Settlement, Religion, and Decline of Chalcolithic Cultures in Central India

thank you right so we had talked about the trade and commerce of the calcul EIC

people now about their houses and habitations that is their settlement and dwelling pattern rectangular and

circular houses with mud walls and hash roofs were the most common types of horses however there are variations in

the size of houses from s to site types of houses also vary from s side to site reason her region climate clima and

eological adaptations are going to be there the level of material development is also going to be different right so

as a result there is a variation AAR people they built houses on Plants made of

sh Foundation create on slates or on slabs made of shist okay walls were built on these plants with mud or mud

brick and the walls were decorated with quads cobbles okay floors were made of burnt clay or clay mixed with river

gravels and bigger houses had partition walls and Chulas or HS and quads saddle qus in the

kitchens right in malwa settlement such as those founds at Nai prakash dad and N they were quite

large evidence at enam also suggests that some kind of town planning was also going on in laying out the settlement

town planning the kind of extensive town planning visible in the haran cities no a more rudimentary a more primitive type

of town planning the majority houses were aligned in the east to west orientation and although these houses

were built close to each other they had an intervening space which might have served as a lane so

a right the houses at en were quite large 7x5 m in dimension rectangular structures with a partition wall around

the houses there was a low mud wall and they had a gabled roof gabled roof m a slow sling roof sloping

roof right inside the house there was a large oval fire pit with raised sights for keeping the fire under control the

houses are were provided with one or two mouth CH in the kitchen so not outside the houses grain was

stored in deep pit silos present silos in the kitchen itself right so in the floor a compartment was

dug out where grains were stored a significant feature of the jway culture is the presence of a large

Center in each region this we have already seen that primary settlement around secondary settlements these

centers are prash dad and Ina respectively in The Valleys of the tapi godavari and beima rivers jway

settlement at dad was the largest around 30 hectares prakash and inam cover about 5 hectares each what does this

indicate primary or secondary levels settlements divided the economic differentiation and

also the political differentiation between these centers so these centers may have served not only as centers of

regional trade and local trade but also as political centers of their particular regions now a noteworthy noteworthy

feature of the jway settlement at enam is that the houses of The Artisans such as Potter Goldsmith the lapidary iron

Carver Etc where were they located on the western periphery of the principal habitation area on the other hand those

of the well to-do Farmers those of the rich farmers were located in the central part that occupation based and class

based division of of the settlement was going on in the center the richest people are going to live on the western

edge The Artisans are going to live the size of The Artisans houses is smaller than those of the well-to-do farmers as

well both these aspects that is the position and size of the houses demonstrate social differentiation in

terms of a lower position for the artisans in the society now in the case of inam we see a particular change this

uh culture displays clear Evolution or clear change and can be divided into two phases early jway and late jway early

jway we find better material conditions late jway period may we find DKK signs right early jway houses were large

rectangular structures with low mud walls the houses were laid out in row with their longer axis in the east to

west Direction these houses have an open space in between which may have served as a road or a lane on the other hand in

late jway houses they depict a picture of poverty large rectangular Huts were no

longer constructed instead there were small round huts with a low mud wall in clusters of three or four so town

planning the pit silos were replaced by a four-legged Storage storage jar so instead of digging a pit underneath the

floor of the house now a four-legged jar is going to be kept in the kitchen where grains would be

stored the overall evidence indicates that this shift from early to late jway was due to decline in agriculture as a

result of drop in rainfall so around this boundary that is around 1,000 BC in the region of

inam the rainfall seems to have declined resulting in higher poverty and shortage of food right at the close of the second

millennium BC there was a drastic climatic change in Western and Central India that led to increasing aridity

forcing the people to resort to a semi nomadic existence this conclusion is based on calculations of percentage of

animal bones found from different phases perod animal bones productivity was higher they could

support larger number of animals now it is declining so fewer animals it seems that increasing aridity during the late

jway period led to the decline of Agriculture and the economy based on farming changed to changed over to sheep

or goat pastoralism right now some of these calic sites also have fortification walls around these

settlement we have already discussed these Iran and nagra of the malwa culture and inam of the Jor culture have

a fortified mud wall with a ditch around the habitation right now take down a question

