all right let's jump into this awesome book with chapter one making buildings uh starting off with of

course the work of the design professional that's you uh choosing Building

Systems choosing Building Systems means uh more than just deciding what you want the building to look like what shape it

is what color it is it's really uh much much deeper than that and it has to start with a deep dive into all of the

other requirements that happen behind the scenes before we ever start putting pencil to paper that's figurative

expression you we don't put pencil to paper too often anymore as far as drawing things but uh before we ever get

started on the design we have to understand all of the Myriad parameters around what we can and can't do so let's

go ahead and dig in we start our discussion talking about zoning zoning ordinances control land

use in this way the types of allowed activities such as industrial commercial residential Etc

now if you're worried that I'm just going to read this whole PowerPoint to you don't worry I am not uh it is a

guide for us to launch what topics we need to talk about uh what does this mean let's give it a little bit more

context uh why do we have zoning why do uh towns and cities and municipalities Zone their areas for a

specific type of use uh so the question might be um I I built or I bought a property in a residential neighborhood

and I'd like to build a convenience store gas station on it can I do that well no we can't why not because that

particular parcel of land has been zoned as residential use and a a gas station convenience store is a commercial

property it's a it's a type of a retail Market or Mercantile right so um and the reason we can't it's not just

a free-for-all is because we don't really want our neighborhoods littered with gas stations and other you know

sort of weird things don't really fit in there uh same thing would be true with uh you know you want to go up to

Rushmore Crossing for example and you want to build um a petroleum Refinery or something crazy like that right so we

can't really do that because that would be uh that would have to be built on a different plot of land that is zoned for

that type of a purpose so we try to keep things like things sort of grouped together more or less and that's why you

see that uh in most cities right every once in a while you're going to see an outlier where there's something gez that

doesn't look like it belongs there well someone obviously got a zoning uh ordinance waiver of some kind or maybe

they rezoned that land land can be rezoned a different different way uh good example of that is uh what about uh

when we go to develop a neighborhood a new neighborhood you have a new development you want to put a bunch of

houses out in this field that's always been a field well that field more than likely has been designated or zoned as

agricultural land or something similar and so we have to rezone that to allow folks to put residential property that

stuff happens all the time as we develop more and more residences uh as is what's happening in Rapid City quite

a bit right now um that land has to be rezoned before you can build houses on it okay so that's basically what zone

zoning is um and it covers things like this oh you know what types of activities what types of uh structures

can be built there what types of activities could happen in those structures uh how much land can be

covered by the buildings the distance the buildings are from the property lines that's called a setback uh parking

requirements how many parking spots are going to be required for this typee of a zoned property property uh in the case

of a residence you might only need parking for a couple of cars in the case of a store or an office building

obviously the parking requirements would be much greater um how tall the building can be how big it can be uh square

footage wise uh footprint wise and then any kind of special fire district requirements there are other things that

go into it but essentially those are the key points this is a screen capture of Rapid

City and these are all of the different zoning categories that we have in Rapid City and where they happen to fall

within the map so you can see over there on the right you can see all of the different zoning categories listed there

and there are corresponding colors who knew it was that complicated some of you probably

did so obviously zoning is one aspect uh of planning we have to figure out what we can build and where we can build

it and then another thing is building codes and this is one that most people are are maybe a little more familiar

with than zoning uh building codes exist primarily to regulate health and life safety of a

building question have building codes always existed and I think we all can agree no it it definitely has not always

been how it is now and all you have to do is walk into an old house any old house 50 75 100 years old or more to

realize that uh building codes has have evolved over time and they continue to evolve they'll probably never stop

evolving and the reason for that is because we want to make sure that the health and life safety of the building's

occupants are preserved that's not the only reason we have codes we also like to establish

minimum standards for quality quality and durability for buildings and more and more creeping into the codes is the

word sustainability that's talking about where we Source the materials from uh

how healthy they may or may not be for the environment how much water electricity and other resources that

those building materials use uh that those buildings use uh the systems and also just the comfort and uh

how pleasant it is to be in a building for occupants so all of these things are really looked at and uh in some cases

regulated in the building codes so some of those things are fire safety that's a big one right we want to make sure that

the buildings uh can be exited those those first two kind of really go hand inand fire safety and emergency egress

can we get out of the building uh before it burns down or you can we get out at all can are we get trapped in there uh

construction quality I mentioned before structural Integrity those two kind of go together as well as does durability

uh the last couple livability you know is it a building that uh people want to go into and be in right is there enough

natural light is the ventilation good things like that and then also um the sustainability things down there at the

bottom energy conservation um access for the physically handicapped or disabled uh

all of those things are are part of building codes you will be exposed to and

expected to know a certain basic number of building codes uh and if you use them regularly you you sort of get um a

