Comprehensive Overview of Harappan Civilization: Key Sites, Economy, and Trade

a take thank you so in our last session we were talking about the harapan civilization characteristics broadly

discuss right that is the last thing that we had talked about now before we discuss the characteristics of the

harapan civilization in Greater detail let us talk about the important

sites and discoveries made from here first we

have mudaro located in the larana district

of s in present day Pakistan on the banks of the River

indust important what are the important discoveries first of all we have have a

great Greenery a great

bath and Assembly Hall we have

a bronze dancing girl figurine a stone bust of a bearded

priest has been discovered we have discovered the largest collection of

seals from moan jaru in the entire civilization and we have also discovered certain important tools for knitting and

spinning of cotton textile okay so tools such as the spindle

and world now it is useful to know exactly but this knowledge in itself is

not very useful the way in which it has inter it has been interpreted that becomes more

useful the presence of a great Greenery is significance it indicates the presence

of an agricultural Surplus it indicates the presence of

some kind of Civic body which must have been collecting the Surplus grains and then storing it at a central location

it also reflects some degree of administrative centralization because this Surplus need to needed to be

appropriated and centralized and channelized towards the center right so some kind of taxation of or other

administrative centralization must be taking place it also indicates the presence of

sop sophisticated transportation and communication Machinery which would have allowed the Surplus from the rural

settings to be channelized towards the center right similarly great bath discover what are the important

features that it is made out of burnt brick

entirely and Harens were the first to use burned brick at a large scale almost all buildings found in the harapan

cities have been made out of burned bricks including both the public monuments as well as the individual

houses right so they were the world's first people to do this what does this indicate does it tell us something about

the nature of the haran social and economic organization it was relatively more

egalitarian even the common people had access to good quality building material and that wealth was fairly distributed

right it was not concentrated in the hands of a select few so it

indicates towards firstly high level of

prosperity and relative equality another unique feature of the

great bath is that even today all its surfaces are complete completely watertight and that tells us that Harens

had Advanced knowledge of construction stone work and masonry right right

similarly the Assembly Hall found at moan jaro where is it located in the lower town or in the cadel portion cadel

portion me so it was a public building used for political conferences and assemblies

this was a meeting place for the elites where they used to hold their meetings in the in sort of a forum right what

does this indicate the not necessarily democracy but this indicates the

presence of a ruling Elite which was Consulting with each other to take important

decisions so it indicates the presence of a powerful ruling Elite in mudaro which further points towards the

presence of a state okay

then is it any better now Shanel is it still the same better all right

so you have followed whatever we have covered hello Nores missed you over the couple of days

I hope you're doing well all right clear MLA okay

now the other discoveries bronze dancing girl

significance it indicates that har were aware of bronze metaller

what kind of a material is bronze is it a pure metal or is it an alloy it is an alloy of copper and Tin this indicates

that Harens not only had access to copper and Tin but had a quite Advanced understanding of copper and Tin

Metallurgy also they were experts in alloy making so all this points to the technological

sophistication and material advancement of The harapan Artisans

right then we also come face to face with the art and culture of the haran people bronze dancing

girl what kind of dress she is wearing what kind of jewelry she is wearing what kind of posture is she holding how is

her hair done what does this tell us this tells us about the fashion sense and the cultural tastes of the harapan

people right now the bronze dancing girls statue was

made using which technique of bronze casting lost wax technique so this tells us that the herant were aware of

the Lost wax technique now this is a technique through which Indians have been sculpting metal for thousands of

years and this is a Living Art which is still practiced by several tribal communities in India especially in the

region of Rajasthan and chattis gar It is believed that this is a legacy of the har

civilization Techni one prominent example of this is the dokra art

practiced by a few tribal communities from chattis gar right so that is also a form of metal casting using the Lost wax

technique and this tells us that haran culture had remarkable

longevity right now Greeks were Masters in Marble sculpture right however with the fall of the Greek

civilization this art form was also lost and could not be revived for almost 2,000 years when it was finally revived