discuss the settlement and dwelling

pattern of the calic cultures of the

Deen and Central India 200 words or 15

marks okay now based on the information present in the notes I'm going answer

construct what is the note on which we should start the answer that they represent

the next stage of evolution from

the Neolithic age but these settlements and the dwellings

were nowhere close to the level of sophistication of the harapan civilization and

finally calic settlements and dwellings reflected

what reflected the level

of technological development and what else the weing

equaly as a result what are we going to find

both uniformity as well as Regional variations in the settlement

and dwelling pattern right the calic settlement

pattern represents the next stage of evolution from the Neolithic

Age the next stage of evolution from the Neolithic age but

are nowhere close to the level of sophistication nowhere

close but are nowhere close to the level of sophistication of the harapan

civilization of the harapan civilization first stop due

to due to the wide variability in

climate comma levels of material advancement levels of material advancement

and local tastes local tastes comma calcul thetic

settlements display a high degree of region

variability full St full stop at the same time at the same time they

share some common features some common features some common features now what do we need to

do one by one we need to highlight these features of uniformity and diversity next

Point calic houses calic houses were constructed of

a wide variety of materials wide variety of

materials ranging from ranging from simp simple mud Huts simple mud

Huts to Mud brick houses to Mud brick houses full stop sub

point in some cases in some

comma the houses were constructed on plint on

plint made of shist on plint made of shist

while some houses were built directly on the

ground directly on the Ground full stop next

Point similarly similarly comma

while River gravel and quad Zite Pebbles were

used to finish walls sorry to finish floors and walls to finish floors and

walls in some cases in some cases comma others were finished

with lime orer and even kowang and even

cang next main point in most calic houses in most calic houses

comma the heart heart or Chula

was located was located inside the house inside the house

directly built into the kitchen floor directly built into the kitchen floor

similarly similarly almost every house had its

own private grain silo private grain

silo and private animal

enclosure and private animal enclosure what is this indicative of the privatization of

something of food sources so even cooking is done inside the house to

be consumed by people who are living in that house right what does all of this indicate that food source food has

become a private resource rather than a public one so idea of private ownership is becoming even stronger right this

indicates this indicates the privatization of food sources

sorry of of food resources of food resources next

planning planning was not uh

characteristic feature of calic

settlements not a characteristic feature of calic settlements full stop after all

the calic people lived in rural agropastoral communities AGR

pastoral communities with a small secondary economic

base with a small secondary economic base with a small secondary economic

base however however the early

signs of planning were visible at

inam during the early jway period during the early jway period full stop this was

the largest of all calic settlements and may

indicate the early beginnings of what process of the process

of urbanization okay of the process of urbanization

okay next number four

the a do you get to see social differentiation from these settlements or not

right so social and economic

differentiation social and economic differentiation is visible from the

pattern of calic settlements and dwellings

settlements and dwellings example at inam

at inam comma

the central portion of the

settlement had large rectangular

houses comma evenly spaced

comma belonging to Rich farmers stop

the poorer Artisans lived on

the western periphery lived on the western periphery

okay condition of women see we cannot say for sure because women were also involved in

other activities which required them to move outside the household also for example Gathering activities they would

still be involved they would be involved even in the fishing activities grazing they would be involved milking the

cattle they would be involved so these kinds of activities they were involved in secondly women would also provide the

maximum input when it came to labor for secondary economic activities production activities for example weaving of cotton

cloth or knitting off a Wen blanket Etc Ro play women are going to play an important role so without more

comprehensive analysis we cannot say for sure whether the condition of woman had appreciably changed from the previous

period okay so social and economic differentiation

was invisible number five political differentiation is also reflected is

also reflected from the settlement pattern from the

settlement pattern how the settlements are at

Iran n toi and inam hide mud fortification

walls surrounding them mud fortification walls surrounding them full

stop further greeneries have also been discovered from Na

thei inam and Dad

what kind of buildings are these fortifications and greeneries public buildings right

down these public structures were

constructed and maintained at the initiative of

a Civic body or authority

specialization of works and complete segregation of men and women's works so this only indicates the gender based

division of labor it does not tell us whether the condition of women had depreciated or improved as compared to

the previous period right in fact even now women continue to perform most of the important economic tasks such as uh

