Comprehensive Guide to Building Engineering and AutoCAD Fundamentals

Okay. So now uh I started the recording and then let's go on with the

basics of building engineering and AutoCAD. And first we will be going through what the course content is

and what you are supposed to do for this course for me to evaluate you. So first of all the learning goals these are the

things that is already mentioned on the on the pepicides and everything. So the idea is that you understand the whole of

the parts that make a building and the main functions. So the idea is that when we start to discuss about buildings is

that okay we have some walls and we have floors and we have roof and everything they are there for a purpose. We have

something in a building. We always build something for a purpose. So the idea is that we have to think about what are the

functions why is this needed and then that's how we get to the part where what kind of demands we have for this part

and how do they make the uh hole as a building so to speak and then we have different options and the requirements

for the outer shell so to speak. We didn't go into loadbearing structures very much but we start first to go

through these sorry uh parts and something about surfaces. So

what kind of uh stuff there is as well as what are uh uh the complimentary building building parts and components

that we can use. uh then we the concept of fire safety which is very important especially in

Europe is is that in worldwide is the fire safety of the buildings and then also something about uh moisture

insulation it's kind of like the basics we don't go very deep in the moisture insulations or

anything we just have to understand where the moisture is coming from and what we are doing later on in building

physics and physics courses you will go deeper in the moisture part so to And then you get uh familiar with

general drawing markings. Uh the drawings are let's say they're different in every

every country so to speak. They're a bit different. Everybody's doing it differently. But the idea is that we are

trying to learn to read the concept so to speak. Like if you are reading a text, everybody is reading a text. You

need to know the content context behind the text and you just one word doesn't make any sense. But when we make a

sentence out of it then it makes sense and then we understand what it's saying. It's the same idea in the in the

drawings that we have to understand the whole it's not just one line can tell something but we understand okay this is

a floor plan there's a line there how the draw line is drawn it can present different things. So it's not a

universal thing that everybody does everything the same way but we learn how to uh read the drawing so to speak.

Uh then uh the idea is that you know the basics of computer AED design. So computer edited design is the CAD short

for CAD. You get five credits from this course when you pass this and it will be evaluated

uh from zero to five being grading scale from zero. Zero means you get to do something extra so it's not passed and

number five is the best mark you can get. uh how I uh

evaluate you guys is that 60% from the grade comes from the exam. So that's the idea. The number you get from the exam

is 60% from that. Then you have exercises and practice works. Two of practice works. You get 20 points from

that. 20% of that is in the in the grade. And then 20% is also the CAD exercises so to speak. But it doesn't

mean that okay you think that okay I'm happy with a lower number I'm I'm not doing the practice works there's a lot

of work it doesn't go like that you have to do all the work that is required of course there is some extra for example I

will tell you later on but in a CAD exercises there's something extra so you can do them or not do them but they will

be counted in the final points so if you don't do them it's a bit harder to get to the number five credit

but you have to pass all the exams and given tasks and I will tell you which ones you have to do and which ones are

optional so to speak. Uh our exam date is the Thursday in the uh 4th of December at 12:15 to 3:00 and this will

be on campus so no worries about that. And uh we are doing this with pen and paper and maybe some drawings because uh

we do do drawings here also. So we draw stuff so we have to do drawings also. So that's why I'm not having a mood test or

something like this. uh if you don't pass the exam or if you are ill or something like that so you

cannot participate on Thursday we will have two re-examination dates in spring 2026 uh I will inform the dates in the

course mood before the course ends because the right now we are still in the progress of planning the spring 26

so we don't yet know what days we will have and what what kind of calendars we have. So that will happen later on this

year. We will have the uh how do you say the curriculums are ready and that we know what dates are the lectures are and

everything like this. So then we will then I can tell you when the re-exam dates are also

uh for the CAT section you have to understand the principles and tools for the CAT design and you know the basics

and you can produce modify and print plans and I would say the minimum effort that you have to do it would be good

that you know how to modify and and uh print them. So a lot of people know how to

make uh drawings and they can do it but they cannot print it in scale which is a very important way that we can make PDFs

from the final documents. Not everybody has the program and they cannot see the original drawings so to speak. So you

have to print them. Okay. And then uh what we will have on the on the CAT sections we will have

lectures. So basically the lectures are that we are doing something I'm teaching you a little bit about how to use the

autocat and then we do something at the same time. So we're learning from the computers and then they are exercises.

Then there are tasks that there is one task called our tasks that our task that we will make. If you participate to

every lecture, you will have this done. So we will do this our lecture our tasks our task as we go on. So if you are

present in every lecture you get it done. But if you think that okay I already know how to get a lot and and I

don't really need the lectures it's okay for my part you don't have to participate but you have to do the hour

lecture then by yourself. Then also there will be five independent exercises. They will be on mood. So you

have to do at least three of them. The first three you have to do and two are optional. You can uh make them for

better points. Okay. Oh, thank you. Yes, I did.

Good that you know that's good that you write to me this. I I have the participant list open but I cannot see

if somebody's I have to open it a bit more. Thanks. Thanks guys. Okay but anyways uh let's go back. So five

independent exercises and then I will also open I have for you guys I have instructional videos for the exercises.

So the idea is that you can look at the video. I will do them in the video and then you can do it according the videos.

So that's the idea. So you can use the video to make the independent exercises or you can do them by yourself if you

don't need the instructional videos. But I will have all these videos for you to help to complete them.