During the renaa period yeah India in India there is a continuous link between the past and the present the art

forms cultures gods and goddesses of the past are still visible in the present context right this is simply one example

further it also tells us how the harappans like to spend their Leisure Time what were the cultural aspects that

they valued such as dance dance then

music and dance and music in India have historically been associated with which profession the theater profession right

so that means from the very beginning there were there was a rich tradition of performance of theater right so this

also indicates the possibility of the presence of theater but without more concrete

literary evidence we can never say for sure right theater question

mark now dance music theater respect professions

right especially following the British Invasion of India or the British conquest of India and dancing girl was a

derogatory term in the early British context in India John Marshall had been the first British archaeologist to study

this piece and he was the one who had given it this name right dancing girl Nam

derive from the notch girls or Notch girls these were cortis and prostitutes

whose main purpose was to entertain guests in important Gatherings for example naab of

a was a member of the prostitution Community or she was a sex worker or a corisan so this may also have indicated

practice of prostitution in the harapan civilization

in fact this is the exact interpretation given by the earliest historian to study it that is John Marshall

Stone bust of a bearded priest characteristics first of all it is in a

meditative State the expression on the face is come and the eyes are half closed as if in

meditation thus it has been called a priest right why bearded priest because he has a very well groomed beard

he has also been regarded as a priest king indicating the possibility that the

harapan civilization may have been a theocracy the political structure may have been a theocracy where the Priestly

class was also the ruling class right now why has he been called a king because of his kingly demeanor first of

all and also because of the rich ornaments and

the fine cloth that he appears to be wearing we find earrings and a fillet on

his head but across his left shoulder we find a robe which is embroidered troil

pattern embroidering this indicates that this was a very wealthy man right so kingly appearance Priestly appearance so

he has been regarded as the bearded priest or the priest king now there has been a debate with regards to the nature

of the poity written records AV because the script remains undeciphered therefore it

has become a matter of intense debate to see what was the exact nature of the haran poity and the discovery of this

particular piece the stone bust of a bearded priest this has been used as an Evidence as a kind of evidence by those

people who support the idea that this must have been some kind of a hocy because a similar kind of government

existed in Mesopotamia it was also ruled by a priest king so it is

used to support the theory that

the political structure was a ocracy AA you're on Election

Duty right so I can understand that you'll find very little time take but uh please make sure

that you are keeping up with the classes and doubts you can get in touch with me

right clear the political structure was a theocracy theoc any political system where

religion forms the basis of State formation State religion over here the sovereignty lies

with the ruling class which rules in the name of God and law is based upon the religious

Doctrine theocracy is this clear AA now

the ethnicity or the race of this particular person who has been

depicted is it South Asian forage foreign lineage has

features okay and since he was the he was interpreted as the bearded priest or

priest king Colonial historians that this is proof that moan jar foreign origin ruling

class foreign right so used to

support the the of foreign

origin and a foreign ruling class

is this clear however over as the understand as the understanding with regards to the

nature of the harapan poity and the evolution of the harapan civilization from its indigenous root has become

stronger interpretations with regard to this particular Stone bust have also changed

priest king he was simply a bearded priest or a bearded man so this is the new interpretation but this name has

stuck both priest king as well as bearded priest then we have the largest

collection of seals found from any we in the civilization at

madaro two most important types of seals found at moan jaro

say mother goddess seal and the pasupati okay

now mother goddess seal may do we have any images we have the image of a woman with

an elaborate headdress with a heavy bust and she's in the process of giving birth not to a baby but to a plant right

fertility symbol right so this represents the presence of a fertility

cult right on the side there is also the image of a man holding a knife to the

throat of a woman as if he's about to kill her so this may this has been interpreted as a symbolic representation

of human sacrifice whether humans were actually sacrificed or not we have no way of knowing but sacrificial rituals

were definitely part of the harapan belief system okay and that reinforces the presence of a fertility cult the

harapan religion also appears to be what kind of a religion a deeply philosophical religion or materialistic

religion materialistic religion sacrifice towards God so that he gives you something in return right

pasupati literal meaning the Lord of animals in the center there is a a man

with an elaborate headress seated in a yogic position on top of a deer skin right beneath his throne there are two

deers and on four sides on the four corners of the seal are four different animals con say bull elephant tiger and

rhinoceros okay this has been interpreted as the pashupati right meaning that this was some kind of Lord

of animals what does the presence of this pasupati seal indicate that animal worship or nature

worship may have been prominent as well animism right so the haran religion was a

combination of the fertility cult as well as animism clear now John Marshall was the

first person to study this seal and he drew parallels with this figure with a major Hindu

