The Neolithic Age in India: Agricultural Revolution and Societal Transformations

all right welcome back guys now we were talking about the Neolithic age and more specifically

the changes which took place after the emergence of Agriculture and animal

husbandry emergence of pottery changes in technology we had looked at changes in

the subsistence pattern we had looked at changes in the settlement

and dwelling pattern we had considered changes in

Social political and economic organization the emergence of pottery

took place with the emergence of Agriculture why because there was need for storage of grain

technology changes new kinds of tools emerged these were highly polished CS that is tools

with handles made out of granite which was much more durable tools became more refined uh their utility also increased

their robustness also increased further for the development of py the Potter wheel was invented which was later used

for facilitating transportation and communication over long distances this revolutionized the scope of human

interaction and exchange so trade began in on a regular basis for the first time what was the basis for this trade

monetized trade system system Bas subsistence pattern change hunting and Gathering activities continued but they

became supplementary sources for nutrition for the Neolithic people agriculture emerged as the Mainer of the

economy change settlement and pattern they started to construct permanent villages to

sedentism emerged nomadism was replaced by sedentary lifestyle people started building artificial homes made out of

both mud bricks as well as water and do methods social political and economic organization hierarchy establish

governance structure emerged to provide order and security power distribution was unequal this is reflected in the

archaeological record as well the economic inequalities are also reflected in the

archaeology the different sizes and qualities of houses and Grave Goods then we are we can also say that private

property concept of crystalize society this is a natural outcome of the emergence of Agriculture Hunter gather

lifestyle lends itself to a flat economic structure individual efforts or

individual Enterprise production link then private property concept consolidate this is what was happening

also wealth was unequally distributed and as a result we see that the sizes and the qualities of houses that the

Neolithic people lived in right kinds of things we had

seen now the beginning of Agriculture also brought about major changes in the

social values and ethics of the Neolithic people yes sir

you misic people they were hunters and gatherers primarily right hunter gatherer lifestyle

me what was the pattern of consumption you eat whatever you kill if you do not kill you do not eat and

whatever you kill you have to consume immediately right so hunter gatherer lifestyle

valued hunting skills and it uh emphasized upon or it

encouraged immediate gratification

right however this was not the case for the Neolithic people after the beginning of

Agriculture settled communities emerged and value system towards agricultural

skills whereas hunting and Gathering was conducted by a band of hunters or gatherers agriculture was performed

primarily by individuals or family labor so individual Enterprise family

Enterprise emphasis right or ethical system immediate gratification encourage is it going to encourage

immediate gratification No in fact that is going to be discouraged

okay instead what would it encourage future planning delayed gr

gratification at the same time since the concept of private property has started to emerge

and has become intimately linked with the idea of security and Order people are going to be incouraged

or discouraged to respect private property encouraged to respect private property

that is going to be encouraged further now since it is not always going

to be possible to ensure the respect for private property then some dispute resolution mechanism also needs to be

put in place so the ideas with regards to Justice are going to become more well defined the

idea of Justice would begin to emerge right

now Justice because there may have been certain individuals or groups which may

have been looking to take advantage of whole in the social political and economic organization so Justice idea it

would emerge always in the contrast of the idea of Injustice

crime heft over consumption Etc

protet the idea of Justice would have also emerged right changes would also be witnessed in

the religious beliefs and practices how Hunter and gatherers

follow animism that is attributing divine powers of Supernatural agency to natural elements

of settled communities their existence their survival is dependent upon agriculture

Prim primarily and agriculture is a function or sucess in agriculture is a function of fertility right

so fer politic Cults are going to emerge that is why from this point onwards we are going to

see great discoveries or more numerous discoveries of mother godess statues right which is a fertility symbols then

phic and uh or other fertility symbols are going to be woried as well right

uhet worship worship from this point onwards the Cult of animal sacrifice would also emerge

from this point onwards fire Cults would also emerge so fire is always considered to be a medium through which human

beings can communicate directly with the gods so Gods give so just commit them to fire the rising smoke is going to

transmit them to the gods that is the idea fertility C social values and ethics

evolve from this point onwards clear due to the transformation of

humans into food producers comma there was a major shift

in the value system and ethics next point the Mesolithic

man was a hunter gatherer who had to eat whatever he killed who had to eat whatever he killed