But that's work you have to do by yourself. So there is like lectures and one task that we do during the lecture

called our task and then there is five different independent exercises that you will have a video of it how to

make it. Then we have two presentable or two uh practice works. The first one is a

presentable one. So the idea is that you give a presentation to uh your classmates and to me

and the idea is that you take your home country or you can if you are doing it at pair work this is a pair work you can

choose a pair uh you can choose if you are from different countries you can choose which country you want to do so

it doesn't matter the idea is that what I want you to see is that you give the content according to the lectures. So we

go outer walls, we go building parts, we go some fire safety issues, we go through some moisture insulations, we go

some sound insulations. I would want you to make a small presentation maximum of 10 minutes uh about from your

country. So how it how they are in your country. For example, if there is no um fire safety regulations, you can say

there are no fire safety regulations is in our country for this type of buildings. They are only for big

buildings for example and then then we can go on with that and you can do it by pairs and in the

model. Let's check the model soon. But in the mood there is already like a uh chat area or uh like a discussion

topic area where you can write the your pair and then the country you are doing and let's try to keep it so that uh

we don't have too many from the same country but of course I understand that there's a lot of people from the same

country. So then you can maybe do it in three three people can be in the same part or something. So try to find out

this so we wouldn't have to have like many uh presentations from the same country. That's the idea.

But I will uh give you more information about this later when we go on and we will start this probably not not next

week but the next uh on campus lessons we will start this a little bit on the on the presentable

work what you must do and I will give you more detailed information but you can already start to discuss that okay

who shall I do this with then and what country would we choose and use your own country because you know they probably

the best. And then we have the practice work number two which is an individual task.

So you have to make preliminary choices for a building. So idea is that now you get to be architects and designers and

everything. Uh don't worry about it if you're totally right or totally wrong or something. The idea is that you choose

uh you make a drawing, let's say a [Music] floor plan of a building, and then you

choose uh what you want to use for the building. So what kind of floor types, what kind of outdoor walls, what kind of

intermediate walls you want there, what is the roof type and shape for the building, what kind of heating you would

use, what kind of ventilation system you would use, what kind of foundations would you use for the building. So

basically just I want to see what you think about it and at the same time when you are making the uh selections you

will have to justify your choices somehow. So the idea is that

well I will show you the next one. So the idea is that justification means that you think about what benefits are

there. Why did you choose let's say you are saying that I want to use timber wall. I'm using timber. Why are you

using timber? So it's very uh ecological. It's a renewable material. It's very lightweight and it's easy to

come by in Finland. Let's say that's would be my like justification for using timber walls and then uh you can make

the drawings and use them in AutoCAD because then the idea is that you won't learn AutoCAD with just my lectures and

with just five exercises or three in the minimum. You have to use it all the time. So now I'm like kind of like

forcing you to use it also by yourself. So you don't have any videos to use it or something. But you can use the

process there. So if you make a floor plan, that's good. So make and use drawings and use AutoCAD in the process

because that's how you get familiar with the program. And then you can just for building parts, you don't have to invent

anything. Don't invent anything new. I know there's a lot of stuff there um ready pictures from the manufacturers

from building companies or something. So there is no need to like come up with a new material or something. You just I

want to use that. I want to use that. Maybe you're uh you can choose whatever you want from your

country or from any other country. You can find it from the internet that oh somebody's making this kind of ball. I

want to use this one. And don't you don't have to care about does it really fit together or can you actually design

them to work together? You don't have to care about anything about loadbearing or something like this. It's more like you

just make a preliminary. I would want this kind of house from this kind of materials or building parts. That's the

idea. And I would want this kind of heating and this kind of ventilation systems and it would be nice to have

this kind of systems inside there. You got the idea. So two exercises and and uh practice

work and and then five auto tasks and then some uh few uh our our tasks from the lectures.

That's the thing that we are doing by the end of um December.

Any questions? Nope. Okay, that's good. And remember, you can ask anytime you want.

I will stop the share for a while. Don't worry. I'll go to the next next part.

Let's check the model now. just go there. Um

here Just a second. I have to change some things here.

So it will show you the same way the model you can see it the same way as I as you see it.

Okay, there. Can you see? >> Yes. Good. Thank you.

So, here is the model. uh have everybody or you don't have to. Is there somebody who doesn't know how to use the model?

Okay. No, that's good. So, everybody knows how to use it and you have been able to log in and everything. So, this

is very important uh because I will have all the materials here for you guys. So, what you need. So, let's go through it.

uh you probably already a lot of you guys already found this. So the online lectures they are always with the same

link. So I'm not putting up a new link. So they are always at the same address so to speak. If we have online lectures

uh we always start 15 past these lectures no matter uh what does the because our um how do you say timetable

designers they always make a 2hour slot but our lectures are 45 minutes and 45 minutes. So basically in the 2our slot

we will have 1 and a half hours. So we will start 15 pass. This is typical in Finland just our our way of designing

the the timets. Uh if you want to use uh our uh virtual desktop. So the idea is that you can

enter the uh computer or or the programs that are in in our school. You need this virtual desktop app called VDI for your

own computer. So for example, when we are doing something uh uh with the AutoCAD, you can download the AutoCAD

for yourself from the AutoCAD community. So it's possible like that or you can also use it here. Uh there's also

information about this Finnish menus called arc which is for architectures and rock is for structural designers but

they are more based into Finnish. So if you want to learn the Finnish way of making drawings and everything then you

can get familiar with these menus but of course they speak a little Finnish. So that's not what we are doing in the

autoat sections, but we have also access to them and you can only access these menus through the VDI app because they

are uh not something you can download for your own computer. They are just in our school's network. But from here you

can use the desktop app. So you don't have to download anything. You just join the uh how to say

servers in our our school from your own computer. It might be a little slow sometimes. It

depends on the connections and everything. So, uh if you want to do it like very good to work, you download the

autocat to your own computer or you go to the campus and do it on campus because there are the computers are

there and they should always work. I'm saying it should because there sometimes might be some issues with the computers.

