considered to be the largest calic site ever have been

excavated Chiran culture Stone and copper using agricultural communities have been reported from Eastern India

too in Northern Bihar at a place called Chiran remains of an ancient Village settlement have been found people lived

in small houses made of bamboo mud and mud plaster they ate rice and fish and hunted many wild animals they used black

and red wear Pottery similar settlements have also been reported from sagora and gorakpur up so bpur in GAA where people

seem to have grown wheat and barley apart from Rice as well in West Bengal pandu rajar and Mahal in the ban

District have yielded similar evidence all these settlements have been dated between 15 and uh 1500 and 750

BC factual information that uh although you may try to remember it but it is going to be very difficult to grasp and

what is needed is is to process it in a form that you can apply it in your answers what should you be able to do

from here first of all you should be uh able to highlight the elements of regional

variations and at the same time similarity among the different calcul

cultures you should also be able to give insights into the material

culture of the calic people that is their agriculture economy sorry

agriculture trade and crafts production you should be able to provide insights into

their social culture namely the presence of Social and

economic inequalities or stratification and important cultural traits such

as uh religion and art apart from this you should also be

able to pinpoint the nature of political organization sir calic culture started in Pre harapan

it even continued after mature haran and haraa had trade till Kar why this calic cultures not evolved due to influence of

harapan culture as all this come in land route between Kar and Hara so I think I've already addressed this shanil uh so

if you remember I had told you that most of these cultures were located in arid or semiarid regions one of the basic

requirements of developing a large civilization is a

large agricultural Surplus right now since these calic cultures were living in arid

regions what kind of agricult culture were they practicing they were practicing dry land

farming right now dry land farming is always going to be less productive than farming

in areas where there is abundance of moisture abundance of humidity and therefore they were unable to reach this

stage of having a large agriculture Surplus during this period itself so 2000 say 1,000 BC period they were never

able to attain this large agricultural Surplus that is why even though they were contemporaries of the harapan

civilization they were never able to reach the stage of civilization does this mean that Dryland areas or arid

areas can never support a civilization no it simply means that the weaknesses in the ecology have to be

overcome by technological improvements so till substantial technological improvements did not take place

civilization did not exist in these regions when will civilization finally emerge in the regions of central India

and the dean during the Maha janpad period so around 5,000 to sorry 500 to 400 BCE when sufficient improvements

have been made in technology in uh Metals as well as agricultural Kno how agricultural knowledge only then will

these areas be able to sustain a civilization but at this point of time the situation was not conducive for this

clear all right now to do this to highlight the characteristics of live during the calcc

period we must uh investigate or we must analyze the calcc age through these lenses right now give the heading calic

age in your notebooks and short introduction charactertics disc number

one or introduction from the third millennium BCE

onwards from the third millennium BCE onwards comma a large

number of calic cultures emerged and flourished emerged and flourished

outside outside the core habitation Zone outside the core habitation

zone of the harapan civilization of the harapan civilization full

stop next Point although they were contemporary of The Harens although they were

contemporary of the harant comma they were

unable they were unable to reach the same

level of material development reach the same level of material

development full stop this may be explained this may be

explained by their location by their location in

the added and semi arid regions of central

India and the Deen and the decken P

stop next Point despite the shortcoming despite this

shortcoming comma they were able to they were able

to they were able to despite these shortcomings comma these cultures represent these cultures

represent the transformation the transformation from

the prehistoric to the protohistoric age from the prehistoric to the

protohistoric age transformation from the prehistoric to the protohistoric age okay now give

the subheading characteristics of life during the calic age during the

calic age and within that one by one we are going to talk

about different things material culture the society the political organization Etc right

first give the subheading number one calcc economy calcc

economy within the economy we need to talk about agriculture we need to talk about craft

production we need to talk about technology and uh different tools that were used we

need to talk about the ornaments the different objects that they were producing we need to talk about their

Pottery we need to talk about their trade and commerce and their habitations sir

internet is Sir internet yeah right these are the things that we need to talk about let us look at these

things one by one first of all agriculture what were the characteristics of the agriculture of

the haran civilization or sorry the calcul cultures the their economy was largely based on subsistence agriculture

stock raising hunting and fishing so the Surplus if at at at all it was present would it have been very high no it would

have been relatively small a greater part of the region in which these calic cultures flourished is known as the zone

of the black cotton soil right and the climate over here is semiarid black cotton soil

unique characteristic it retains water over a long period of time why it is a very

fine clay type of soil okay it is formed through a very lengthy process of uh erosion so that the soil grains are

extremely fine so the finer the soil the soil grains the smaller are the spaces between different grains going to be so

once wet they are going to expand like a sponge right so they'll absorb a lot of water and then the surface is going to

be flat in nature right and therefore evaporation is not going to have a very great effect obviously the water is

going to be slowly lost due to evaporation but it is going to take place over a very long period of time

capillary action in Black cotton soil is very very slow okay main crops grow they were barley wheat rice bajra joar lentil