immediately P stop if unsuccessful comma he would remain

hungry he would remain hungry stop supp Point as such the Mesolithic

culture valued the hunting skills and encouraged

the ethic of immediate gratification right and in such a

scenario Hunter code value immediate gratification resolution

violence write down in such a scenario in such a scenario sub Point next point in such a

scenario violence was often the only

means of conflict resolution of conflict resolution okay there's a place

called Sarai Nahar in eastern

up it is a Mesolithic site from where we get the earliest evidence of human conflict some skeletons in which the

skulls of the individuals have been pierced by arrowheads okay so from here we know that conflict resolution

violence use write down next Point SAR

SAR comma we have Mahar

comma we have discovered skeleton skeletons with

skulls pierced by pierced by

arrows full stop this is the earliest evidence of human conflict of human

Conflict at an organized scale at an organized scale

okay next main point with the emergence of with the emergence

of settled communities settled communities the value

system shifted away from Hunter

skills towards farmer skills towards farmer skills P

stop sub Point individual or family Enterprise was valued

over joint efforts by the entire Community due to the

emergence of the concept of private ownership full stop next

point the new ethical system discouraged immediate gratification

full stop instead it emphasized upon the importance

of future planning and delayed gratification it emphasized upon the

importance of future planning and delayed

gratification full stop next up Point

further further comma the ethical

system the ethical system of the Neolithic

Society also encouraged a respect for private property since it

was interl since it was interlined with

the priorities of order and security full stop next sub

point due to due to the unequal distribution of wealth and

the Very nature and the Very nature of human psychology

comma social malies mean social disease social Malay and

conflict also emerged taking the shape of taking the shape

of crime heft and overc

consumption crime heft and over consumption next sub point to overcome this to overcome

this comma to overcome this the idea of Justice

began emerging began emerging take

so the emergence of Agriculture not only radically transformed the way in which human beings used to live their lives

when assessed materially but also had a major impact on the human psychology the value system and ethics which drove

Society okay similarly it also had a major impact

on social bonds now before human beings became food producers what was the utility of

food it was only for consumption but after human beings began producing their own food food no longer remained only

for eating it also became a medium of value value BS

streng that is a cost that you are ready to assume for some other gains for example

reciprocity and operation

lubri right for example re so if some people were to pull their

resources together and out of their Surplus portion politic leader are they doing this out of their own free will

simply because he's their leader or does they do they expect something in return they expect something in return

expect protection expect order expect that their private property their lives they are not going to be violated

these kinds of things they are going to expect right secondly it is also a valuable tool to extract cooperation

yeah Suppose there is a dispute but progress has been stalled with regards to a specific activity because the other

person other parties are not ready to cooperate so in order to extract that cooperation make them a gift

okay it also played a very important role in transforming

the religious Outlook the emergence of a new class of individuals which may have existed even

before this but became a permanent fixture of all culs from this point onwards and the

Priestly class now some food may be donated by a group of individuals or by individuals

to these priests to these shamans and in return for that what do they expect they expect the priest to ensure

Cosmic Insurance Divine protection for them or the he they expect the priest to communicate on their behalf with the

gods convey their wishes and message to God and so that God is God becomes happy or sacrifice

be so religious Outlook changed with the emergence of the Priestly class and the emergence

of the sacrifice cult who also be became a major social

galvanizer right on specific occasions in order to celebrate

achievement so feasting also emerged as a major social galvanizer further

in order to win social respectability to climb the ladder of the social hierarchy what do the rich people always

do they make donations towards some important causes right so food may have also acted as a currency to purchase

social respectability so through donations this may have been done and

finally popular right that is also a type of food to strengthen social bonds or

simply to express love affection or as a visual and physical representation of an intangible em motion towards somebody

else to tell them that they are valuable to you okay to social bonds

redefine it is not that but because of the beginning of Agriculture and the rising importance of

food in regulating the lives and the social interactions of people it's important the importance of these kinds

of activities is going to become even stronger in defining the new social bonds clear all right write