Memory Bank full of codes that you just know but nobody knows the whole code book not even the folks the the the nice

folks down at the planning office in Rapid City uh who are responsible for enforcing the codes uh even those guys

and gals don't don't have every code memorized so you're not going to be expected to know all the codes but some

codes you should know by heart and uh moreover you should know where to find the answer to a code question if you

need to uh figure it out the model building codes that we're going to be working with really fall

into two categories for buildings now keep in mind there are separate codes for plumbing there's separate codes for

electrical work there are separate codes for really any kind of building system HVAC uh ventilation require IR ments um

there are different building codes around there but the the codes that deal with the construction of a building

primarily are two one is the international building code the IBC and the other one is the international

residential code the IRC and all structures that are regulated right that like sheds don't have a foundation so

they don't they don't fall under any of these codes but uh permanent buildings do houses uh and Office Buildings and

factories and all of these other things fall in fall under one of these two codes so the question is well how do I

know which code I'm working under and it's not always an easy question to answer there are some some buildings

that you might fall into a gray area but for the most part uh it's fairly straightforward the IRC the

international residential code governs one and two family homes so a single family or a

duplex it also covers tow houses and these structures are three stories maximum so anything that is not

that is greater than three stories so four or more stories uh would not fall under the IRC so it has to meet

um the first or the second but and the third requirement in that list okay so one and two family homes that are three

stories maximum or tow houses that are three stories maximum okay those would fall under the international residential

code the IBC covers everything else okay so if it's not fitting into the definition of the IRC the IBC rules or

reign supreme okay we're going to go through this next section rather quickly because

uh in the second half of this uh presentation which is a separate video um I go through it again

in some detail so uh for this one I'm going to kind of Breeze through it fairly quickly uh two things we have to

know to figure out what we can build uh and how big we can build it okay one thing is we need to identify the

occupancy group and this is more or less related to the zoning discussion type of activity that's going to happen

in that structure that is what defines the occupancy group so lock this away

occupancy group is something we have to identify based on the activity or the intended activity for a particular

building okay so we have various things like assembly that might include things like a movie theater or a church uh

business obviously that can be a lot of things but often times it's an office or something similar educational which by

the way is K through 12 only colleges are not included in that uh Factory we manufacture things High Hazard

institutional institutional might be something like a prison or something similar mertile obviously that's going

to be like retail spaces residential that would be like an apartment building remember if it falls under the IRC it

wouldn't be in here at all this is only IBC stuff that we're talking about right now um so residential under the IBC

would be our occupancy group uh storage and then utility so lots lots of definitions going with each of these

things but uh I will I will show you in detail how to look that up uh in part in the part two video so bear with me on

that for now so occupancy group is one thing we need to identify and then construction type is

the other thing and construction type is there to Define how the building has to get built and what types of materials

can be used in it and then from that we can extrapolate how big it can be of a particular type and how tall now I know

I just threw a lot of information at you and I promise we'll go back through it methodically so that you understand

thoroughly how those two things interplay with each other but I wanted to throw those terms out first to start

getting you thinking about those two things what was the first term I mentioned that's right occupancy group

the second one is construction types so just keep those in your mind for a minute and we'll go through briefly how

to make those things work together so usually at this point folks ask well what what are these types what

are these building construction types what do they mean what is type one two three four and five uh and we're going

to talk about specifically kind of what those are but the answer to that question is really kind of Broad and

sprawling because uh each type governs uh a lot of things right so type one generally is non-combustible materials

only type one and two uh so things like steel concrete masonry the structure itself cannot be wood or any other

combustible material flammable material uh type three and four are uh non-combustible only exterior walls and

combustible is okay on the interior material so the partitions and things uh also type four happens to be heavy

Timber which is kind of its own thing uh doesn't really fit with any other category heavy Timber is just what it

sounds like it's large pieces of wood that are making up the primary structure not a very common way to build buildings

anymore but it still happens occasionally uh and so we have to have that as part of the code and then type

five that's the least it's a little bit confusing type one is the most restrictive type five is the least

restrictive construction type and that would be any material permitted by code so uh if you could build a a house out

of papier-mâché it would be fine under type five that's not actually a thing but would certainly um most residential

even under the IBC most residential structures are type five we could also Define the construction types in this

way uh and this is just talking about how long the structural components of a building need to survive in the event of

a fire so fire resistance ratings are done in hours which is exactly what it sounds like uh if a structural component

needs to survive one hour and it needs to be protected against fire sufficiently so that that structure will