D Lord Shiva right he called it the Proto

Shiva in Hindu mythology since Shiva is considered to be the Lord of animals therefore he has drawn John Marshall has

drawn a parallel between this particular dity and the Hindu god Shiva right now it may be the case that Shiva was

inspired from this early Bel but the script remains undeciphered we will not be able to establish any clear

link right so that early archaeology the archaeologist had a tendency to make

several leaps which they could not support on the basis of objective evidence therefore we must be careful

when taking their interpretations at face values critically analyze

right then we also have certain tools for spinning of cotton

cloth cultivated cotton on a large scale and why are we saying on a

large scale almost household we have found it from several

locations including the houses of the elites as well as the common people right that means

spinning was almost a daily cultural activity for the harup people and how do we know that it was practiced

both by the elites as well as the commoners because spindle and worlds have been found both from the houses of

the elites and the commoners and because they have been made out of different categories of materials

spindles and WS they are made of lower value material such as

terracotta but the higher value materials such asons this is a type of glass kind glass

type material right that has also been used for making these spindles and worlds

clear so these are the kinds of interpretations that we can draw from our findings at Moen

jaru next important locationa where is it located in the

Montgomery District of Punjab in

Pakistan on the banks of the river Ravi important

discoveries first of all 12 greeneries arranged

in parall lines of six each we find the same interpretation as

the greeneries in other places including Mo State exist centralization taxation system exist transportation and

communication was well developed we also find from the fossils of the grains that have been found which were left over the

kind of crops that were being cultivated right so we also find about crop

diversity Etc okay then we have also discovered a large number

of fire altars indicating that fire worship or the fire cult was a prominent faith of

this region this also indicates the presence of a strong sacrificial cult in haraa right

then we have also found some Stone sculptures such as the

red Sandstone bust of a man

and a sstone figure simply known as the dancing nutr

right now what is the speciality of this red Sandstone bust of a man is arms legs

head attached him right but on the arm joint on the leg joints on the neck joint we find empty socket holes that

means a kind of doll with moving parts so it may have served the purpose of either a toy or puppet right so this may

indicate the presence of per Petri as an art form in the haran

civilization now statue this is also in a highly degraded State its uh arms legs and head are all Miss in only the left

hand has one portion of the arm showing right why is it therefore referred to as the dancing

nrj because from the stone bust itself it appears that the body is in fluent motion flowing motion right and interpr

once again John Marshall and he do parallels between this statue and the Nutra statue right so

Marshall was the one who named it dancing nutraj then from here we also find other

discoveries such as the presence of multiple types

of burial practices Jess direct burial coffin

burial secondary burial double burial

Etc what does this indicate the presence of different belief systems coexisting together even

now people dispose of their dead in different manners in accordance with their religious beliefs for example

among Muslims the common practi is to bury the body directly without anyof among Christians the common

practice is coff and burial right so this indicates the presence of multiple

Fates or religious systems Right double burial what does this tell

us two people are buried together some kind of thing may have been happening but we are not certain it

may be that it may be an indication of the presence of slavery also that the slave is killed and buried along with

the master to serve him in the afterlife or the case may be entirely different yeah that this simply represents the

strengthening emotional bonds between human beings all right that those who are together in life should be together

in the afterlife as well right so we cannot say for sure except that it indicates strengthening

social and emotional bonds between

people take the ye important findings from Hara the the next important

site we have is Kali bangan in the present

day anumang gar District of Rajasthan located on the banks of of the

river gagar which has now dried up so this River no longer exists or if

it exists it exists in a very desiccated form back then it used to be a strong perennial river

right important discoveries we find the evidence of life in the preh

harapan early haran and mature

haran phases so this is a very important site to underscore which theory of origin of the

harapan civilization the theory of sudden origin or gradual origin gradual Evolution gradual Evolution so it

supports the theory of GRA ual

or indigenous origin of the haran civilization but and what is

that while the site at kalibangan was at its peak in the mature harapan phase it appears to have been deserted suddenly

okay so it appears to have been suddenly deserted during

its mature phase when it was still

quite youthful that means evidence of stagnation or DK had not become visible when it was suddenly

deserted and this discuss decline of the heran civilization has also been a major point

of debate among historians evidence alangan this supports the idea of the sudden demise

of the civilization so it supports the theory

of sudden demise of the Aran civilization and

decline due to catastrophic flooding from kib

bangan we have found the evidence of plowing or king of soil have we actually found the physical

remains of a plow no Harens probably use plows made of wood which is a perishable material

so over time those plows have decayed and disappeared but evidence of tilling of soil Still