HS gram Hassen Bean grass PE p black gram and uh green grham barley however was the principal serial during this

period why do you think this was because of the semiarid climate from places such as

inam there is evidence of the practice of crop rotation what do you mean crop rotation R and K seasonal rotation right

harvesting of summer crops and winter crops and artificial irrigation as well artificial irrigation of what type the

same type as used by The Harens flood irrigation example a massive embankment was built at enam to divert the flood

water through a channel black cotton soil was also plowed for farming operation are suggested by the discovery

of a prototype of the plow share made from the shoulder bone of cattle at Wy this is not very far from enam

Maharashtra so a cattle prototype made of the shoulder bone of a cattle has been found from Wy this indicates that

telling was practiced calic agriculture also reflects ecological adaptation by the

people in developing a system of dry land farming dependent on moisture retentive soils based upon the then

available technology knowledge and means right so they did not simply ape the farming practices of the people of the

harapan civilization rather they adapted their own solutions to their own unique ecological problems they discovered that

the black cotton soil the clay soil of the black cotton region can retain moisture for a long period therefore it

would be suitable for different kinds of cultivation apart from cultivation animal husbandry and hunting and fishing

were other major sources of Subs subsistence excavations have revealed evidence of both domesticated as well as

wild animals domesticated animals included cattle sheep goat dog Pig uh horse Etc the bows of cattle and sheep

or goat predominate at most sites cut and chop marks on the bones of these animals indicate that they were

slaughtered for food host of the animals were slaughtered when they were young and what does this indicate primarily

they were being used for milk or for meat for meat wild animals included black Buck

four hor Antelope Neil Guy baras Singa SAR cheetal wild buffalo and one hor rhinoceros these were the uh things that

they hunted apart from this bones of fish waterfall that is water Birds uh turtles rodents also have been found at

some of the other sites not only freshwater fish but bones of marine fish species have been also found at inam at

the source of these and the source of these fish could either be Kalan or Mahar the nearest Creek Point so the

nearest sea inlets into the land from there they were probably catching the seafish the charred bones of both the

domestic and wild species indicate that they were cooked in an open fire okay so their subsistence base

now under the calic economy give another subheading agriculture

agriculture domestication of horses is believed to have started from the calic period itself now if you look at the

domestication of horses it was probably the Arians who began it on a large scale they had in fact inherited this tendency

from their forefathers in Central Asia and other parts of Eurasia and they brought this tendency to India as well

it is roughly at the same time that calic communities also began noticing the importance of the and tiating them

right now it we are not entirely certain whether the calic people adopted this uh practice after coming into contact with

the Arians or before coming into contact with the Arians maybe they did it independently maybe they learned it from

the Arians we are not sure about that but during the early Vic period calcula period these kinds of activities

definitely started right now give the subing agriculture

agriculture agriculture was subsistence based was subsistence

based P stop it was an example of dry land farming it was an example of dry land

farming and required intelligent ecological adaptation and required intelligent

ecological adaptation P stop sub point this

indicates the relatively advanced the relatively

Advanced knowledge of Agriculture among the calic

people among the calic people example they had learned they had

learned to cultivate sorry they had learned to

utilize they had learned to utilize the moisture retention property of black cotton soil of black

cotton soil full stop next main point

the calic people the calic people also used also

used flood irrigation as indicated by as indicated by the discovery

of the discovery of a large embankment a large

embankment at inam at enam Full Stop next

point the soil the soil was tilled was tilled before

sewing as indicated as indicated by

a bone prototype of plow discovered at

Wy near m rra sorry near inam near enam next point they also

practiced they also practiced crop rotation growing summer and winter crops

in the appropriate season in the appropriate season next

point the calic people the calic

people also practiced also practiced the fallowing of

land also practiced the fallowing of land what is this the practice of leaving a portion

of the land uncultivated during a particular time period what is the purpose to allow the land to regain its