I think you all know that computers they never function totally when you need them to be function.

Okay. Then uh lecture materials are here uh to this file or this uh folder. I will add all of these uh presentations

that I have done. Uh I will share them in PDF here. Everything we go through here I will upload here. So if you are

making your own notes that's good. But you don't have to copy anything from the slide or everything from the slides if

you don't want to. I will upload them here also the presentations and I will also add the videos here as the links uh

for the videos that I will be recording and here is some extra material from lessons. So there's already like this

fire safety guide. So if you want to check stuff stuff beforehand or something you can always check these but

you don't have to. It's like we will go through them. I will just refer to them on the lectures then. uh good to know

extra study materials if you want if you're not very familiar with the buildings uh so to speak so what is an

outer frame what is like a wall or something you can always go here I found this one online book from our library so

building construction illustrated so basically it's a good book to get familiar with different building systems

and everything and then uh if you are interested in the Finnish way of building we have finished building code

So all the laws and everything they are in English in this part. So you can find them. They are all here. You can see

like there's energy efficiency on new buildings, indoor climate, fire safety, a lot of things. But we are not going

through these. But this the idea is that these are the uh Finnish versions so to speak because

I found them there in English. If you want to learn more about Finnish building grade, it's okay. And then here

is the course assignment. So here is the proposal for the first course assignment. So the presentation

and then there's player on country. So when you add it here and then uh I will also add here the second course

assignment return box where you will return them by yourself. But here you can return your uh presentation here. So

these are course assignment number two. These are here. So basically what you first have to do is that you will make

the proposal here for the parent and for the country. So the idea is that whoever first writes it here uh the country will

have the dips on the country. So basically that's the idea. So uh we don't we are not doing um the same

country multiple times. Okay. And then uh for autocad materials they will appear here all the videos and

everything you cannot see them right now but they will appear here. And then here is already so if you want to start to

learn how to use AutoCAD or if you have used already and want to train more here is a YouTube link for extra exercises

for AutoCAD and I know of people have not done it's this is just for those who want to train more or start to get

familiar with the with the AutoCAD and then here are the materials that we will be doing. For example, you can see

from here there is already the autocat content that we will be doing is the content and then there's already like

the hour exercise uh explanation what we will be doing but don't worry about this is just a guidance. This is the thing

that um we will be doing on the lectures. So don't worry about that. They are just already for you to see.

You can get familiar with them. And then there is the first part that we will go next is that I would like that you guys

go and see the exercise a building parts. And this is uh you can download here a PDF

for yourself. And the idea is that when we start to do this is that we will add here when I go

the lectures you will write here what building part is what and then you will write like I said is that elements and

stresses that to the parts what different elements there are and what kind of stresses

there are like the UV from the sun, rain, water or something that and what is the reason

where it's coming from and why are we using what what is the idea why why do we use that part and these will be based

on the lectures. So you can do this when we start the lectures right now or we will start to do this also we will

continue this uh next week. So that's the idea you just know that this is something that you have to do

and the return date is the Sunday 28th of se September. So you have plenty of time. So you can do it now or you can do

it later on by yourself if you want. But basically it looks like this. So there's a building and then we just add

here and just write your name there and and you can use the PDF or if you want you can print this out in the school

and do it by hand and then upload it here in PDF. Of course I want you to return it in PDF.

Okay, any questions about the mood? Probably not. Okay, then we can go on again. I'll stop the share for a while

and then we will start the first lecture. First lecture for this time.

Let's see where we get again. it enable content start there and then I

will share it for you guys. Then again the chat

in the participant list if sample drops out. Okay, good. Can you see the presentation

again? Just checking you can write it in there. >> Yes.

>> Yes. Good. Thank you. Okay. So building engineering we go through first of all what we start is

the we based this already or based already with the with the tasks that that was given for you.

So we're going through the exercise there. Just a second. I have to do some

modification. There is something. Yeah. Okay. Now, now we can do it again. Okay.

So uh like I said this is already linked to the exercise a the building part which is open already and like I said

that uh you can do this by yourself or you can do it as we go on if you want to download it or something like this. We

will just go through different buildings and different building parts what is used.

So first we can start with small houses or single family houses as we say they are very small houses. We have a lot of

different options for them for different materials. We can make different kinds of uh

frames for them. We can use timber. We can use bricks or blocks or concrete or special types like EPS or something like

this. Uh we can make them uh on site or we can make them ready already on on the different parts. But that's for that

for the building parts. Uh there is a uh names for all the building parts and

you might have some other names for them. But the idea is that we will use the same markings and the same names for

building parts so we understand each other. So if we go through this uh first of all we can start from the top. We

will go from the bottom to the top but we can start from here. So basically the idea is that we all the buildings all

all buildings have some kind of a roof. That's the idea. We don't have a building without a roof. And the roof

structure is uh composed of the in uh insulation part if it's needed or something. And then we

have the rooftop there. So it's consisting the roof is the whole package and rooftop is only the part where there

is some like let's say some some cladding or something on top of here. So which is the water prevention but the

whole package is called the roof. Then we have outer walls. We call them outer walls. Outer walls are something

that we have that are uh against the elements of outside and they keep the outside air for coming inside uh without

control so to speak. So they have some kind of uh need for that and then the outer wall is consisting of many parts.