remain intact for a whole hour of being exposed to Fire Burning uh and so it's a little bit confusing how they uh arrive

at these hour ratings but this is this is what can go into these various construction type buildings I don't want

to get too far off track with that because that's a detail we're talking more about just identifying types and

occupancy groups first so let's move on for now and let's move on to our discussion

of allowable height and area which is really uh probably what I would consider the main focus of this discussion if not

the chapter itself uh so one of the things that we have to do when we set out to build a building is we need to

figure out what we must build the building building out of and how we must construct it and that largely is

determined by two things one of them is the size of the building of course that is going to have a major effect on how

we have to build it and what we have to build it out of and the other piece is what we're going to do in that building

what the intended use of the building is so when we're setting out to design a building that's one of the first things

that we're going to do is figure out where within the code we need to locate that building so that we know uh that

it's going to be code compliant when it's done so what these next few slides are talking about are the allowable

height of the building and we measure that two different ways both in the number of stories that it is and in the

number of feet tall that it is so the allowable height and the allowable area so we all probably understand that we're

talking about uh two different things there right the height is just a vertical measurement but the area is a

length times a width and often times buildings are not even rectangular sometimes they're round or L-shaped or

other things but in all cases we can identify the area in terms of square footage so the size of the building in

all three axes is what we're basically talking about and that along with the use of the building what we're doing in

it uh is going to determine how we have to build it so let's go ahead and just uh jump forward and look at that in a

little more detail first thing we'll talk about is how we categ Iz buildings in terms of

their use and the term we're going to use is either occupancy groups or more commonly or more currently they're

calling that occupancy classifications but we're basically talking about the same thing we're talking about what's

going on in that building what are we going to do in there what do we intend to either manufacture store uh you know

different activities are going to take place in there what are we going to do with that building and that's going to

drive a lot of the rest of our analysis uh because the tables we're going to be looking at and believe me when I say the

code is full of tables and that's actually a good thing because it makes it very clear and very easy to

understand what the requirements are but you have to get used to using the tables and knowing exactly how to use them

accurately all right so the occupancy group is what we're going to start with let's go ahead and um take a look at

that before we change the slide here I will point out that uh the occupancies with greater hazards are going to uh be

have more restrictions uh than things that are non-hazardous for example you wouldn't build a building the same way

for a school as you would for a hazardous waste storage facility and that's an extreme example but there are

a lot of other examples throughout the code uh that are going to look at that occupancy classification and make a

determination on how that building has to be built as a result of that sprinkler systems whether or not they

are installed in a building are also going to dramatically affect how that building must be built so when you build

a building with a sprinkler system the code is going to look favorably upon that decision and give you Brakes in

other areas so although installing sprinklers is expensive um the brakes that you get in other areas of

construction are going to help reduce and offset that cost so I'm going to shift gears here

and we're going to take a look at the actual code we're going to be looking at the

2024 International building code the IBC and that is accessible to you through the course on the homepage there are

some links to the various model building codes that we're going to be accessing and looking at this is one area of the

code for this class that we're going to be looking at commercial construction as opposed to residential which is really

kind of the main focus of this CL class is looking at residential construction and basic uh building blocks of those

buildings but uh for this section we're going to be looking at commercial construction the IBC so don't let that

throw you off let's go ahead and jump in and take a look at that here we are on the homepage of the course and don't

panic if it looks a little different than what you're seeing here these things tend to evolve over time but

right down here about halfway through uh you'll see codes and under there you have the International Code Council

that's where both of the model building codes are going to be found so this has taken me to the main page of

the iodes the IC international code council's website showing us the iodes and you can see right up here in the top

left we have the 2024 International building code or IBC there are a lot of other codes as you can see and we won't

get distracted by that right now but if you ever find yourself on this page and you're not sure how to get to here or if

you need to look up another code perhaps you're working in a jurisdiction where they are not yet onto the latest version

of the code they're using a previous code you can drop down this iodes thing and you can pick those previous years

and you can see that they come out every few years uh looks like every three recently uh and I'm on the 2024 one

right now but if you needed to go to a previous one you certainly could access it that

way let's go ahead and click into the IBC over here on the left you have all of the chapters Li listed and we're

going to be working in chapter three and five and we're not going to go deep into this because I do have a demonstration

video associated with the first exercise of the chapter that I'm going to let you guys watch uh separately from this so

we're going to skim this today let's take a look at the occupancy classification remember this is the term

that we were using earlier to determine uh the building's primary use let's go ahead and just open that up and on this

page you're going to find that uh the occupancy class ification definition is up here at the top but then the actual

classifications are listed down below and those are going to be designated with a single letter so in this case we