grazing of animals or maybe even working as Farm labor or providing secondary economic

act providing labor for secondary economic activities Etc so without literary evidence or without even more

comprehensive uh archaeological evidence there is no way for us to tell the same okay all

right political differentiation visible here now in comparison to the Neolithic

settlements do the calic cultures appear to be more economically interconnected or less economically

interconnected more economically interconnected because we find this kind of s M pattern right that these Regional

centers or primary centers are acting as the regional centers of trade right local centers of trade and

they are also acting as nodes of regional Commerce so they are connected to each other this also tells us that uh

uh economic uh you can say specialization was becoming more

advanced right so these settlements represented represented the stage of transformation from rural settlements to

Urban settlements transformation complete write down

the settlement pattern also reflects also

reflects higher economic

interconnectedness higher economic interconnectedness full stop the presence of

larger primary centers within a cluster

of smaller sides indicates that these

were the local production

and Trade Centers full stop they also

served as nodes

of inter regional trade they also served as nodes of inter regional

trade okay now what kind of a picture does the

settlement pattern of the calcc settlements provide a picture of stability or a picture of uh uh constant

change constant Evolution constant Evolution right write down

the settlement pattern of cultic sites suggests

suggests a continuous process of economic change or

economic transformation example

culture it can be divided into early and later jway

periods during the early J period what was the status of enam enam it was a picture of prosperity or

poverty Prosperity Rising economic status but during the period of later J

period poverty increasing poverty right down at inam at

inam comma there is a clear distinction

between the early and later jway periods between the early and later J periods character ized by characterized

by prosperity and Decay prosperity and Decay prosperity and

Decay okay what was the question discuss the settlement and dwelling pattern of the

calic cultures of the dean and Central India characteristics discuss now conclusion how should we

conclude that the settlement and dwelling

pattern of the calic age reflects a culture

in a state of stability or flux in a state of

flux perhaps it represents

the transformation from the

prehist to protohistoric age

okay why are we saying prehistoric to protohistoric because some elements of the settlement

and dwelling pattern resemble the same as the Neolithic Age while some represent the civilizational age

civilization clear that is the note on which we can conclude settlement and dwelling

next religious beliefs and practices now religion was an important aspect that interl all the centers of the calic

cultures the people of the calic cultures woried things such as the mother goddess and the bull in malwa the

bull cult seems to have been predominant the mother goddess is depicted on a huge storage jar of Mal as well in an app

design she is surrounded by a woman on the right and a crocodile on the left by the side of which is represented a

shrine what does this indicate first of all fertility cult was present female worship was present and

maybe idol worship may also be going on because of the presence of a shrine but we cannot say for sure about the last

one animal worship was also going on in a painted design on a pot a DAT is also shown with disheveled hair

resembling the rudra of the later period rudra is god of what destruction he's also God of War

right that means that people may have been praying to this particular Dy to protect them why because this was an

extremely violent period several settlements were fortified that means that Warfare was an important activity

right so that may be one of the reasons the a resemblance of this particular D with rudra also tells us

that the later cultures had inherited the cultural sensibilities of the calic people a painting on a jar is found from

damad which portr a de surrounded by animals and birds such as tigers and peacocks

similar pashupati pashupati of both the harapan civilization as well as Shiva of the later per periods once again

religion common link perod a large number of both the naturalistic as well as sty lingas have

been found from most sites ltil right for example further two figurines belonging to the late Jor

culture found from inam have been identified as protog ganes which was worshiped for Success before embarking

on an important undertaking first of all the worship of animals is visible secondly

the anthrop anthropization of animals is also visible over here and thirdly once again

connectivity between present culture and the calic culture that is visible a large number of Fire alars have also

been found from the calic sites during in the course of excavations which shows that fire worship was a very widespread

phenomena among the people this was inherited from the harapan people the people of the calic had a belief in the

concept of life after death how do we know indicated by the existence of pots and other funerary objects found with

the burials of the Mal and the jway people burial practices peculiarities disposal of the dead by Burial was a

common system adults as well as children were usually buried in the north south Direction the head towards the North and

legs towards the South how were adults buried adults in a majority of cases were buried in an extended position

whereas children were buried in un burials either in single ports or in two ports okay to Children could seated