Let's say one the typical we always have a facade here. So facade materials they are part of the outer wall. Then there's

some kind of insulation and they have to have some kind of loadbearing capabilities and and stuff like this.

And the idea is that they must keep the indoor air uh the certain temperature there. So you have must have some kind

of insulation or something for the for the outer walls and prevent the air or the wind for coming inside and and it

has a lot of lot of different ways of working. Then we have intermediate floors

which make the floors where we are. So if we would just have one floor the bottom floor then we would all have just

one story houses. So it depends. So all the others despite from the lowest part or the insulated part is the is the

floor but then the others are intermediate floors. And of course if we have walls here between

that make rooms they are intermediate walls so to speak. And then when we go down here we have

the sole on the building. So the sole is the part that is uh visible to the eye but it's part of the foundations.

And the idea here is that because our outer walls might be something that uh are not very durable against moisture or

something the ground moistures or something. So we we make the sole so the uh outer wall is not affected by the uh

moisture on the ground or something like this. So that's the idea because the the moisture here is way bigger. Sometimes

we have to do soles to prevent let's say in in the Nordic countries we use it for against the snow because we will have

snow here. We don't want the snow to go up the walls. So we use that for that. And then also

in some countries we use the sockles and the foundations we lift up the frame. Uh for example some pests or something

might might [Music] or something that might eat let's say

timber out. So we use use this to prevent them from getting to the timbers.

Then we have uh if we have a basement, we need a basement wall which is also a wall against ground pressure. So

basement wall that's uh keeping the soil out also from the room. So it will have load bearing capabilities and it will

have more pressure uh against the ground pressure that we will have from the ground. So they must be sturdy and then

there is of course also moisture and stuff like this on the outside. And then the last part is that we have

to somehow uh have the building stand erect and not to tilt or not to rotate or anything. So we must have all the

loads, all the weight of the building coming down here. We must have foundations

that support it. The foundations is this part all the way. And then we have the footing. Footing is the one that is uh

located at the bottom part which uh divides the loads to the ground or to the piles. It depends how we are making

the footings or the foundations. But that's the idea that there is some kind of footing or something that that's the

let's say that's the shoes or that's the feet of the building. And if you would want to think about the

building as a how do you say like let's take a reference to our own life. So the

foundations of the footings they are our shoes. You want to keep them dry. You want to keep them stable. You want them

to slip or anything like this. So you want a sturdy base here. So it's good to stand on. Uh then you have your uh outer

wall or your frame here. Outer balls and your sockles and everything. They are the jackets and trousers that we use

against the weather. So let's say outer wall is our our uh uh jacket against the winter time. And then uh the rooftop

and the roof is our hat. So we need in the in the winter times if there is a cold time we are using this wool cap or

we can use against the sun we are using sun caps and and we have different kinds of hats so to speak. But the main idea

is to uh prevent it from our head to get exposed to the sun too much or uh it's preventing for the heat to evaporate

from us. So we don't uh so we keep warm even if we are outside. That's basically the same thing in buildings. We just

have different parts for it. Okay. So if you go first of all to the

foundations soles and cellars or or u basement floors

uh the main thing that we have to think about is it's building part that it's in contact with the soil. So in the soil we

have always moisture or some kind of could be moisture inside there. So we

have to take this in consideration of when we are choosing the material that we are using. Uh there is this uh

phenomenon called capillarity. Uh you probably all know the capillarity phenomenon

hopefully this. So uh at least you know know the uh what

capillarity means. So basically water rises from ground or whatever if you have inside the material you have very

small tubes uh or minimum tubes. So the uh surface tension of the water makes the water rise in that material. A good

way is to take a piece of toilet paper or a piece of uh household paper and if you dip it in the water you can see the

water rising uh through the through the paper and then the water will be totally wet. So that's a capillarity phenomenon

in practice. So basically we have that in the soils and everything. So we have to

um take this in consideration of this capillarity phenomenon. So we must have some kind of waterproofing. It it

depends how we want to make it in every country. It's a different but everybody is doing some kind of waterproofing or

fighting against the same phenomena so to speak. So we're doing waterproofing. We are changing in Finland and in Nordic

countries and in in the central Europe we're changing some soil materials. So we are preventing because some materials

some some soils or some dirts they are more copular than others. So we may put anti-oupellar materials inside there.

Then we use hidden drainage systems. We use water drainage systems when we need to control the water. That's the one

thing that's the say the building's worst enemy is water. And I would say the building's worst enemy is

uncontrolled water. So if the water goes to places where we don't want it to go, then it will have pro problems.

And we have moisture rising from the ground. So from if we have uh the ground level

the moisture is rising up from there or we have some other problems. So the sockles must be high enough they must be

lifted up and uh when we are doing like thermal it doesn't matter if we are doing um like

we try to prevent the cold air from getting inside or or the hot air getting inside. we want to avoid these kind of

cold bridges. So the idea is that we must have some kind of insulations or prevent some uh soil freezing or or

using this kind of so we need some kind of insulations in these also. So we don't want the cold air to go inside

through there. I will explain a little bit more about the thermal thermal cold bridges what what they mean

later on. But we have basically uh when you go to the buildings we have basically two different modern buildings

have two different foundation types so to speak. Of course there is more more uh possible ways of doing it. But for

example here we have continuous footing. Continuous footing. This is groundbased. We can have ground based or we can have

piles pile footing so to speak. But here is a continuous footing which is uh groundbased and the idea is that the