Remains they have discovered a plow field

right PL field how has the plow field remained intact when the plows themselves have

disappeared what happened was that the farmer had prepared the field for swing however there was a sudden and

catastrophic flood so the farmer his entire family and the entire settlement they all ran away or they were killed

right so the site after that was deserted but water Sil

Ali that alium was deposited on top of this plow field and it preserved The Trenches that had been prepared by the

farmer the preserved trenches the preserved ploud field have been discovered by archaeologist during

excavations ploud field and this is clear evidence that harant were aware of the importance of tilling soil right

then from here we have also discovered fire Alters right this also indicates the

presence of the fertility cult and fire cult right then next important site number

four Lo in Gujarat on the banks of the

river bogwa right and important

discoveries very good Lal is a very important site because from here the first ever

man-made dockyard has been discovered made out of burnt

bricks along with this we also have the largest collection

of Mesopotamian and Persian seals from

lothal so in combination what do these discoveries tell us it was an extremely important port

for overseas trade it also informs us that Harens had

a strong trade relationship

with other Bron age

civilizations right apart from Lal what were the other important ports for overseas

trade Ro rangpur suo

and Suka gandor rosi rangpur and Lal all in

Gujarat suak and Su Suka gendor in

baluchistan Suka gandor in fact is the Western most harapan site it is located on the marran coast just uh in the

Pakistani portion of baluchistan right so it is on the Iran Pakistan border sutak is located closer to the

present day Port of uh yeah guad right Port

important balakot sin near the mouth of the river indas right p

b right now apart from this manmade dockyard or discover from

loel we have also discovered rice husk right along with that fire

Alters the practice of double burials

and some copper and bronze images a copper dog

and uh bronze Bull and

bird okay discovery of rice husk tells us that Rice was consumed primarily by the people at lothal that in the

surrounding region instead of wheat or barley as we find in the rest of the harapan civilization rice was the staple

crop fire Alters already discuss double burial and these metal objects all these things we have already

discussed next important site number five

chanaro located in Sy this is near sukur sukur is a place

in Sy Pakistan on the banks of the river

Indus right important discoveries that's chanaro was unlike the other ordinary harapan cities it was

a factory site or industrial town

right manufacture jewelry made out of stone beads

right the making of stone beads drilling of stone beads and polishing of stone beads to make necklaces Bangles

Etc activity lapidary right so the prominent activity at this industrial site

was lapidary and how do we know that this was a factory site or an industrial

site because from here we have discovered a large number of

workshops a large number of tools in these workshops for drilling holes into these Stone beads as well as

polishing these uh items we have also discovered from these workshops a large amount

of raw material in various stages of refinement

completely raw material semi-processed and which Advanced stages of processing

now what were the kinds of stones that were used for making this jewelry semi-precious stones primarily

such as a gate

Jasper chid and other Mar Marine minerals such as Coral

or shells or even

pons right now where was the market for these beads

within the harapan civilization or outside it both okay so these semi-precious

Stone Jewels or jewelry was extremely valuable right and

from some haraan Graves we find uh Rich collection

of Bangles necklaces anklets

and gerles right this

was also extremely popular in Mesopotamia and in large

quantities the stone jewelry processed at chanaro was shipped to Persia and Mesopotamian

cities take now this is one way in which the site of chanaro was

unique another way in which the site of chanaro was unique was in the terms of town morphology or city

morphology now generally what do we get to see har towns single level single level

occation we find two separate levels of occupation an upper town that was surrounded by a

fortification wall so it was also known as a citadel and a lower town that was unfortified upper town ruling class most

important public buildings were located here and Lower Town common people houses and markets some other public buildings