position and adults were buried in the extended position adults and also children were buried in

a pit which was dug into the house floor and rarely in the courtyard of the house why do you think they were kept inside

the house and not outside because now the idea that uh human beings had a soul or a spirit that

was becoming stronger and stronger people wanted to keep their loved ones close to them so that they can be close

at least in spirit even if not in form after the death of their loved ones right what does this tell us about the

religion of the people that from being materialistic it was becoming more and more philosophical

now ideas such as Soul the afterlife Etc they were starting to G prominence in the consciousness of the calculative

people finally during the J period in the case of adults the portion below the ankle was purposely ched off what does

this indicate start chasing them so the idea of evil spirits ghost Etc that had also

started to emerge clear now take down a question on the

basis of archology and burial

practices analyze the characteristics

of the galic uh

religion how are we going to begin this answer the calcul

religion represented an amalgamation of old

and new practices and beliefs calic religion represented an amalgamation of old and new practices

and beliefs in other words in other

words it was shaped it was shaped by the forces shaped shaped given its shape

shaped by the forces of continuity and change continuity and

change full stop it reflected it

reflected the way of Life way of

life comma natural environment and

inherited traditions of the calic communities of the

calic communities okay further

the regional characteristics of the calcc religion of the calcc

religion displayed displayed both continuity sorry not continuity both

homogenity and variation okay

now what do we have to do one by one highlight the important characteristics of the calcc religion next

point the calic religion was characterized by was characterized by

it's uh sorry characterized by a strong element of

animism a strong element of animism first stop paintings

paintings of bulls

the Sun and the Moon and and

other subjects such as Proto

ganes SAA pasupati Etc along with a large number

of animal statues and paintings indicate

the immense importance the immense spiritual importance the immense spiritual

importance of animals for the calic people for the calic

people does this come as a shock to you or was this expected expected why because the association of calic people

with animals had become deeper than ever before write down this was to be expected this was to be

expected due to the deeper relationship that calcul

people shared with animals shared with animals

okay number two fertility worship fertility

worship since agriculture was the main

source of subsistence for the calic

people comma fertility was highly

valued fertility was highly valued stop in

malwa and Jor cultures the mother

goddess and linga Cults were widespread were

widespread in the ahar culture the snake cult appears to be the most

popular appears to be the most popular okay next

materialism appears to be appears to be the main Life Force main life force

behind religion behind religion One

Stop different rituals different rituals Were Meant to appease

appease the gods so that human

desires could be fulfilled so that human desires could be fulfilled okay sub

point the fertility cult is an

act representation of the materialistic

basis of religion materialistic basis of uh religion

similarly similarly the worship of the worship of uh male

D with disheveled hair resembling

rudra of the later period in the malwa

culture represents the worship of

the God of War worship of the God of War right so once again why were people praying to

rudra to bless their swords to bless their bows and arrows to bless their Spears to protect them against the blows

of the enemy these kinds of things once again to overcome their fears and fulfill their desires what is this all

materialism next Point number four at the same time at the same

time the early glimpses the Early glimpses of space

spiritualism or metaphysics the early glimpses of

spiritualism or metaphysics start becoming visible during

the calic age do during the calic Age

okay in the culturea in most cases the

dead were buried under the floor of the

house under the floor of the house P stop this indicates

the emergence of the concept

of Soul secondly the emergence of D such as

protog ganes was part human part animal what does this tell

us that human beings had now started to weave their own stories with regards to their gods and goddesses they had

started to create mythology right being part animal part human for him to come into existence he must have

undergone through some process now and what kind of a process could create in such kind of a

union an ordinary human process or a Divine process Divine process Divine agen right so that means

a God who is controlling the behavior of animals and human beings as well as one who is in charge of the movement of the

Sun and the Moon is God Emer of daes such

as such as protog ganes such as protog

Ganesh within bracket part human and part animal part human and part

animal informs us informs us that human

beings that human beings had started had started creating mythologies

mythologies of such figures of such figures full stop full stop

typically typically comma such mythologies such mythologies have their own have their

own me uh have their own creation myths creation myths creation

myth every mythology has its own explanation for the creation and destruction of the universe so that myth

is known as the creation myth right uh and uh who is always given the agency of creation and destruction the

supreme god parmatma Soul or Divine soul that is the oceanic soul in Concepts em this indicates the emergence early

beginnings of spiritualism or metaphysics uh what is the line that you have

written have their own creation myths and involve and involve a supreme a supreme Creator a

supreme Creator oneis but at the same time spiritualism

or philosophical aspects of religion are also emerging or also developing during this period next