continuous footing is ongoing. So it's going all around the walls. It's going all around the walls. So it's not just

for for for uh small places or something like this. It's going all around the the floors. And when do we choose this? It

depends on the soil. Uh how do we make the foundations? It depends on the building. So let's say that you're doing

a single family house or something like this. This is a typical way of doing a single family house. Uh foundations you

have the loadbearing parts here. So and then you lift up your circle from here. This is I think the most typical typical

way of doing. And then oh sorry guys. If we have um uh let's say like a long span or some

kind of like industrial buildings or stores or something that we have like a long way we want to build a big house or

a big uh like very long spans there we can use this column footing. So the idea is now that there isn't uh like a uh

like a solid wall going all around but we will have a pile or a column coming from this pile and then we can have a

beam on top of it and then we just build the uh walls there but the walls are not like loadbearing or something like this.

Of course, we can use a beam between them here if we want, but the idea is that we are using this kind of uh solo

ones. And then when asked what to use, it's more like depends on what kind of uh uh building we are doing, what kind

of um what is the frame of the building, how the frame has to be supported to the ground. So that's what makes us the

decision. And the final decision is of course we could make these and then pour concrete all over here and make a big

area here. We could do that. But the problem is that then we would use a lot of rebars and a lot of concrete and we

can do uh the same work with less concrete and less rebars. So basically this is cost effective to do it like

this instead of doing it like this because we would have like a very you can see it they are thicker and they are

bigger and they are farther away from each other. So then we would use too much concrete use too much uh rebars and

everything we would lose the materials and that's the main part also when let in. Yes. So uh that's also the main

part that about when talking about because you are now in sustainable construction

technology. What makes uh construction what makes building sustainable? The idea is that of course we can we can uh

try to make the materials more uh more echofriendly want to make it make it more more um

uh to emit less CO2 emissions or less greenhouse gases and everything which is very important that that's what we are

doing but we always come back to the basics so if we can use less material less uh virgin material to make a

building then it will always be more sustainable So basically this is already when we are

making the decision of the foundations which one is using less material which one is more cost effective then we can

ask the question not just cost effective which one is more uh using less of the raw materials and which one is more

better for this for this selection. So how can but we have to we cannot just do it for foundations we have to think

about the whole building. So there is no point of making these of course we say okay less material this is way better

but then we have to use the material in other parts. So then okay this would be actually more better for the final

result and then there comes the point of sustainability that we discuss is that which is more long-term. You can see

that all of these are made from concrete. Concrete is not a very or we will

discuss this bit more about in the in the coming concrete technology course. But the idea is that that concrete is uh

not a very green product. It's not people think that it's it has a lot of CO2 emissions. Yeah, it has. But it has

to do with the fact that it's used so much in the world. That's why it's such a big CO2 emissions source, so to speak.

But why do we make this everything out of concrete? Because the concrete is very long-lasting. We can make it last

for 100, 200 years, whatever. Uh we can make it last for very long. So you can understand that if we have a building

and we can repair the building, but we don't want to repair the foundations or actually renew the foundations. We want

them to last the whole uh lifespan of the building, which is way way better. So if we can have footings

last 100 years so we don't have to fix them at all. We can just change the building a little bit on top but we

don't want to go down down and fix it totally. So that's the idea also on the on the

material selection. Don't just think about the emissions it's causing or how much is costing. You have to think about

it in the long term. So how long does it last without we have to do anything for it? Because then if we're talking about

what are the uh impacts per year, it's less than uh let's say we would use some timber here or something

that don't last and we have to change them in every 5 years. Okay. Then I have this uh example

because it's very difficult to explain about what are piles but pile footing like a pre-cast element. We will check

this is a finish video but don't worry about that. But I will explain it at the same time as we go.

So we have this foundation package that is already made. And this is the thing about finish and know the last element.

So basically what we have to do now is that we want to change the oils. We add the piles. We have a lot there.

We don't want to take out all the soils and change them. So we put then there are the uh

foundations or the footings that we use that they can also

be ready made. So they are already in factory. This is also like a mile

and we use the piles. We have recell. [Music] So basically the idea

[Music] foundation for the footings that will make the frame really

use the stairway maintenance hatch can be used and then we have this hollow slabs

kind of like there to make the floor. We will later on understand that but the idea is that oh

The idea is that uh that we have this uh pile footing and they are now using column footing on there and they are

using the piles that actually go deep on the ground. Yes, Ramid. Ramen we have a question.

>> Yeah, sorry. Sorry, sir. Uh the sound of the video was so loudly and we didn't hear your voices, you know.

>> Ah, sorry. >> Could you please explain it uh one time without the sound?

>> I can actually I can >> Yeah, just a second. I will do that again and

I will do it like this. So basically now you don't have to hear the video. So the basically the idea is

>> Yeah. Yeah. So we are using piles that we put on the ground. So the idea is that we want to find the u how do you

say the loadbearing soil is very deep. So that's why we are putting these piles inside there. And uh in Finland and in

Nordic countries we use a lot of like concrete elements so to speak. So we put these piles inside there and made out of

concrete. And then we have here also the pile footing these kind of things so we can uh install them. And the idea is

that they are already these uh pile footprints they are made on the factories. So the idea is that we can

always make something ready on the factories and install it on the site on the building or we can make it on the

site so to speak. So we could actually just pour the concrete on top of that. And here you can see the the uh

column footings. They are column footings here. So you base them so you don't have to use a lot of stuff here.