were also found right in the case of chanaro what do we find that two-part division of the

city we find a single level

of occupation without any fortification right so when it comes to

town planning and town morphology CH chanaro is a major exception and

finally we also have evidence of the use of lipstick and

rul from chanar right lips they work as Cosmetics so this

indicates the presence of cosmetics in the harapan civilization

this also gives us further insights into the cultural tastes of of the haran people and their sense of fashion

right lipstick or Rose Mercury sulfide right Mercury compound it is known as Sinar chemical

name scientific name Mercury sulfide it is bright red in color right and when it is powdered and mixed with

beeswax it gives a consistent consistent layer when applied on any surface okay so these are the important findings from

chanaro then number six we have

doav located in the K District of

Gujarat on the banks of the river Looney

now important discoveries from here like chanaro Dava is another exception when it comes to Urban morphology and town

planning instead of having two levels of occupation it has three levels of

occupation an upper town a middle town and a lower town okay and unlike other cities where only the

upper town was fortified within a citadel each level has its own fortification wall including the lower

town so the entire settlement is surrounded by a fortification wall now the region of Kut is it a humid

region or an arid region arid region right back then also it is believed that it was arid and

therefore unlike other cities a major preoccupation of the people of doaa was water

conservation doav has a system of channels culs tanks and Reservoir interconnected to each other in a manner

seen nowhere else in the entire civilization okay so it has an elaborate water conservation

mechanism consisting of interconnected

tanks reservoirs channels and CS okay

design that once the upper level of reservoir or tank fills up the excess water does

not drain away rather it drains toward another tank or Reservoir situated at a lower level and so on on

right so that throughout the dry season scarcity of water should not affect the settlement

clear then unlike the other haran cities where primarily which

materal burned bricks so unlike other cities over here burn bricks have not been used at all instead Stone has been

used for construction another important finding from dhava is is

a sign board or

symbols and there are 10 symbols in all we don't exactly know what it says but the presence of this kind of sign board

itself is is a unique finding there is a sign board with 10

large characters on it and finally from doav we find a unique type

of building which we don't find anywhere else in the civilization this is an open area with a place of our seating to

beach space sides raised ped what does it

what does it remind you of was probably a stadium or a public Arena right these are the important

findings from doav then we have another important site Rak located in

the Hisar District of Arana on the banks of the river Looney sorry River gagar

okay now first of all it is the largest or up site to have been

excavated till date okay secondly from here we also find a large number

of fire alars thirdly from here we find a unique pit where animal sacrifice was

performed fit for sacrificing animals has been found right

and most importantly rakii is the site where a famous DNA

analysis was conducted already mention right what were the scientists looking

for which particular genetic marker the R1 A1 Gene this is associated with the Iranian

step ancestry and so it has conclusively put to rest the theory of the foreign or

Mesopotamian origin of the Aran civilization so it

has conclusively discredited

the theory of foreign origin of the Aran

civilization okay then we have the site

of bavali also located in the isar district of

Arana on the banks of the river gagar now unlike the other site over

here that is raki this was a very small site but equally important why because like kalibangan from here we

also find the evidence of occupation of this site continuously from the early Haren

to the mature Haren period from the pre heren to the mature Haren period secondly unlike the other haran sites

where burned bricks has been used for construction primarily over here we find exclusively exclusively the use of mud

bricks for construction and thirdly are the roads and streets laid

down G pattern me a chessboard pattern that means straight roads and streets that intersect each other at 90°

at right angles oriented west to east and north to south but at banavali we don't find this

kind of Grid or chessboard pattern rather we find a radial

pattern of town planning radial

patter exactly there are going to be a number of ring r roads so three concentric

circles roads which connect the different parts of the city

to each other okay so these are the important sites that we should be aware of now coming to the different features

of the haran life for example economic life social life their art and culture trade Commerce agriculture Etc

now first we are going to talk about their economic activities agriculture trade and commerce first of all