down food food became the focal point for

emerging social relations for emerging social relations based upon based upon

the concept of based upon the concept of reciprocity full

stop example when a chief receives tribute of grain when a chief receives a

tribute of grain comma he is expected to

provide protection and order to his people to his

people full stop next Point P also

became P also became an important mechanism to

shape the new religious Outlook and practices and practices

stop s point it represented it represented a gift or donation a gift

donation or fee a gift donation or fee that could be given that could be

given to a priest resulting in the Priestly

class becoming a permanent fixture of Human Society of human society

a a fixture a permanent fixture of human society full stop next up

Point similarly the concept of sacrifice as a gift to God

also cemented itself within the religious system within the religious

system often often grains or animals would be sacrificed

to please the gods to please the gods stop next Point feasting and donations next main

point feasting and donation became a mechanism for individuals and

groups to attain social respectability

and legitimacy and legitimacy full

stop next point the concept of gift giving as a

means to express as a means to express emotional

Affinity emotional Affinity or Goodwill or

Goodwill became a norm in society became a norm in society

clear changes social bonds question you can analyze it at two levels

have to read between the lines human beings interacted with each other in the way in which human beings

organize themselves into hierarchies what may have been the possible ways when uh or possible ways in which this

Ary functioned what was the kind of power distribution Etc right so higher level analysis that is going to come

with practice social bonds influence next this also brought about

changes in the religious beliefs and practices that of the fertility

cult is going to become the dominant religious belief we also find the presence of a multiplicity or multiple

burial or iny practices such

as direct burial double burial burial

with a red shroud dog burial secondary burial

pit burial fragmentary burial partial

burial Etc okay this is more than sufficient what does this tell us

double what can that indicate institution of marriage may have existed the principle of monogamy

may have been the dominent feature but this is not necessary it may also reflect the practice of human sacrifice

that at the death of the master the slave is also killed and buried with him in order to serve him in the after life

this can also indicate the presence of uh unequal power distribution where there's a master and there's a

slave dog right what does that tell us domestication of animals was taking

place uh secondary pital fragmental partial burial direct what does that tell

us but these people belong to different religious faiths that these people may have also

been following different sets of religious beliefs right so these kinds of things can be interpreted from these

burials differ do we get to know about the presence of the concept of life after

death yes because they are always buried with certain grave Goods do we get to know

about the practice of or about the emergence of deeper social bonds

yes do we get indication through these different kinds of burials that a greater consciousness of family and

ancestry was emerging yes do we get any indication of the practice of ancestor worship also yes because we have certain

uh leftover remains of food and flowers or other objects that were put on top of these Graves by their family members

later on right these kinds of things we get to know now India the majority of the people how do

they dispose of their dead how do they send of their dead cremation right right so our picture remains

incomplete with regards to religion only on the basis of uh burials right so there may have been a certain cultures

which cremated their dead but we do not know about this peculiarity because of the absence of such material we are not

able to obtain such material does this mean that the Neolithic people never cremated they

dead absence of proof is not proof of absence right so that is the case over here religious beliefs and

practices with the emergence of with the emergence of Agriculture

comma there was a shift from animism towards the first fertility cult towards the fertility

cult from animism towards the fertility cult P stop how do we explain this why shift

towards fertility cult huh because success in agriculture depends on the fertility of the land so

what would these people pray for for fertility for better produce right write down this

is explained by the rising importance of

fertility for agriculture production full stop the the Neolithic people woried

for or prayed for the Neolithic people prayed for abundant crops

and healthy animals and healthy animals so with this we can also Mark a

major change of direction from the religion being naturalistic towards becoming materialistic okay write down

as such as such there was a distinct

infusion of materialism within the Neolithic religion within the Neolithic

religion full stop next main point a number of FY practices

number of unary practices emerged among the Neolithic

people full stop different neolithic communities

practiced one by one you can write these down Direct burial double

burial burial with a red shroud dog burial secondary

burial pit burial fragmentary burial partial

burial Etc partial burial Etc full

stop next Point these practices indicate these practices

indicate these practices indicate one by one 1 2 3 4 number one the presence

of multiple religious beliefs religious

beliefs number two the deepening concept of life after

death number three the strengthening social bonds number four

Rising consciousness of lineage or ancestry number

five Rising respect towards ancestors including the practice of ancestor

worship next Point number six the possibility of human and animal

sacrifice number seven the deepening emotional bonds between humans and

animals between humans and animals okay these were the changes which took place with respect to religion with the

beginning of Agriculture now after the beginning of Agriculture were there any changes

registered in the standard of living quality of life standard of

living standard of living ority of life human development IND indicators consider