And then there is a bit different system that they are using as a sock. So this is a beam. So you can see it's a

concrete beam and it's making the sockle at the same time. So basically the load is now transferring through the beams to

the uh to the pile footings or the column footings. This is just a maintenance uh hatch so where you can

use because later on they will install these holocore slabs on top of it. So it's like a floating floor so to speak

just a a system that you can use. So you can see what the pile footing is because otherwise it would be difficult to

understand. Okay. Uh we have different kind of piles also pile footing. So the idea of the pile uh pile fooding is that

when do we make them groundbased and when do we make uh pile foodings? It's has to do again with the thing that uh

when we inspect the soil or the ground there is some place where we can have like let's say bedrock or uh very tight

ground where we can base the building on. If the very tight uh soil or the bedrock

is deep is very deep. So then what we would have to do we would have to excavate everything out from here from

very deep levels and then we would have to uh when we do the excavation we would have to also like fill it up with some

kind of material that would be very good loadbearing stuff like let's say gravel or something like this. Then we would

use a lot of gravel. we would use a lot of manh hours to dig the hole up and that would be very labor intensive and

very cost effective and we would use a lot of raw materials. So basically what we do is put piles inside there like you

saw the steel piles. You hit them with the machine or for example here these are steel screws. So you can use steel

pile so they actually screw it down here and they get to the loadbearing land and then we use it so that the weight of the

building goes through the piles. They go to the loadbearing soils. So we don't have to change the material here.

There are different methods for this but this is like the typical that we use a lot of piles and of course the piles you

saw we can use concrete uh like uh readymade concrete elements we can use this screw piles so you screw them on we

can use just like steel piles that you hit them so here is a specialtity actually uh it's a like steel

piles over there and then there's also steel frame on top of it. So now you understand that because it's already

lifted up with the piles, you don't really need the sockle or anything. Of course, they will add something for the

decorations, but you can have this kind of systems also. So it's basically lying on the piles. But you can see it's not a

very big building. We cannot do this for very big buildings. We need this to we can do this for small buildings so to

speak. So then we can do it and lift it up like this. And this is totally made. the foundations and uh the frame is made

out of steel in in this case and then we when we go to very big buildings we can also use piles. So

these are like u how do you say uh they are cast on site these piles and the idea is that they put a metal tube

through the ground then they pour it uh metal tube on the ground which is hollow and it has some rebars. Then when they

do it, they excavate it. They take out the land from there and then they fill it. They fill it with concrete or it can

be also used like a jet. But the idea is that the ground is now in this level. And you can use these and when they

solidify then you can start to excavate down. So the idea is that if you would have a building up here then it wouldn't

collapse here. So we can actually make supports. And this is a pile system that can be used for very big buildings or or

marketplaces or anything. So sometimes we use a lot of lot of big piles in in in this kind of way. We so we strengthen

the ground so we can dig down but we can also use them for foundation afterwards. So basically piles come in in in

different sizes. And then if we go to the circles or foundations, you can see from

here we have the cellar room or the so we have the floor here. On the floor we have some insulations and everything.

And here is our uh sock is the sole part is actually called the one that is above the ground. And then we have also this

um uh cellar floor. You can see down here we have some insulation inside these blocks and underneath there is no

insulation. So the idea is that the soil actually can have some kind of insulation parts and then we also switch

the insulations because we don't want to have it here. We change it to outside. So we are insulating this also from

there. The number eight this part is water insulation. We use water insulations. And then it's not just

about insulating uh uh uh against the water against the thermal. So we use thermal insulation but we also use the

hidden drainage system. So we can get all the water out from here. You can see there is different material up here than

there is here. So the idea is this is something that will let the water fall very fast to the hidden drainage

systems. And then uh especially in the Nordic countries what we do we use anti-ra anti-capular gravel here. So the

idea is that if there is some water it will go through here. So it doesn't capillarity phenomenon doesn't happen in

this part. So it doesn't rise up to the floor or to the foundation. So the idea is that we have a

uh total area that is very good in the form of transporting the water to the hidden drainage systems. So we want to

keep our feet dry so to speak. If the foundations or the plinth is our uh

uh feet, we want to keep them dry. As you know, if you get wet shoes or wet socks or something, you will start to

feel cold very fast if you're not indoors. If you're outdoors, it's not very nice. And then we can also have

different materials. For example, here is something that cast on site concrete blocks that we use. And then of course,

you can make the whole house out of these. Then you don't have the difference of uh where is the sole where

does the sole or the foundation ends and where does the outer wall start. There is no clear line

in this case. But if we would use let's say later on different material for the outer wall which is possible because

there is no moisture then we would have uh of course a clear circle in there that will be on the next slide.

For example here uh here is a drawing it's a some words in Finnish but this is a detail called

detail which is used when designing buildings. So this is a typical Finnish one. So basically what we do, we have

the hidden drainage systems. We have some kind of uh anti-oupar material here. We have insulation because we want

to insulate it. And the idea is now that when was talking about cold bridges, the idea is that there is a very good

insulation over here. The idea if if we would use the same kind of block up here, this would cause us the gold air

or the uh thermal conductivity through this would go all the way here. So we want to stop it from getting there. The

same idea is here that we want to stop the code from if this is cold, we don't want it to absorb to the ground and

going up there. So then we kind of like make stop for the thermal bridges so to speak.

So if you would use this block over there then there would be a very cold place here. Now we use insulations here

and make a bit smaller uh block here. So then we can stop the uh we can prevent the cold from uh emitting to this place.

We can make it also cast on site. So this is a cast on site. Small uh small um suckle so to speak and foundations.