Agriculture and animal husbandry agriculture developed in certain areas where land was fertile and

the haran people were using agrarian implements which were made from Stone copper and

bronze okay did they use the plow or not yes they use the plow they used plows for cultivation we have found evidence

of a furro field from kalibangan in Rajasthan apart from this or which gives evidence of the use of

plow terra cotta replicas of plows some animal figures were also made some whistles were made some Bullock

cards Etc these kinds of things for me terracotta replica of the pl The Harens produce varieties of crops that is wheat

barley peas pulses and also some non food crops cash crops such as cotton from Gujarat we also find the evidence

of rice productional right animal rearing was an occupation which was practiced for food

production and other purposes like wool Transportation Etc as well and we infer that these animals were

domesticated on the basis of their excavated bones and their representations in terracotta figures

right so question sir does the use of mud bricks

indicate more period under early phase rather than mature phase and vice versa not necessarily so

for this different factors may have been responsible this may even have been a conscious choice for by the people or

the ruling class at banavali right so it does not necessarily mean that the settlement was any less developed than

the other sites case maybe that locally there were not enough people for the construction of mud brick houses or for

baking the mud brick so it may have been a question of exigency right secondly it may also be

the case that banavali was prone to more frequent flooding as compared to other sites located nearby and therefore

reconstruction would have been more uh would have been much more convenient using mud bricks because Bur

and it would have been prohibitively expensive also right so that is the case we cannot so say for sure what was

the exact reason but from the other material remains found from bavali it does not mean that during the mature

phase they continue to exhibit other features of early haran phase clearan

all right now the discovery of greeneries from Hara mudaro and kalibangan also

gives us a hint of channelization of The Agrarian Surplus towards the cities Agriculture and animal husbandry is say

give the heading economic life economic life in the harapan

civilization we we talking about the significant features of the harapan civilization so economic life in the

harapan civilization and subing Agriculture and animal

husbandry would you characterize the haran agriculture being Advanced or underdeveloped relatively

Advan any body civilization sustain right write down the haran agriculture haran

agriculture was fairly advanced was fairly Advanced and The

Harens enjoyed a large Surplus P stop was fairly Advanced and The Harens

enjoyed a large Surplus full stop the high agricultural

productivity was based on the following factors was based on the following factors

factors what was the soil like in the IND sarasti river valleys fertile ideal conditions were

present so write down number one high soil fertility High soil

fertility did the harant use any kind of artificial irrigation or not yes irrigation use Canal irrigation

or well irrigation type of irrigation not Canal irrigation they were using flood irrigation flood

irrigation suppose this is the course of the river right now on the basis of

observation farmer knows that during the flood season area

in right and the period following this is the best time to grow the crops because

fresh alumium alumium has been laid and the moisture content of the soil is also quite High therefore during the dry

season he is going to prepare the river embankments to a system of bares and dams he is going to provide

inlets water and when the field has been completely inundated then he is going to

repair this embankment Channel cut off flood irrigation so this is what The Harens were following clear second flood

irrigation did they use to plow the soil or not

yes the use of wooden plows next number four the use of Stone and metallic

tools for cultivation for cultivation and general climate region

was it favorable for agriculture or not yes the growing season was extremely long the soil was fertile the uh

precipitation regime was also favorable right so the upper crust of the soil was the you can say was a bed of fertility

so number five favorable climate favorable climate next main

point do we have any evidence of plowing of the soil yes I'm already discuss plow field at kangan and terracotta replicas

of flows from various sites such as loal Kali bangan banavali Etc write down while we do not have

any surviving specimens of wooden plows of wooden plows comma we do have

evidence of telling of

tilling we do have evidence of tilling suppo ploud

field examples for uh number one example number one suppo ploud field at kalibangan

next Point next example terra cotta replicas of

plows at banavali Lal and

kalibangan and kalibangan next main point The

Harens cultivated which kinds of crops primarily rabi crops or khif crops or both both cultivated both rabi and karif

crops but surprising that they did not plant them in accordance with their proper Seasons CRS

growing C right write down however however these

crops were grown during the same season were grown during the same season right so this means that they had not

yet discovered that different crops are optimized for Different Seasons Winter crops sum CRS

summering of different crops during the next period the late haran period and the cultic period write down seasonal

cropping subo seasonal cropping emerged during the late

haran and calic periods and calic periods

now what were the kinds of crops that they used to grow only food crops or both food food crops as well as cash