soil fertility following of land next point

evidence of evidence of the use of animal manure as natural

fertilizer as natural fertilizer comes from several

sites in the jway culture in the jway

culture next point they cultivated they cultivated a large

variety of crops such as wheat barley

rice millets horse gam black

gram green gram chickpeas green gr chick

Etc but barley was the most prominent type of crop was the most prominent type of

crop okay next main point cash crops

such as cotton were also cultivated

especially by the communities of the jway culture about the agriculture of the calic

people that it was a type of Dryland subsistence farming that they had undertaken several ecological

adaptations to conform to the dry conditions that they were practicing flood

irrigation they used plowing of soil they were familiar with the concept of crop

rotation they had also discovered the use of natural fertilizer such

as animal manure and they cultivated a large variety of both

food and non food crops okay I'll take down a question

on the basis of archaeology on the basis of archaeology

highlight the characteristics of calic

Agriculture 200 words what are all these These are the different characteristics of the calic

Agriculture and how are you going to write this with the help of archaological

evidence for example if you claim that they used flood irrigation you have to tell if you want to tell that they used

natural fertilizer such as animal manure so once again Jor similar if you want to highlight the practice of crop rotation

you can highlight its practice both in the late harapan cultures L red wear culture as well as the jway culture and

malwa culture then dry land subsistence farming how can you say that although their crop diversity was extremely large

the crop that predominated was barley which was suited to drier conditions ecological adap patients that bulk of

their cultivation was done over black cotton soil of the dean Plateau region that they were using the

plow right so on the basis of archaeological evidence you will highlight all these individual

characteristics that introduction you can start by saying that calic agriculture was sorry agriculture was

the most important subsistence base of the calic people they had a relatively Advanced understanding of Agriculture

which in some respects was even more developed than the haran understanding of

Agriculture the use of crop rotation the use of animal man the agriculture was an intensive

kind of Agriculture it consumed a great degree of water right it was not adaptable for the dry land regions but

over here we find that they had come up with their own ecological adaptations right

so then you can simply say the important characteristics of the calic agriculture are as follows one by one with the help

of archaological examples you are going to expand upon each of these characteristics

conclusion the calic agricultural pattern as a result was the as a consequence was the result of the

uniqueness of their ecology as well as their growing understanding of agriculture and technology and improving

technology while these are some of the important characteristics we always find a great degree of regional variation as

well Regional variability as well at the same time because of the added conditions in which these people were

cultivating their crops they were never able to attain a very large agrarian Surplus and thus they were unable to uh

develop into a full-fledged urbanized civilization like the harapan civilization and

therefore while agriculture remains one of their biggest achievements or agricultural

improvements remains one of their biggest achievements it was also one of the biggest limitations of the calic

cultures right so on that note You can conclude this answer take Shanel got it

all right next question

prite on the subsistence pattern of the

calic age 200 words 15 marks right now you'll be able to partly

answer this question subsistence base agriculture or

animal husbandry or

hunting Gathering and fishing okay so this you already know

about is additional information so give the next subheading under economic life only that

is animal husbandry and hunting activities at the end of the [Music]

class don't worry in fact what I can do is okay I think that will be

better uh heading animal husbandry and hunting activities animal husbandry and hunting

activities what was the role that these activities played in the subsistence pattern were they the main stay of the

subsistence or were they lenting the grain diet of the calcul supplementary activities what were the kinds of

animals that were domesticated a variety of cattle pig dog uh horse also these were the animals

that were domesticated what were the animals that were hunted a large variety

rhinos wolf or deer Turtles and even fish right so Hunting

Fishing what kind of fish only fresh waterer fish or both fresh water and marine

fish both fresh water as well as marine fish now what were animals used for primarily mammals what were they used

for were they used primarily for meat or primarily for milk primarily for meat use because most of the animals were

slaughtered when they were quite young what other role did animals play in agriculture they were used for