Le number five the calic period sorry the calic

religion the calic religion was also characterized was also characterized by the presence of

by the presence of superstitious beliefs and practices superstitious belief and

practices example at inam the

feat of some dead bodies

were chopped off before burial before burial

this indicates a belief in evil spirits

and ghosts this indicates a belief in evil spirits and

ghosts next number six the degree of

ritualism what did that remain the same or does it seem to be rising during this period as compared to the Neolithic

Age it seems to be rising rich rich or sorry religion appears to

be begin becoming increasingly ritualistic appears to be becoming

increasingly rich bistic what is the basis for such a claim first of all at inam

images M mother goddess image the image of a crocodile the image of a woman and the

image of a four thing something which appears to be a shrine right and Shrine a place of worship if there is a

particular place of worship then there must be someone in charge of looking after it someone in charge of protecting

it someone in charge of of regulating entry to it or access to it right and priest and

priest as the common medium between humans and God and how do they communicate between the two through the

performance of rituals okay so one is this and secondly once again from inam only we have found evidence that that

people belonging to the same family they must be following the same religion only right but they are buried in different

manners he can Elders how are they buried directly in an extended uh

burial whereas children are given a pit burial most of them are buried in the seated position

right that means distinct rituals were involved in the burial of Elders and children now if

distinct rituals are involved in the funerary practices that means that human beings must also have had to undergo

different rituals for reaching different stages of their life okay so this also indicates the rising ritualism within

Society clear down religion appears to be becoming increasingly

ritualistic sub point at inam at inam a painted jar with the image of a

shrine indicates indicates the emergence of idol worship

sorry indicates the emergence of idol worship comma

priesthood priesthood and ritualism and

ritualism makes a point similarly the presence

of separate bual practices separate burial practices or

separate ritualistic burials separate ritualistic burials for adults and children for

adults and children also indicates the rising

Trend the rising trend of ritualism the rising trend of

ritualism okay so these are some of the important characteristics of the uh calic religion how can we conclude this

answer at like all other aspects of

calic life it's religious

beliefs and practices characterize a common link

between the haran culture and Vic

culture between the harapan culture and Vic culture okay it had elements of both

but formed a distinct religious system of its own or but represented a distinct religious

system of its own clear so it shows the cultural continuity as well as change that is

what we are trying to see over here right har religion now some minor aspects their administrative

organization this we have largely addressed in the calcul culture calic culture regions a study of the

distribution pattern of the site suggests that the sites were of two types Regional centers and Village

settlements primary or secondary sectors this difference or hierarchy has been taken to suggest that some form of

administrative organization was definitely present Regional C represent the political headquarters of

that particular region right uh was present in the calic cultures the presence of an administrative Authority

is further supported by the existence of certain distinct public structures such as fortifications ramparts and mo

greeneries embankments and canals which are all well documented at inam Etc at found at different sites right so this

is indicative of the existence of a political system that some form of administration was providing governance

what was the exact nature of the political system that we do not know for sure take

but one thing is clear that as compared to the V sorry haran civilization the amount of organized violence between the

different communities had it gone up or gone down it had gone up okay so these are the things to be kept in

mind now conclusion seen in the larger context of the post haran developments these calic cultures betray discernable

feature influences of the harapan culture although in a residual form full-fledged

cultur symptoms culture but residual form at the same time they are marked by strong Regional elements

and also display trade links and cultural contacts between each other these metal using farming

communities which flourished in the second millennium BC disappeared around the first millennium BC excepting the

late jway culture which continued till 700 BC what is the explanation behind this Rising aridity that has been the

given uh most probable explanation one possible reason attributed for such a Decay was increasing aridity and

unfavorable climatic conditions many of these settlements in the godavari and tapi and other valleys were deserted and

were reoccupied after a gap of six or five centuries in the fourth fifth centuries BC right that is during the

mahaj janpad period after the second urbanization had already taken place in already started in North