crops both food crops as well as cash crops the most important crh crop cash crop was cotton right write down Harens

cultivated a large variety of food and cash crops next main point The Harens

cultivated a large variety of food and cash crops

a point wheat

barley millets rice

Sesame Sesame comma GRS

peas dates melons

Etc were grown absent pulses absent write down

surprisingly surprisingly comma

pules are not found are not found from the

harapan archaeological records Point cotton next Point cotton was the most important cash

crop was the most important cash crop okay next main point The Harens also domesticated large number of

animals including Pig

Buffalo goat sheep various

Birds Etc and which animal was conspicuous by absence for such a well-developed

civilization horse okay write down the horse however was not domesticated the horse however was not

domesticated or S it appears that the cow was also not domesticated because from none of the

seals found so far have we seen any images of the cow in Buffalo or the bull is the most often

represented symbol on har seals but specific agriculture or animal husbandry

next there art and craft or crafts production now a civilization reaches up to the

urbanization stage with the help of robust craft based activities and trade why are we saying this a

line without the presence of craft production there can be no urbanization as

a because craft production is the main engine of urbanization cities functionally role

perform they economic engin trade or craft production can trade happen without sufficient craft

production why because the produced by the

manufacturing groups right so a civilization reaches up to the urbanization stage with the help of

robust craft based activities and trade the harapan people represented a complex trading community and the backbone of

their trade was craft specialization now when does the stage of craft specialization

occur when different groups of people are permanently involved in specialized product production activities right you

stage in the early stages of Economic Development or in the later stages of economic development later stages of

Economic Development basis the presence of a large agricultural Surplus and Rising demand

as the market for different kinds of products grows the participation of different groups in a production of

those goods becomes more and more profitable and therefore there is specialization though

uh okay so this is a function of high level of economic advancement they were efficient in prod producing several

items such as cotton Goods evidence from moan jaro bead making example workshops in chanaro and Lal Ivory work at lothal

Shell work at loal Etc so write down give the subheading crafts production

craft production was the natural outcome of Economic

Development based on Rising agricultural Surplus Rising agricultural

Surplus comma technological sophistication technological

sophistication carbon growth and Rising demand and Rising demand po stop next

Point The haran Artisans had achieved had

achieved a high degree of craft specialization with different

cities with different cities emerging as the hubs

of manufacturing specific products we

stop sub Point prominent AC ities prominent

activities included lapidary

lapidary carpentry bttery textile manufacturing

Ivory work manufacturing Ivory work shell

carving metal smithing metal smithing

etc etc next Point Chan Aro specialized

in making beads and jewelry making beads and jewelry while moan

jaru was a hub of cotton textile manufacturing was a hub of cotton textile

manufacturing full stop similarly similarly

comma Lal specialized in Ivory

shell and coral carving and coral carving

Okay C production another important aspect of the economic life trade and commerce what was the nature of the

harant trade well developed or rudimentary well developed right and

evidence of a developed trade and commerce Network exists for example the use of standardized weights and measures

how the entire civilization you will find similar or standardized weights and measures being used so this eases the

process of exchange over the entire civilization the use of a script which was used to maintain accounts the

evidence of boats and cards from pictures on seals and toy cards this was these were used to facilitate trade

haran seals which are discovered from the Persian Gulf Ur and nepur in Mesopotamia these are the names of

Mesopotamian cities Persian seeds were found from lothal Mesopotamian seeds were discovered from both manjaru as

well as kalibangan and lothal also Mesopotamian tablet dated to around 2350 BC declares that Merchants from dilmun

that is present day bahin and Magan that is present day Oman and Melua that was the Mesopotamian name for the harapan

civilization anchor their boats at Mesopotamian ports it also mentions that Melua was a major trading partner of

Mesopotamia right types of trade regional trade and external trade regional trade primarily involved the

movement of agrarian goods from Villages towards the towns this represented the approach appropriation of agricultural

Surplus from the countryside towards the cities exchange of goods among different regions with the within the Indian

subcontinent also used to take place for example trade with Rajasthan calic cultures for copper Karnataka neic

cultures for gold Etc used to take place the harapan civilization obtained most of its Copper from a particular site in