Farm labor for transportation and communication Bullocks were used for providing the fertilizer animal

manure was also used so animals had become deeply integrated not only with the subsistance base of the calic people

but their other economic activities as well okay write down the calcul people the calcul

people supplemented their diet supplemented their diet

to animal husbandry hunting and

fishing and fishing P stop next

Point animals were domesticated both

for food as well as draft

power D ghd draft Power full stop next Point

subo domesticated cattle sheep goats

and pigs were slaughtered at a relatively young

age at a relatively young age indicating that they were

used primarily for or meat rather than milk rather than

milk primarily for meat rather than milk P stop next a

point the horse and domesticated Bulls were

used for Farm labor and transportation and

transportation next Point dogs were also domesticated for

security and companionship and companionship they were not meant for

eating okay and companionship next main point apart from this apart from

this Comm on birds such as

ducks gese and chickens

provided meat and eggs okay next main

point the calic people hunted a large variety of

animals ranging from ranging from animals ranging from

dear to elephants and rhinoceros to Turtles and crocodiles to

Turtles and crocodiles full stop sub point they were not hunted simply for

eating but for

other items such as skins

bones Ivory and shells and

shells okay next main point the calcul people were

also experts at fishing experts at fishing full stop comma

using both the Harpoon and

fishnets made of plant fibers to catch both to catch both

fresh water and marine fish catch both fresh water and marine

fish second main point animals were domesticated both for food as well as draft power

okay yeah know next main point

bir apart from this Birds such as Ducks geese and chicken provided meat and eggs provided meat and

eggs how do we know that they were using both harpoons as well as fishnets

har made of either Stone tips having either Stone tips or metallic tips or Terra

cots right these are known as fish net sinkers right

so and then it was thrown over the water body it would sink and trap the fish then the fishermen would dive and

retrieve the catch so F now next

Point calic Pottery next main point calic

Pottery also depicts paintings of several

animals of several animals both wild and domesticated both wild and domesticated

okay and some of these paintings prove that animals were not being used only as a source of food but also for their

drawing power for their draft power for example paintings Bullock cards mil for example

right then from uh daad there is also a bronze H consisting of four bronze

objects animal figures bronze elephant bronze rhinoceros there is a bronze Bull and the fourth figure is a chariot being

drawn by two oxen with a rider on top so this indicates that this kind of bullet cart was probably in vog at this point

of time so yeah animals now will you be able to answer or next main

point this indicates this indicates that the calic people had integrated

animals deeply into their daily lives their daily lives stop they were using

them not to obtain but also for work but also for work

okay the subsistence base now will you be able to answer that second question I

think next technology right now the calic people were farmers they had made

considerable progress in Ceramics as well as metallic technology so their primary activity was farming but apart

from that uh pottery and metal technology had also improved they used painted Potter which was well made and

well fired in a Kil it was fired at a temperature between 5 to 700° Centigrade metal tools were mostly made of copper

obtained from the kri mines of Rajasthan some of the commonly used tools for axes chisel Bangles beads hooks Etc crucibles

and pairs of tongs of copper were found at enam that means metal casting probably CH drills

were used for perating beads of semi-precious stones lime was prepared out of conquer that was used for

painting houses and lining the storage bins and various other purposes why do you think that uh the floor of the house

or the storage bins were lined with lime because it has disinfectant properties

lime tools all these cultures are characterized by a stone blade or flake industry based on silicious Stones such

as chalid sh Jasper and aate the tools included long parall sided blades blunt back uh blunted back blades serrated

blades pin knives loots triangles and trapezes not very important what were they used for some of these blade tools

have a shine on the sharp edge s suggesting that they were used for harvesting probably as a

side polished Stone axes which are typical of Neolithic calic cultures of Karnataka Andra have also been found at

some sites copper objects consist of flat axes or CS with convex cutting edges arrow heads spear heads chisels

Fish Hooks mid ribbed swords blades Bangles rings and beads at kayat one Pond pot contained 8 copper

Bangles ornaments beads made of semi-precious Stone such as carelian Jasper chalini

aate shell Etc they have been found from kayat a necklace made of 40,000 micro beads of stte has been found at Ina

beads of gold and ivory a spiral earring of gold and anklets of copper have been found so the use of ornaments also seems

to be widespread and since these were contemporary of the haran civilization possibility that these goods were

probably being traded from the haran civilization as well terracotta objects there these are in the form of human and

animal figures stylized terra cotta Bulls at kayat considering the occurrence of numerous terra cotta bull

figurines at several calic sites it suggests that the bull was a sacred animal or maybe they were just toys at

dad as I told you bronze hold of four objects two whe Chariot with a rider water buffalo

elephant rhinoceros Etc right now that it is simply telling you what kind of artifacts have been found from

where how to integrate it into a form or how to transform it into a form that you could use for answer writing Le give the

next subheading economic life me technology technology write down the calcula people