India the favorable conditions emerged for the settlement or for the emergence of settlements in the godavari region

gavari and tapti river valleys heralded by urbanization clear now give the heading decline of the calic age decline

of the calic age the calcul cultures of central India and the

de flourished between the third and first millenniums BC

of the of central India and the Deen flourished between flourish

between the third and first millenniums BCE third and first millenniums

BCE full stop supp point some were

contemporary of the harapan civilization some were contemporary of the harapan

civilization while some emerged later emerged later while some emerged later

stop some characteristics some characteristics of the harapan culture were visible in all these

cultures were visible in all these cultures

but in a residual form but in a residual form stop sub point this was probably a result of

a lengthy process of cultural diffusion of cultural

diffusion and ecological adaptation cultural diffusion and

ecological adaptation all right next main

point since since climate played since climate

played such an important role such an important role in determining the

path of human development of human development for all for all

pre and even Proto hisorical cultures three and even Proto historical

cultures comma the most feasible

explanation the most feasible explanation for the decline of the calic cultures for the decline of the calic

cultures was what was climate change was climate

change stop suppo paleobotanists paleobotanists

and paleoclimatologists along with paleo hydrologists along with paleo

hydrologists I have claimed I've claimed that Central and Western India that Central and Western

India experienced experienced a lengthy

period of desiccation of desiccation D SS i c a t n desic

gradually drying up onset of drier conditions desiccation D SS i c a o n of desiccation beginning

from roughly 1,000 BC roughly 1,000

BC full stop next up point in fact this

corresponds to the cultural Decay during the late jway

period during the late jway period P stop next Point next main

point the dryland farming communities the dryland farming

communities of Central India and the Deen were not in a

position to withstand this climatic shock this climatic

shock and this climatic shock and were gradually deserted were

gradually deserted so the idea is Maybe natural zones people over here

were surviving as part of an elaborate system there was a fine balance between the supply and demand for food

availability of animal resources and the Avail and the number of humans that were inhabiting there crucial interlinkages

economic interlinkages between not only different cultural clusters but also Within

different regions one of them collapses the chances of the other surviving are also going to decline because it was der

many of its Commodities that it needed to survive from those other those other cultures Machinery is going to break

down okay what is the last thing gradually deserted full stop next point with this with

this the entire machinery of material production and

exchange on which the calic culture was

based was based comma broke down resulting

in the resulting in it its decline resulting in its decline okay now what would happen to

the people who had deserted their semi AED and added homelands they are going to migrate migrate

towards more productive regions and where would this migration bring them finally in the gantic valley right and

over here they are going to start coming into contact with new groups of people con first of all the native Neolithic

calic cultures such as the cultures of chirand culture right settlements of Chan culture and from around 1,000 BC

only new groups of Arians who till now were limited to the Northwestern region they

also started to migrate eastwards okay write down next point with this with

this comma they began migrating northwards comma coming into contact

with coming into contact with the

native Neolithic ciic cultures as well as the Eastward migrating

orans the Eastward migrating or the Eastward migrating orians the Eastward migrating

orans P stop this was the final

step this was the final step towards the emergence

of the second urbanization this was the final step towards the emergence of the second

urbanization this migration that we are talking about the coming into contact of these three distinct groups

why the alic cultures of central India and the dean brought with them their own set of knowledge such as dry land

farming such as use of animal manure such as uh the use of animal power for farming activities such as uh let us see

uh or uh different kinds of manufacturing and uh construction technology Etc right the calic

communities of uh the gantic valley brought their own unique knowledge such as wet wet pad

transplantation and the Vic Arians brought their own knowledge they first of all brought sanskritic culture horse

riding Advanced understanding of animal husbandry Etc and all of this merged together to provide favorable conditions

especially given the favorable climatic conditions of the gantic value at that point of time to create even better

understanding of or to create a number of technological improvements this brought about an economic Revolution so

to speak of and from the later way the cage onwards that is from around 1,000 BC onwards in North