Rajasthan kri mines right and they obtained most of their gold either from West Asia

that is from outside India or the polar gold field in Karnataka neic

cultures external trade Persian for example the Mesopotamian

civilization Egypt turkistan and Central Asia Etc what were the roots for trade both land Roots as well as sea Roots

were used the evidence of boats and carts proed this fact right in fact for inter civilizational

trade so for trade between the different heran cities prefer land route or river route go River route was preferred

because it was the easiest cheapest and safe safest and fastest right important ports Lal rangpur Roi sukka gendor suak

and balakot these were important for overseas or extra civilizational trade right imported items included

shells from baluchistan Copper from Rajasthan gold from the colar gold fields and Afghanistan silver from

Afghanistan turquoise from Persia and Lapis lauli from Afghanistan lapis lauli it is a semi-precious

Stone it is bright blue and Afghanistan is the only place in the entire world where this kind of stone is

found exported items included shell and ivory products from Gujarat and other types of finished

goods of gold black wood cotton and possibly grains also right now what was the nature of the trade was it favorable

to The Harens or unfavorable did they use to import more than the exported or was the amount of exports more than the

amount of imports exports were more than the Imports export

import as a result where was the drain of wealth or what was the direction of the drain of wealth from outside to the

harapan civilization or from the harapan civilization outwards from the outside to the harapan

civilization as a result level ofos right this was one of the major contributing factors for Prosperity

within the haraan civilization these these are some of the aspects of trade that must be kept in mind give the

subheading trade and commerce The Harens had an

extensive trade relationship both within and outside their

civilization both within and out outside their civilization next

Point outside their civilization next point over short

distances Bullock carts were used especially to facilitate trade between the cities and

Villages especially to facilitate trade between the cities and Villages next main point over relatively

longer distances over relatively longer distances

comma the riverine route the rivine route was preferred was

preferred right we have evidence for the use of both boards as well as Bullock cards images on seals as well as ter

replic next main point long distance trade was conducted via both land and sea via both

land and sea next point trade was

favorable to The Harens resulting in an influx of precious

metals in an influx of precious metals inflow of precious metals resulting in an influx of

precious metals P stop next

Point seals played an important role in facilitating

trade in facilitating trade especially over long distances

what do you think they were used for or how did they facilitate trade

imagine there is a big jar or maybe some other material is filled in it it is sealed off with a cap

that impression what it is going to act like as a marker as a this is or seals were very important

to tell everyone the source of origin of that particular item right further if that seal is broken then the receiver on

the other side knows not to accept it it was probably not used as a medium of exchange why because at this point of

time the economy was not monetized this is the existing belief rather trade was based on the barter system right

system exch different kinds of Commodities so whatever human beings valued particular

value assign and relative to the commodity that is being exchanged commodity valuable

commodity amount exchange right so that could range either from cloth or grain or a particular quantity of burnt bricks

to precious metals or some other things right so trade was conducted through the B system but SE played a very important

role in facilitating trade especially over long distances long distances

but trade was conducted on the basis of the barter

system conducted on the basis of the barter system next main

point what were the important items of import precious metals semi-precious stones

ET down important items of import included gold and

silver from West Asia from West Asia comma gold from Karnataka

silver copper tin and Lapis Lazuli and Lapis

Lazuli from Afghanistan and copper from

the K3 mines from the K3 mines Etc

okay next Point important items of export included important items of export

included food grains food grains jewelry

cotton cloth Ivory works and even burnt bricks and even

burnt bricks what is the different type of evidence that we get for longdistance

overseas trade discovery of ports dockyards Etc foreign seals in harapan cities harapan

seals in foreign cities then we also have some uh trading outposts located in Afghanistan or along the Iran Pakistan

border then we have certain items which were not locally available but were used by the harapan people such as lapus

lazuli or copper Etc these kinds of things then we also have inscriptional evidence not from India but from the

city of UR in mes mamia that mea that was the name that the Mesopotamians hired for the haran

people traded briskly with the Mesopotamian ports along with dilmun and Magan that is bahin and Oman write

down the flourishing next Point main point the flourishing overseas trade of Harens

is indicated by is indicated by 1 2 3 4 5 6 number

one the discovery of foreign seals foreign

seals discovery of foreign seals from harapan cities and vice versa and vice