life expectancy morbidity

and availability of food okay

with the beginning of Agriculture during the Neolithic Age avability

increase as a result of which what would happen to the human population that would also

increase now in comparison to the Mesolithic period Mesolithic period Hunter gather lifestyle those who were

in a condition to hunt were better off so if you are injured or sick or or if you are a pregnant woman or an elderly

person you would be dependent upon others your survival would not be assured after the

beginning so chronic hunger would go down

okay and what does all of this indicate that standard of living improve decline

improve right all the food availability had increased

what was the nutrient mixture that was now available agriculture was the main St of

the economy hunting Gathering activities provided only supplemental nutrition mic Hunter

GA Fish Co meat Co leafy vegetables and plants Co number of other Roots tubers Etc right so mixed diet all the macro

and micronutrient utri he was getting in good mixture now what is going to

happen the diet would be dominated by grains now grains are extremely rich in carbohydrates but poor in protein and

other micronutrients so the nutritional balance was

degraded take secondly did the beginning of

Agriculture ensure complete food security no why because primitive agriculture people did not have access

to Modern agricultural implements or modern tech technology or modern input input such as fertilizers and pesticides

the agriculture was primarily rainfed artificial Irrigation in fact plowing also emerged

much later on right so as a result climatic systemation so this would impact the

lives of the people extremely Gravely there would be a crash in food production and it would cause major

episodes of starvation okay so population collapsed due to starvation became much more frequent

all right further since people began living in

permanently settled Villages which concerns emerge such as

hygiene and sanitation do you think that the new man

had proper understanding of the importance of hygiene and sanitation n and this also led to higher

susceptibility to both communicable as well as non-communicable diseases so morbidity

increase this was further compounded by the poor nutritional balance because of which immunity was lower right so while

Mesolithic period population graph head with respect to time it would

remain largely stable after the emergence of agriculture in good periods it the

population would grow but in lean periods it would crash then it would start growing again and then it would

crash again okay so because the Neolithic mans agriculture was still in its primitive stage he was unable to

leave the you can say uh trap of human evolution even now okay and it is only with gradual improvements

in technology which took place over a long period period of more than 3,000 years that he was finally able to come

to the Launchpad from where he was able to propel himself to the stage of civilization haran civilization clear

right to next standard of living right

down the important indicators the important indicators of standard of

living of standard of living include include life expectancy

morbidity and food availability and food availability P

stop next point with the beginning of Agriculture and animal

domestication with the beginning of Agriculture and animal domestication

comma the availability of food increased

quantitatively full stop a point chronic

hunger would have affected relatively fewer people relatively fewer people

full stop next sub point the more vulnerable sections of the

population such as the elderly comma pregnant

women the more the relatively more vulnerable sections of the population such as the

elderly pregnant women the sick or the injured

Etc would be more food secure in relation to or in comparison

to the Mesolithic period we stop next sub

Point as a result next Point as a result

comma life expectancy and population registered and increase a registered and

increase next main point Le however however

comma the value of food the value of food is not

judged on the basis of quantity alone

comma quality is a very important component of nutrition

the point the Mesolithic hunter gatherer the Mesolithic hunter gatherer

diet consisted of meat fish

vegetables roots and tubers along with

other leafy plants and herbs leafy plants and herbs first stop

does does it consisted of a

wholesome a wholesome and balanced nutritive mix nutritive mix

next sub point on the other hand on the other

hand comma the Neolithic

diet was dominated by food grains full stop it

was rich in carbohydrates but poor it was rich in

carbohydrates but poor in protein and other

micronutrients in protein and other micronutrients full stop as

such as such comma the

Neolithic man the Neolithic man had lower immunity had lower

immunity okay next main point secondly secondly the beginning of of

Agriculture the beginning of Agriculture did not necessarily ensure did not necessarily

ensure food security food security full stop did not necessarily ensure food

security write down subo primitive agriculture primitive agriculture

was subsistence based was subsistence based and heavily

dependent upon climatic conditions upon climatic conditions P

stop the Surplus the Surplus was extremely low was extremely low

and P shortages were common full stop next

Point adverse weather next Point adverse weather events such

as floods and droughts or pesticide sorry or pest infestation or pest

infestation or pest infestation could cause crop failures resulting in resulting in