And then the most typical part that you can see here is like this um block that is made you can see the same

here in the in the live live part and this is this is like lightweight aggregate concrete blocks so to speak.

So basically what is inside here? There are these uh small beans that are made in very high heat from clay and then

they are very good in insulation part or better not very good but better than concrete. Basically this basic concrete

they're a bit better but they are uh not as uh strong and durable as concrete but they are very good and you can normally

do this by yourself. This is something that you might not be able to do yourself. You need professionals for

this. But this is something that you can buy from the hardware store and just build yourself.

Okay. So I have been now showing you pictures and a lot of stuff about um about the

Finnish ways and about some examples of that and then you're talking about okay but this should be international

training. Yes it is. And that's why like I said that your job is now to explain how do you do this in your own home

country. You give a presentations what kind of typical ways you are using these. And here I uh checked that this

is a detail from from from the United Kingdoms. I wanted to go outside Europe as you

know United Kingdom is not no longer part of the European Union. So that's why we're

going outside of Europe. But the idea is again here uh this is how they make it. What we have here we can just check it's

a bit different system but again it's how the UK does this. So it's in they have a rainforest concrete footing here.

They have that they have foundation blocks. They have some kind of insulation over floor screening. They

have here some kind of uh anti-apellar material. They have a membrane damproof membrane and they have some

kind of insulation rigid insulation. They have a vapor control layer. They have some kind of

damp proof. They have the minimum height of the sockle that you are not allowed to use timber below it or

something. They have a thermal block or similar to prevent thermal bridging over here. They must have this system. So

basically you can find all the same uh same parts and same familiar uh

phenomenas that you are fighting against but it's just a little bit different because all the building uh like how to

make buildings what is the typical way of making foundations in what country. It's also like cultural related

because it's so uh like uh we do things in Finland this way. In Sweden they do it

almost the same way but not the same way because it's always has been building industry is so old that there is no like

uh how do you say this inter European or inter uh national way of doing things.

But of course we are fighting against the same phenomenons. The physics laws they don't change. The atmospherics

change. Uh in the northern part it's very cold, in the southern part it's very warm. And uh we just fight against

the different things. But then then there is the cultural relations that in some places we can find more of this

material and then we use that instead of this material. like the British they are very fond of using brick brick work and

and this kind of things and they have a lot of brick work uh people they have ma expert masons and everything like this

and in Finland we don't really use bricks in in loadbearing structures of course we use them for facades and we

use the blocks more but we are more into element building so we have a lot of uh ready elements

but all of them are still the same so you can get the idea here that okay this is how they do it in UK Hey, now you

find a detail or find a way from your home country how how it is built and you present it to the others.

Okay. Then we were talking about okay we have here the foundations and then we have floor here they are separate

structures but then we have a special case called corner strength and slab or a slab so to speak. So the idea is that

you can make this is a typical in many countries. It's something that is made in we do this in Finland but we also I

have seen this done in in in Russia in in in the European countries and in the Americas and everything in the US. So

basically they make the corner strengthened slab. So the idea is that they just pour a big slab of concrete

and then it's already poured against the ground and there's a lot of rebars and everything but basically this is like a

plate or a cork on top of uh poor ground. So the idea is that the uh soil pressure is now divided. It goes

more here but it will also uh go through the floor. So if something is uh going down here then the load will amplify

here. So basically we're using this corner strength strengthened slab. So basically it's a like a big slab on top

of uh not very good uh land. But of course we don't want to use very big buildings here or very tall buildings.

It's more for smaller buildings because you understand if you have 8 to n 20 floors or something if this starts to

rotate a little bit then uh the rotation on top of the 20s story building will be very high and it's not very good. But we

can use this to smaller buildings or very wide buildings or something like this. Of course, we need more material

here. Again, you shouldn't use this if it's not uh cost effective or material-wise effective. So, we use way

more concrete. We use way more rebars. We have use more work here. So, basically this is not as cost effective

as let's say this one. But we can use it. Sometimes it can be. And our what we are going through is

just that you learn different ways of different things that we can do. But the problem is that then you just maybe

during this program you will start to think about that okay how it should be made what kind of benefits there are and

what is the sustainable way of doing doing things. Okay,

like I said, it it combines the foundations. This uh special gaze combines the foundations, the circle and

the floor at the same time. Uh like I said, we normally use it for very poor loading soils as clay. So clay is not

very good in in in uh in the loadbearing part, especially if it's wet. We use it when we cannot go very deep.

So we have to be on the surface. So we don't want to go very very deep. So basically you notice that you have to

go from from the floor level you have to go this deep. And in this you don't have to go so deep. So from the ground level

you only go down this much. So this is like a shallow foundation also. Not for big buildings, not for big loads, not

for big buildings. It's very difficult to control it then. But we can use it for small small stuff.

Okay, let's go uh a couple of slides more and then we can stop for today. We will continue next week. But the floors,

we have different types of floors. The basics is that we can have a ventilated floor or we can have it soil

based or it can be let's say like this. This is soil based floor but it's connected to the foundations but then we

can have the different ways. Uh what is important in the floors is that we have moisture again on the ground. So we have

to somehow take away the moisture so it doesn't come inside the rooms in through the floors. We use

ventilation if it's a ventilated floor. I will show you what it means later. But we can use the ventilation there to take

out the moisture or then like so shown here there is the anti-capular or here we

have the anti-coupar uh gravel or material that prevents the moisture from rising up to the floor.