have occupancy assembly which starts with an A so the assembly group starts with an A and as we scroll down through

this thing you'll notice that the assembly occupancy has a number of subgroups underneath it so let's just

take a minute and look at what this has to say assembly group a says say assembly group uh his occupancies

include among others the use of building or structure or a portion thereof for the Gathering of persons for purposes

such as Civic social or religious functions so it's a very general description to know if your particular

building that you want to put up uh which occupancy subgroup that falls under you'd have to read a little bit

further so 1A or A1 for example is an occupancy that includes assembly uses usually with fixed seating intended for

the production and viewing of the Performing Arts or Motion Pictures sounds a lot like a theater doesn't it

so occupancy group A1 typically is going to be Motion Picture theaters Symphony and concert Halls television and radio

Studios and just straight up movie theaters right so those four things and as we read down through and I'm not

going to read all these to you you can certainly do that on your own uh you'll notice that each one is uh specific to a

very uh particular type of thing now there's not always a very clear line between one group and another and so

sometimes you really have to just use your best judgment or you can go down and talk to your local planning

department and see how they would classify it if it's just really not clear remember that the local

jurisdictions have the final say on how this code is going to be enforced and checking with them and keep being a good

uh communication line with them and also a good rapport with them can be really beneficial it's also highly advised to

get their ruling on something like this in writing if you can uh it's really a a a tragedy when uh you go and have a

conversation with something and they tell you something and then it's not documented now you have to go back and

do a whole bunch of work to fix it so we want to make sure that uh we understand what's expected of us and the best way

to do that is to talk to the folks that are going to be enforcing those codes other groups that you're going to

find uh are are going to include business uh these basic major categories are all listed in the PowerPoint earlier

but here they all are educational group e factory group F High Hazard Group H you'll notice that

uh they are at least using the first letter in the classification name so that we have a little easier time

remembering that stuff uh some of them have subcategories like H certainly does uh some of them do

not so what I like to do usually when I'm trying to figure out what does a building's usage fall under which which

occupancy classification would it fall under uh use your keyword searches okay so if you have a drug store or if you

have a convenience store or if you have a grocery store any any type of building if you know what it is think of the most

basic way to describe it and then just do a search on this page it's a lot easier than reading the entire thing

after a while you kind of get it fairly well memorized on you know the general category Things fall into uh but crlf is

a good tool to use and this is not just true for this class but really any class and that's going to give you a

little search box and you can search all of the text on any given web page that way so let's go back to the PowerPoint

we're going to move on and talk now about um the construction types so we've talked about occupancy classification or

occupancy groups now we're going to be talking about construction types and these are determined only after you

figured out what the occupancy group is that's why we started with that uh so these things need to be known about the

buildings you have to have the building design progressed to the point where we've at least established these things

the building height both in feet and in number of stories and the allowable or the area the size of the building per

floor so these are all found on tables 504.945 and 506.com all right so this is one of the tables

this is the first table this one is talking about allowable Building height in feet above the grade plane and you

can see that on the left all of your occupancy classifications are listed here a b e f Ms and U over here and then

we have many of the high Hazard ones H1 2 3 and five here's H4 here's i1 condition one I3 i1 condition two I2 and

then I4 and this is again uh can't remember if this is the entire list I think it is I think this is the entire

table and how it works there's a lot of exceptions there's a lot of little

footnotes and things attached to these things we're not going to dive that deep into this right now we just want to get

everybody familiar with roughly how this works so the way it works is you find your occupancy classification that we

determined in the previous step say it's B and we come across here and we determine does this building uh have

sprinklers or will it not be installed the sprinkler so NS maybe obviously is the non-s sprinkler s is if if it's

sprinkled and then these numbers out here are just the maximum allowable height in feet so I could build a type

5B uh building uh up to 40 feet tall um and that's it right so anything over 40 I can't use type 5B I would have

to then go to the left and use 5A uh for something that would be 50 feet or less and it just keeps going to the left

until you get all the way over to typee 1 a and in pretty much every category under type 1 a you have an unlimited

height right that's what UL stands for is unlimited uh type 1B obviously you could go up to 160 feet under this

construction type but these construction types listed across here type one through five

are defined as previously discussed by the types of materials uh that the building is made out of type five is