could C cause crop failures could cause crop failures resulting

in sudden population crashes resulting in sudden population crashes full stop next Point next main

point on the hole on the whole comma while it may be said while

it may be said that the standard of that the standard

of Life in proved in some respects with the beginning

of Agriculture with the beginning of Agriculture Full

Stop on the other hand on the other hand the Charming

simple and free life of the Mesolithic hunter

gatherer had its own advantages had its own advantages okay so these are the various changes

brought about by the beginning of Agriculture now take down a question

question the quality of the Neolithic

man's life was much

better than his misthic ancestor critically

analyze 200 words 15 marks take down another question to what

extent archaeological sources to what extent archaeological sources are

useful in understanding the Neolithic man's life

200 words introduction for example should we talk about archical evidence

or should we talk about the Neolithic age or should we talk about both first of

all the context of the Neolithic age in India should be provided that several

neolithic communities sprouted up across different regions of the Indian subcontinent

between 6,000 to 1,000

BC these were the earliest agrarian communities who have left

behind unique cultural remains available to

us as archaological evidence and this archaeological

evidence is of extremely great value in

understanding the life of the Neolithic man introduction you have provided the

context of the Neolithic Age you have also highlighted the importance of archaeological evidence and you have

also seen and then to see how different dimensions of

Neolithic life can be illuminated to us through archaeology for example

present archeological discoveries for example Western neic culture Kashmir Neolithic culture the Lower gantic

Valley Neolithic culture or Northeastern Neolithic culture or the Neolithic cultures which flourished in the

northern fringes of the vindas or the southern neic cultures Etc then on the basis of the analysis of

archaeology we can talk about there subsistence pattern for

example mahard 7,000 BC we get the first evidence of the cultivation

of wheat which is the earliest in India from civa around 6,000 BC

we get the earliest evidence of the cultivation of rice in

India in South Indian Neolithic which flourished from roughly 2900 BC

onwards we find agriculture took place but they exclusively cultivated millets and agriculture was of

relatively lesser importance in comparison to animal husbandry animal domestication then we can talk

about there technology what kind of tools we have found unique elements also we can

highlight for example South Indian Neolithic say what do we

find the continued use of quide for making tools and we find the use

of broad shouldered SS a b it would be of this

shape right so broad shoulder Cutting Edge that is relatively smaller you obviously it would be the shaft would be

much longer from Eastern

India biar Eastern up W region and North Eastern UPA region in association with stone tools

we find the use of bone tools and tools made of deer antlers right these kinds of things we

can find then we can also know about their dwelling

and subsistence pattern okay we can also learn about

the parist istics of Neolithic Society we can take a look

at political and economic

hierarchies we can talk about there standard of living

especially in comparison to the Mesolithic age we can talk about

their uh religion culture and art

similarly we can talk about their societal values

and ethics okay you WR 15 20 words and then you

will move on or that if it is not possible for you to provide one example for every Dimension

then at least five six example you also have to take care of space and time right and

first priority should be on narrative that is this dimensional analysis second priority should be supplement

evidence so that would be more than enough right

then conclusion question to what extent are archaological sources useful in telling

us about the life of the in understanding the Neolithic man's life right

question that while Archaeology is extremely

useful in unearthing the Neolithic past especially since it is the only

source available archology practic limitations resulting in the appearance

of gaps in our understanding for example

it is unclear to us that which particular Neolithic cultures traded with which other

Neolithic cultures right what was the commodity that they exchanged volume of trade we cannot get further details

about their religious life their societal values right so these are some of the Practical limitations

and does our understanding remains limited

okay does that mean our understanding of the Neolithic past can never improve it can

improve yes new findings

new methods and New Perspective SC Fusion get through

grad Archaeology is increasingly becoming an interdisciplinary science biologist chemical Engineers chemical

experts Radiologists Engineers Anthropologist sociologist contribution of

important clear so this is how this a challenge could be overcome so that should be our

conclusion all right now another question

the Neolithic Revolution was no Revolution at

all discuss critically question most appropiate introduction ter Neolithic

Revolution is context provide this term was pointed by

Vincent G and child to explain what to to explain the changes in

The Human Condition brought about by

the beginning of agriculture intruction subsistence pattern may

changes settlement and dwelling pattern may changes social political and economic organization May changes value

and ethical systems May changes social bonds May transformation religious beliefs may changes and standard of

living May changes so these are the changes clear now next

task to present Arguments for and against this premise NE Revolution reu reolution reolution

it was not a revolution or it was a revolution see that it was a revolution second it

was not a revolution right and finally so better strategy would be to present present the arguments that it

was not a revolution first okay so why should it not be considered to be a revolution