the calcula people had a fairly Advanced knowledge had a fairly Advanced

knowledge had a fairly Advanced knowledge of both

pyro as well as non pyro technology pyro is a Greek word meaning

P right pyy poy or Metallurgy Etc right non pyot

technology other activities such as lapidary

carpentry agriculture technology Etc right next point the

Potter the pottery of the calcc period how was it

made did they use the Potter spel or did they only made make handmade pottery pter wheel present the pottery

of the calcc period was both hand thrown I write down of the calcc period was both

hand thrown as well as wheel

turned and what about the quality the kind of fabric were they using coarse fabric or fine fabric finish rough

finish fine finish smooth both kinds okay so some items which were utilitarian having a coarse fabric

having a rough finish and some which were decorative or ceremonial with a very fine Fabric and a smooth finish a

glaze like finish right down they Pottery their point their Potter their Potter VAR in

quality varied in quality having both both

crude and fine specimens and fine

specimens next Point main point copper was the most widely used most widely

used metal used for making used for

making axes axes

hammers pins nail s

rods chisels cck

etc etc people Li

knowledge of using copper Alloys to make bronze write down however sub point

however knowledge about alloying Metals alloying Metals seems to be

limited seems to be limited okay why are we saying this because very few

speciment of bronze have been found from the calic cultures and they have not been found from every calic culture only

one calic culture that is uh Jor culture bronze object next m point bead

making bead making was another important was another

important activity activity requiring specialized tools and

knowledge requiring specialized tools and Knowledge full

stop next main point cotton textile manufacturing cotton textile

manufacturing also appears to be in an advanced state to be in an advanced

State full stop the calcul people cultivated large amounts of cotton cultivated large amounts of

cotton which was processed into fabric which was processed into

fabric by the skilled by by the skilled household Artisans household Artisans specialized group cotton

textile viewers everybody used to do this next Point Le the stone tool technology the stone

tool technology also seems to be far

superior to be far superior to the Neolithic age to be far superior to the Neolithic

Age full stop next Point therefore

therefore as compared to the Neolithic Age

comma the technological knowhow the technological knowhow of the calcul

people appears to be appears to be the technological knowhow of the

calcul people appears to be much more

advanced much more advanced okay this is reflected not only in the improved quality as well as

quantity of stone tools but also in the emergence of a new category of tools that is metallic tools this is also

reflected in their improved textile technology and their improved Pottery the quality of jewelry that they were

making that also appears to be much more advanced apart from that ter cotta art had also emerged right so that also

indicates a greater command over the materials that they were dealing with on a daily basis as well as increasing

knowledge about the behavior of different materials when put under different conditions so if you for

example uh burn terra cotta at a particular uh temperature for a particular period it is going to have an

extremely uh strong fabric it is going to be difficult to break right so trial and error through

clear now take down a question on the

basis of pottery on the basis of pottery

comma how well can

the life of the calic

people be understood 200 words 15 marks how well can the lives of the calculative people

be understood right so now we come to calic

PO painted portter is the most distinguished feature of all calic cultures each of the calic cultures have

their own unique type of native Potter each of these cultures had distinct forms of Potter Kath culture for example

is characterized by the presence of a sturdy red slipped wear painted with designs in chocolate color a red painted

buff wear and a combed wear bearing incised patterns okay different types of ptry AAR

culture unique black and red wear decorated with white designs Pras and rangpur cultures lusterous red wear

because of their glossy red finish malwa culture culture kotri slightly coarse in fabric but has a thick buff surface over

which designs were made either in red or black jway culture painted black on red and has matte surface treated with a

wash well-known forms of poy of this culture are dishes on stand spouted VES stemmed cups pedest bowls big storage

jars and spout basins and bowls right now question we have to analyze the utility

of calic Potter as a source of history for the calic age if is simply this kind of

information going to help you answer that question no it is simply telling you

what are the different types of poetry which flourished in different regions during the calic

Age the usefulness of

poy as a source of calic

History so what are the aspects of the calic life that can be illuminated by the poy discovered from this

context can we learn about the level of technological development or

not the types of pots that they were making the quality of the clay that they were using how well filtered it was