Then we have some gases and impurities in inside the ground. We want to prevent the gases and the impurities coming

inside the room. So it's not a health risks. So basically what in buildings what we are interested in is the safety

and the health. Those are the things that engineers when they talk about buildings we talk about building safety

and then we talk about building health. Building health safety it's also like a safety issue also. But this health means

that we don't want there to be any materials or any kind of emissions or any kind of gases that can cause you ill

or stuff like this. So the health issue is also we don't want the temperature to be too high too low. We don't want the

temperature to be too too moist or too dry. That's the idea what we want to control inside the buildings and this

all goes to there. So uh for example we have in in Finland we have in other countries there are different ways but

also in the in the other parts because we have very good bedrock and in other places but we have also this radium one

27 isotope inside the bedrock which is uh um thing that it gases up and it makes a radon gas and radon gas is

something that causes us uh mutation. conditions inside our body. So it can cause cancers mostly lung cancers and

and other cancers. So radon is something that we don't want the radon gas to get inside the building. It's not everywhere

but it has to be tested. So there is nothing and if there are Yes.

Go ahead Ramin. >> Sorry sir. And where is the source of the gases?

>> It's in it's in the bedrock. It's in the bedrock. There are some Yeah, there is some uh

how do you say radioactive material inside the bedrock. >> Thank you.

>> Yeah, you're welcome. So, as you know in in in um nuclear power plants, they are using uranium.

Uranium and it's uh uranium is taken from the soil. So, sometimes there might be something in the bedrock. Yeah. We

take from the bedrock, we take the uranium and then we refine it to use it to of course uh radiation that heats up

water. So that's the idea uh how uh like a nuclear power plant burns. So basically the the uh the uranium is

inside the soils and radium is also there which is causing this radon gas. Radium is a different type. We use

uranium because it's more how do you say it's not as reactive. Radon is the problem. Radium, radium is the problem

that it actually evaporates very quickly. So in some places it's inside the bedrock in the stones in the

minerals. So then we have to take out these and of course we have other gases and we have other impurities in the

ground uh like microbes and bacteras and something like this. We don't want them inside the buildings. So we use the

ventilations or we put ventilation piping in the landfill. And the most important thing for both floors is that

we seal the joints. There's a tube coming through, we have to seal it. There's a drainage pipe coming through.

We have to seal it. Uh uh the the connection between the the outer wall and the sock and the floor, we have to

make sure that it's not leaking air inside the building. That's the idea. And what happens there is that okay here

is the um groundbased floor so to speak. And as you can see again it's not just the floor type. It's not just the tiles

here that make the floor. There's a lot of layers in it. A lot of different materials. For example, here is the base

ground or the basic uh ground where we have duck up our foundations and our level. Then we are using a filter fabric

because on top of this filter fabric we put some uh anti-ravel anti-capular gravel. And what does this layer do? It

prevents from these materials to mix up eventually. And then this will lose its anti-capular capabilities.

Then what we add? We add another layer here uh of this filter fabric because we want to make sure that these uh

insulation boards we can set them up in a leveled surface so they don't break down. So we put some sand on top of

this. So this is basically just taking out the sharp stones of this and it's easier to install this because we want

it to be leveled. This is very hard to level. So we want to level it with the sand the small layer of uh sand. Then we

add the insulations and the insulation is now uh expanded polystyrene. So the basically it's basically plastic what we

use here and then we are using this for insulation. And then uh we have some kind of heating

system there. Here is some heating board with the heating pipes in it. And then what we do on top of that then we have

the uh cast on side small concrete slab on top of it and then we add the final surface slopes. So that's like can be

floor tiles or something what we want. And what else is there that you have to take in consideration of you can see

here is the connection. We know that this is solid. There is no problem with the gases coming through here. So we add

some kind of layer here. So the gases can go through here. or or the moisture coming up from here.

So we use this uh part here like a bumment layers or something to to make this connection here

uh like gas tight or or watertight. And then the important part about when we are doing these slabs and everything

we have to remember that it's not not just about the building of the it's not just building the parts but we also have

to know the technical solutions which is also very important uh and when you are doing your own presentations like I said

that like okay you have to choose the heating system what you are using for example here the heating system is is uh

like um floor heating uh floor heating, underfloor heating. So this is inside basically the same as

here inside the the slab the concrete slab. So we have to install these pipes first there before we make the cast and

we have to know where the walls are so we can lift up the pipes and connect because the idea is that there is hot

water running inside these pipes. So we must have the connections where we add the hot pipes and control the hot pipes

through here. So we can add the hot water running there. And then what we also have to

know a lot of things is that we have to know about the the sewage systems and the water systems. Where does the water

come? Where are the sewages and everything we have to install everything ready here before we can make the floor.

So that's again very important to understand. So if you're working uh if you're making the building you have to

understand okay there's somebody who designs the building then there's somebody who uh designs the technical

issues here and you have to make them work together. So there has to be a plumber to make the pipes and there has

to be somebody to install these and some construction worker who makes the steel networks steel nets and insulations and

all those layers and then they pour the concrete. So it's a multi-levelled uh industry. It's not just like if you

compare it to let's say a candy factory. Somebody is there and you just make the candy. You just make the candy or or

steel fabrication. You always work with steel and you make it some part or something. You can be responsible for

the whole manufacturer or you do a small part and then it goes on. But here we have a lot of different workers that

come to the job site, do the work and then they have to go out and they have to be in certain phase and they have to

be done in a certain certain certain time. And after that uh this is made the guy has

to come back. He's not finished yet. When almost everything is ready, he has to install and plug in the water sources