Revolution parameters that it is sudden it is

drastic or radical and it is universal

right neic period time perod 6,000 to 1000 BC 6000 to 3,000

BC 3,000 years time period time scale changes could these be categorized as sudden

changes not at all the changes sudden enough were the changes drastic or radical

enough arent that many of the changes which are being ascribed to the Neolithic

Revolution actually began much before it for example agriculture animal husbandry artificial dwellings they had emerged as

early as the Mesolithic age itself so to characterize this revolution as a Neolithic Revolution would be incorrect

it was not a Neolithic phenomenon okay and lastly were these changes

Universal no they manifested themselves at different stages in different regions okay and thus it has been argued

that it was not Universal clear next set of arguments that

it was a revolution now if we see this on this same criteria

but 3,000 years if you look at the changes in The Human Condition over the three lakh years preceding

this 300 years ches right so if we change our perspective and take a bird's eye view of the developments which took

place the de Vel Ms were quite sudden right so it was sudden enough definitely that these were

not radical enough these were not drastic enough why because it has been argued that Human Condition basic

change but this is patently untrue why because with the B of Agriculture and animal husbandry the relationship of

man with land and man with animals completely transformed earlier

he was dependent upon nature completely for food now he became self-sufficient he was earlier a food consumer now

became a food producer and this brought man to the penultimate

stage before civilization earliest civilization in

the subcontinent haran civilization with the beginning of

Agriculture human beings start producing their own food gradually they graduate from sub

subsistence agriculture to Surplus Agriculture and as the size of the Surplus

increases a certain number of people a proportion of the population is freed to pursue other

activities secondary economic activities such as craft production

and trade right in order to facilitate easier exchange of the goods being

produced these people are going to start living together so is non-agrarian population accumulations em new

settlements which are removed from the agricultural Fields they are going to spring up as a similar such settlements

start emerging across this region trade networks are going to

emerge as well so crafts and trade production is going to become the key towards

urbanization now this non-agrarian population living in cities it needs order it needs raw material it needs

other supplies which are necessary provide some kind of governance

structure governance is going to emerge right and government work or TR written orders are going to be

required and thus script is going to be developed right these are the main

constituents of any civilization civilization basis what is

the entire basis of the civilization Agriculture and when did agriculture

emerge in the Neolithic period therefore would it be correct to say that the Neolithic age was not a revolutionary

red development it was definitely a revolution and

finally when it comes to the allegation of not being Universal that the Neolithic cultures

represented a maj change in the way in which human society was evolving it was unlike any of the later political or

technological revolutions experienced during the modern period Revolution such as the American or the French Revolution

or the Russian Revolution or the Chinese Revolution or even the Industrial Revolution

changes they often tend to pan out across centuries and their effects are felt at different stages in different

regions for example French Revolution importance world history the emergence of nationalism liberalism and the Creed

of equality the uh Bill of Rights right so or the Declaration of the charter of the Bill of uh man and citizen right so

these kinds of things so that social

developments or socioeconomic and political

developments often tend to manifest over

a long period starting beginning of agriculture and that definitely took place in the

Neolithic period itself conclusion that on the basis of this

argument it is apparent that the Neolithic Revolution was definitely a revolution it was the final stage of

human evolution before human beings created the earliest Bron civilizations

so write down a few points the term Neolithic Revolution the term Neolithic

Revolution was coined by was coined by Vincent Garden child

Vincent Garden child to refer to the

radical so socioeconomic the radical socioeconomic

technological political cultural and philosophical

changes introduced or sorry induced induced induced

by the beginning of by the beginning of Agriculture by the beginning of Agriculture full

stop since then since then it has been it has been a major

Center of or it has been a major subject of a major subject

of historical debate with some Scholars arguing that

it was not a true Revolution while the others arguing

that it was revolutionary arguing that it was a revolutionary

take subheading though it was not a true Revolution write

down the critics of Vincent Garden child the critics of Vincent God and child have