May lated CL use unfiltered CL use these kinds of things the finish of the ports the fabric of the parts whether those

parts have a glaze or are un finished smooth mirror like shine right these kinds of things the kinds of kills

that would have been required to make these poorts all these things tell about the uh level of technological

development then the different types of pots can also share light with regards to their

usage right and by gauging the usage of these parts we can learn about the daily activities

of the calic people right for example some parts are going to be miniaturized right of extremely

high quality but of no utility decorative pieces right so this can tell you that

the calic people valued aesthetic Aesthetics they wanted their surroundings to look good or it may also

have indic for personal strength they may have been used for ritual purposes as

well purpose then if you have have a FL a round bottomed dish what was it probably

used for with a thick grain or a thick fabric for probably cooking of food right for storing water if you get a

cup- like utensil for drinking water flat bottomed dish then you are going to use it for probably as a plate for

eating food then uh if you have a fenestrated pot that means uh Sport with one or two parts which has holes into it

which has a little windows in it probably as a most probably it was used to ferment

alcohol right so these kinds of things can also become clear to us right then from

the paintings on Potter what can we know

about environment animals that they were observing their religious beliefs may be

reflected on it or maybe some other cultural traits that may be reflected then can

Potter tell us about cultural contact and

diffusion or not for example the paintings which are representative of religious beliefs

and practices if they emerge in one region and then gradually start spreading to other

regions with the passage of time the same cultural symbols are going to become visible across the different

cultic civilizations or cultures such as paintings of the mother goddess or the humed bull

Etc can Potter tell us about trade and commerce ports which are unique to a

single particular culture if they are widely distributed that means that culture was trading with all the

different cultures where it poy has been found right similarly the paintings of bullet cards

boards Etc on the pottery and also give insights into trade and commerce the use of these

items for transportation and communication so would it be correct to say that a fairly accurate picture of

the calic period can be gained from the pottery to some extent but there are going to be

several limitations as well limitations the picture that we

get it going to be a complete picture or an incomplete picture incomplete

picture without further archaeological evidence our understanding of their material

culture that is their technological base their

agricultural practices crop diversity Etc their trading

activities the important centers of trade and commerce Etc they are going to remain

incomplete without this or only on depending only by depending on Pottery our understanding about

their social culture that is the exact nature of their religious

practices their social structures

their political organiz I ization they are going to remain dark to us because for much of these things we

depend upon other archaeological sources as well such as fossils

settlements Graves different artifacts

tools weapons and a good understanding about the distribu tion of these

objects simple analysis of poy is going to prevent us from this kind of analysis okay and that is why the

picture that it creates is going to remain incomplete in nature second limitation

the general limitation of all archaeological sources yeah that it needs to be interpreted by modern

archaeologists and historians and is therefore susceptible to interpretation

bias for example Pras rangpur culture is po what variety of Potter is

it lustrous red wear Potter and the same kind of Potter has also been discovered

from several other haran sites okay so only by assessing the poy of the Prat rangpur culture what is the impression

that an archaeologist may get that Pras rangpur culture is not a distinct culture it is simply an

extension of the harapan civilization but is this the reality no it was its own distinct late

haran culture and when can we know that it was a late her distinct culture of its own when we analyze the other

physical remains right such as the fossil settlements Graves artifacts tools weapons and the distribution of

various objects so a single

perspective uh exclusive analysis based on the uh study of pottery can lead to

distortions take so the picture that we may get is not accurate either

incomplete inaccurate okay and

thus conclude while archaeology can help us

enrich our understanding of the calcul age Ary alone should be used as the basis

Foundation of historical analysis no quter alone should not be

used as the basis of historical

analysis so the best strategy would be to use poy

and all other available sources in

an analytical manner in a critical manner to create a

composite and comprehensive picture of the calcula age

write down in the absence of in the absence of literary

sources from archaeology forms the basis

of calic studies forms the basis of calic studies full

stop full stop since the calic people

were prolific painted Pottery makers painted Pro Potter

makers comma Potter becomes an important source for this period for this

period next point it sheds light it sheds light on the

following aspects it sheds light on the following aspects P stop

number one technological development technological

development technological development write down it can give a direct and indirect

information it can give direct and indirect information about

the ceramic technology the ceramic technology comma Fire Technology Fire

Technology it means what kind of fuel to use what kind of kill to build how to provide air inside that g whether

natural system say air on these kinds of things right uh Fire Technology

and material knowledge and material knowledge number two the

usage the usage of pottery provides

insights into the daily lives of the people of the

people the point miniature part miniature poy may be used

for decorative or ritualistic

purposes next up Point large thick jars were used for storing grains

while long necked vases while no long necked vases were used for storing

water were used for storing water next up point penetrated

ports penetrated Parts penetrated parts is

parts right parts with small openings penetrated pots were