Wood Construction type one is all non-combustible materials like steel and masonry and then there's sort of like

combinations of those things in between so as we move from right to left the buildings are getting more and

more stringent more and more fire resistant and more and more expensive and that last one the more

expensive part is why we try whenever possible to build as far to the right on this table as possible okay not because

we don't like safe buildings but because we like affordable buildings we let the code

determine what is safe and what isn't and we comply with it uh but we don't go overboard with our compliance because

that would be wasting money and most clients don't like their money wasted let's go to the next

table and this is 50 4.4 allowable number of stories above the grade plane so this is also concerning itself with

the height of the building but it's looking at the number of floors that the building has above the ground so it

doesn't count anything in the basement it's just the ground level up and this is laid out much the same way we find

our occupancy classification first then we come across and we determine if it's sprinkled or not sprinkled and we find

in that row what the maximum number of floors is so if we're trying to build something something three floors we

couldn't use type 51 even if it met the maximum height requirement in the previous slide it also has to meet the

maximum number of floors okay so we come across and we find the one where um it is equal to or greater than what we want

to do so these are maximums in here just to be clear so under type 5B for example 4B rather for example uh under under the

F1 non-s sprinkled category um I could build this building uh three stories tall

okay and so if if I have a three-story building that one works if I have a four-story building I need to keep going

to the left now there is a four-story building back here under heavy timber that's a special construction type we

don't use it very often because just because of the type of material we're building out of it is very expensive uh

to build but um we'll talk about that in more detail another time but for now just understand that we're trying to

go as far right as possible generally and we go to the left as we need to to accommodate the building we want to

build the final test is the size of the building in square feet and that is a footprint size

the total square feet of the footprint of the building in other words it is per floor so um if the if the floors are

different sizes as you go up you're going to default to the largest floor right but whatever size that floor is in

square feet we have to make sure that we do not exceed the maximum so it works the same way the previous two slides did

we start over here on the right and we keep going over to the left until we find a number that is equal to or

greater than what we want to build but again it's going to start with the occupancy classification we've

identified that in the first step so we should just be able to come right down and pick whatever it is we're working

with let's say business we come across and we figured out what the sprinkler uh system is or any footnotes about the

building that we need to know uh and let's say we're going with a non-s sprinkled building we come across and we

find the square footage of the single floor that is either uh equal to or less than the number indicated in this in

this table so if it was an 18,000 177,000 foot building uh type 5 a would be correct

would work again you may have questions about how all of this works uh but I do work through these

examples a couple of these examples in the intro video so make sure you go out and watch that thing uh if you still

have questions after you watch that video by all means reach out uh either stop by and ask or send me an email and

I can certainly clarify that to you in terms of design constraints there are a lot of things we have to think about

there are a lot of rules and regulations and codes that we that we have to comply with but not all of them have

jurisdiction on every project so in other words I I suppose most folks have heard of ADA requirements Americans with

Disabilities Act requirements those pertain to folks that are disabled in some way physically uh and uh just need

a little bit of help getting through buildings right that's why we have a lot of things like wider doorways or more

space in the bathroom or um ramps and elevators and things like that and there are a lot of rules surrounding that but

not every building must comply with that and there it's a complex web of um dos and don'ts related to that that we're

not going to try to get everybody to memorize in fact I certainly don't have them all memorized if I was working on a

project I would definitely have to look up whether or not this project is um Ada required right and the same thing uh is

true for some other constraints that uh are placed onto uh design and construction projects and it's just

incumbent on the designer to know uh what they have to do uh there's not there's no exception given for I didn't

realize that right this is something we absolutely have to make sure that we understand prior to doing any kind of

design work we just have to know what framework we're working within there's always a framework um OSHA is sort of

something that applies to all uh occupational hazards uh if you an employer and you hire uh a crew to to

work on a project you have to comply with OSHA occupational safety and health administration and that is less to do

with the design and more to do with the construction but it's still in an important one to

understand uh EPA the Environmental Protection Agency um has a lot of restrictions and rules about pollution

and the environmental waste and and different things uh related to uh construction not as much with design but

certainly that plays a role as well and then building insurance we know how sort of we all feel a little bit intruded on

when our insurance our health insurance provider decided that we didn't need that procedure uh that our doctor said

we needed so they're not going to pay for it well uh building Insurance can be just as controlling and they can mandate

uh that we do certain things both in terms of design and construction so uh they they have a say in you know if you

if you must have insurance uh they have a say in how you're going to do things and that of course is just their way of

uh controlling costs and controlling their own exposure to liability so in short we designers must

accept and become rule followers when it comes to our the designs that we're putting together and that of course

includes uh knowing that rules exist and then also knowing which rules apply to any particular project we're working

on okay we're going to leave it there for today we will pick up with sustainability and a discussion on that

in part two of this video as always if you have any questions on what we've talked about please do reach out make

sure to Mark a couple of questions down uh in your notes for any kind of U classro

discussion followup that we're going to have uh so you're prepared with some questions so drive that discussion a

little bit deeper thanks for your time and attention and we'll see you all next time in class