argued that the socalled Neolithic Revolution socalled Neolithic Revolution

does not fulfill the criteria of a true Revolution the criteria of a true

Revolution namely namely the suddenness

radicalism and universalism of a real Revolution and universalism of a real

Revolution and universalism of a real Revolution sub

point the changes associated with the Neolithic Age occurred over

a long period of 3,000 years of 3,000 years or more of 3,000

years or more next Point similarly similarly

comma many of these changes many of these changes started much

before these changes started much before the onset of the Neolithic

Age much before the onset of the Neolithic Age does Neolithic

Age thus they were not strictly

Neolithic not strictly Neolithic two or three examples you can take

example we find evidence we find evidence of animal

husbandry from the Mesolithic site of adamar site of

adamar next example similarly

similarly the misthic people of of Bor of Bor lived in artificial houses

lived in artificial houses next example

agriculture was being practiced by the Mesolithic people was being

practiced by the Mesolithic people of the Cur

Hills by the misthic people of the camur hills camur

Hills uh mapura reg of the Cur Hills as early as as early

as 8,000 BC 8,000 BC okay next sub

point that it was not sudden enough it was not radical enough thirdly

thirdly it has been argued that the changes Associated changes

associated with the Neolithic were confined to a few

regions and communities changes associated with the Neolithic were confined to a few

regions and communities they did not affect they did not

affect the changes associated with the Neolithic were confined to a few regions and

communities full stop they were not universally

manifested they were not universally manifested okay next subheading though it was a

revolution it was a revolution the supporters of God and child the supporters of God and

child have emphasized that the Neolithic Age

witnessed revolutionary changes based on the following grounds witnessed revolutionary

changes based on the following grounds points now while these

changes were evidently slow to occur were evidently slow to occur

comma taking 3,000 years the scale of these

changes the scale of these changes was much larger as compared

to the previous three lakh years the previous three lakh years was much larger as compared to the

preceding 3 lakh years that means life changed more in these 3,000 years than it had changed in the preceding three

lak years next Point

secondly secondly the beginning of Agriculture the beginning of

Agriculture radically redefined the relationship between

man and land on the one hand the relationship radically redefined the

relationship between man and land on the one hand and man and

animal on the other full stop sub

point is humans humans were no

longer at the mercy of nature at the mercy of nature comma they could

manipulate their surroundings in a manner that had never been possible

earlier that had never been possible earlier possible

earlier and emerged as

resourceful food producers rather than simple consumers rather than simple consumers

okay next main point Lastly

lastly comma it was the beginning of Agriculture it was the beginning of

agriculture which brought human beings to the proverbial

threshold brought human beings which brought human beings to the proverbial

threshold of civilization of civilization P

stop agriculture formed the basis of the earliest

civilizations therefore without the Neolithic comma there would have been there would

have been Neolithic there would have been no haran

civilization there would have been no haran civilization clear

paragraph conclusion on the basis of these

arguments on the basis of these arguments comma it is clear it is

clear that the changes witnessed during the Neolithic

Age definitely constituted a revolution definitely constituted a

revolution P stop definitely constituted a revolution changes during the Neolithic

period definitely constituted a revolution they permanently altered they permanently

altered the place of human beings in life or uh in nature in

nature place of human beings in nature and placed and placed

them at the top of the evolutionary ladder and placed them at the top of the

evolutionary ladder ladder now if you look at the complete picture of human existence Stone

ages 5 LH BC around 1, 2,000 BC say for human beings to migrate to

graduate from the Stone Age to the Space Age it has taken us only 2,000 years or so okay and that was possible because of

the changes induced by the Neolithic Revolution write down it became or these changes became same May these changes

became the basis for the

transformation of human beings from the SP from the Stone Age from the Stone

Age for the transformation of human beings from the Stone Age to the Space

Age from the Stone Age to the Space Age clear so debate and finally last

question delineate the regional

characteristics of the Neolithic period in

India 200 words 15 marks NE Regional basis or on the typological basis

that on the basis of this analysis four types of cultures are

identifiable pure Neolithic cultures cures context present

transformation from mic to Neolithic in fact the earliest cultures present in these sites are Neolithic cultures only

so there is no prior Mesolithic

context Western most part of the subcontinent bistan region right Western

Nei in sites such as mahard Kul Muhammad rman K Etc in second category Mesolithic Neolithic