India there was a material transformation as well Iron Age started copper age came to

an end Iron Age started right and this completely revolutionized the uh economic

landscape iron could be used for clearing forests also and for making weapons also weapons which were much

more durable than weapons of the previous period right and as a result of this economic productivity also

increased and the ability of a few strong groups or individuals to exert control over a large region

over a large number of people the concept of monarchy the ideas of statehood Etc they also started to

develop and this was the stepping stone towards the second harmonization that is why we are saying that this migration

represented the final step towards India's second oranization clear here now take down a question

here the transition the transition of The Human

Condition the transition of The Human

Condition from the prehistoric to

the protohistoric age is aptly demonstrated by the emergence

of calic cultures in central India and

the decken we stop analyze

200 words 15 marks question what do we need to do over

here arguments present limitations you will have to show changes in

the subsistence pattern as compared to the Neolithic Age you'll have to show changes in

the techn ology or instead of changes I should say improvements you'll have to Showcase

changes in the settlement and dwelling pattern you'll have to show

changing complexity of social economic and political structures you'll have

to underline the changes in the religious beliefs and

systems you'll have to underline the changes and or improvements when it comes

to pottery making when it comes to exchange

Etc parameters changes improvements this is going to be the

first part of your answer and then second part of your

answer you'll have to highlight the limitations right

so limitations as compared to what or in relation to what

question prehistoric Proto Journey capture best thing to understand is to understand the emergence of cultic

cultures of central India and the dean right a protohistoric culture greatest representation Indian

history haran civilization so you should now start comparing the material conditions of the calic cultures to the

harapan civilization limitations with respect

to Aran civilization once

again rural haran civilization completely urbanized as compared to the haran

civilization the level of socio economic deprivation

was much higher poverty was much higher as compared to the haran civilization the level

of technological knowhow was much worse okay as compared to the haran

civilization where the use of the script was widespread while the haran civilization traded

extensively not only with the Indian cultures but also with overseas civilizations trade

volume or scope don't Limited

can that is what you need to do next now conion that despite these limitations

which make it clear that the level of material and cultural advancement of the calcul culture was nowhere close to the

harapan civilization but at the same time we must not forget that this was the final

State before the emergence of second urbanization to First urbanization compare why not

try to draw the link between the calic culture and the second urbanization okay and in this scenario it becomes even

more apparent that had the calic culture not preserved the technological and social knowhow and culture of the haran

people the second urbanization would have been much delayed so conclusion intruction

for example improvements last portion that should

end with this thing there were a number of improvements over the Neolithic age ciic age represents the next stage

of cultural Evolution after the Neolithic age in the central India in central India and the decken calcul

cultures emerged between the third and first millenniums BCE however or and as such the calic

cultures these calic cultures displayed significant improvements over the Neolithic Age

namely enumerate expand okay so this is the way in which you can construct and answer

deta I want you to attempt it on your own how you understand that question is also needed limitation as I unable to

get this demand however part one I able to catch in the demand so that we get from this so question command word if it

is not framed in the terms of a proper question with a question mark Comm they can be

comment elaborate illustrate illuminate Etc

explain with examples take it secondly you can have

analyze ially analyze critically discuss critically

examine Etc in all these cases what do we need to

do we need to carry out a debate Okay so so you need to argue in favor of the basic framework of the question and you

need to argue against okay so debate hog in which you'll have to undertake

the process of validation or verification and on the basis of this entire process you'll then

need to come to a conclusion whether the predicate of the statement is valid or invalid okay and

then for example discuss debate and others like this for

example comment critically or

criticize or validate or

Justify negative or positive quantity discuss for example question maybe with regards to a

particular Theory right now you'll have to present arguments in favor for in favor of and against that

the you have to contain your discussion only to that particular Theory comment critically criticize you have to argue

against the the framework or the predicate validate justify same that means you have to validate whatever has

been suggested by The Examiner by the question maker okay so these are the ones which fall in the middle category

so may because the question is asking me to analyze I know that I will have to debate this

predicate take shil all right CH then uh so that is it I believe

calcul age I think cover couple of questions how can poy be

used as a source of human history During the calcc period okay

discuss anything else the emergence of nonhar calcul cultures in central India and the de can Mark a

change not only in the subsistence pattern of the people but an overall transition from prehistoric to

protohistoric period critically analy discuss here both these questions I think we have already

discussed right so that is it and AG any

doubts all right Shan H while I'm driving back home [Music]