Comprehensive Guide to Fire Safety, User Safety, and Moisture Control in Buildings

share my screen. Yeah. So, here. And uh I will move this out

the way. Oh. So, I tried to hide the thumbnails so they are not on the way of

the slides. So, you have anything on the chat or something. I I cannot see it right now. But uh last time we went

through this a little bit. So um about the fire safety issues, the fire safety, like I said, it's

always different in in in the country and depends on the country's assignments or something. But like I

said, the the structural part the re and I they are always the same. And also uh then the

material classing is the same in the European region. But if you go outside the European region of course the

America they have their own systems and and uh other places have their own system for fire safety and in some

countries there might be even the case that there is no fire safety issues mentioned or something like this. So it

depends always on the country. Okay. But uh for example here is uh about the fire safety. So if we have a

fire retainer how it needs to be done in Finland uh in case we have like a timber cladding here which is uh quite

important because uh the timber cladding so if you have like a very high timber cladding you will have a ventilation gap

behind it and the ventilation gap acts as a chimney. So basically the fire will rise very high here. So you have to cut

it on every floor because there are different fire compartments normally like every every uh apartment is their

own. So when doing timber uh if if you want to use timber as a cladding or facade you must think about

these things because timber is a burning material. So how to how to get the fire safety issues also going.

So basically how it can be done is that uh for example here is an uh timber element building. So the idea is that

there is a fire retainer profile profile on the horizontal level and the timber poles act as a vertical fire retainer.

So basically the air can just flow in these gaps which is not of course not ideal but it's better. So you do this

kind of like a timber poles between the uh between the the panels you added there and then you have this fire

retainer profile which can be done. So it's shown that uh they have this um U-shape steel.

You have this U-shaped steel and then you drill holes through so the air can go through. But the idea is that you're

preventing. So you have the holes here in the top flange and in the bottom flange. They are not at the same same

place. They are not. So the actually the ventilation through these holes is enough to take

out the moisture behind the panel to not to affect on the wall. But the idea is that um the fire cannot go through here

very easily. So it detains it. It retains the fire. It doesn't block it totally, but it retains it because the

holes are not in the same in the same place, so to speak, and they are a bit uh also like jig version of

them. So, they don't go straight through. So, the fire has a lot of time. So, it prevents from the chimney effect

to take take up on the on the fire quickly on the panel. So this is one way this is

just an like the first ideas that they had and they were doing like this. So what does it affect? So here is the

height of the burning area. They did a burning test for this also. So they started from zero. So here is when the

fire starts in the facade and here we have time like in 40 minutes. So if you have an open ventilation gap and

remember we were talking about the fire starting and uh the 15minut time to get out. So basically if we look at this

15minut time the without this retainer or these retainers use the open ventilation. It has a open ventilation

gap so no retainers the fire will be around 6 m in 15 minutes. But if you use this uh

profiles as a via retainer, it will stop around in the 2 m level. So basically they have like this is probably 2 m the

height. So it's actually stopping the fire from rising in 15 minutes to two uh it's around 2 m of the burning

area. So it's preventing it quite good because they were starting the fire from from the retainer. So the first retainer

starting if it's open it's up to 6 m and now it's only 2 m. So pretty basic simple idea and then you can actually

use quite good about these also this um uh timber claddings on your facade which is more sustainable and maybe

sustainable version of uh of using using this. But then you can use this fire stops there. And of course remember that

if you want to cover it all the way. So if you use high concrete versions of here then the how do you say the

accidental risk of somebody setting the fire here is is less because that takes more effect on there. But of course if

there's a fire happening in this apartment then it can start this. So that's why you want the fire stop to be

there. So in 15 minutes it has not it might have gotten here but it's not all the way burning this area and getting to

the attic where probably the fire could spread even more. So from here you can see in 20 minutes

it will be up to 8 m and with the fire retainers it doesn't even in 40 minutes it's not even close there.

Then we have these already these uh things on the market. So this is like a uh fire stopping band. So the idea is

that you put this also on the on the lower levels of the facade. You can use this this secur there is a um material

here. It's flat, but when you expose it to fire in a certain temperature, it will

swell up and block the fire from getting in. So, this is a totally like a fire blocker totally, not just a retainer.

And then it has this net. This net is delaying the fire so that it doesn't get very high. So, you can use this kind of

things also. And the idea is also here that um it will eventually block the whole gap.

For example, this doesn't. It lets it go. It's a retainer. But this will block the whole gap when this heats up. But

the important part is that you need this net because this net is working the same way as these holes. So the idea the net

is slowing down the fire. So it so this has time to expand and block the fire. So this is like a combined system of the

expanding material and also um the net that is here. And the good part when you are using these kind of systems if you

need this of course this um has the holes they are 18 mm to 20 mm holes you can still get like

little rod ends coming through here they can get like very small gaps but from this they don't get in but the problem

about in this is that because this is so dense the net is so dense so if you get a lot of uh dust and let's say some um

particles from from uh uh plant life or something coming with the wind. This might get blocked eventually. So, this

is something that you have to clean and maintain and make sure that the air is still flowing through here. Instead of

this, you don't really have the problem about this getting stuck. So, you have good sides and bad sides on

different different uh solutions. Okay. So, this is the last one. I will open this uh task for you after this. So

you have a our task C now and I will open this later on when we end this lecture. So you can start to do this. So

you have to find a product that is classified with A2 S1D0 level. So use the internet

uh and then you have to find something that is uh certified as BS1. L was marking the floor type. So this is

some floor material. And then the third one finds something that is B roof. T1 classified product. So B uh and the roof

is applying to roof level and T1 was the part that I will put these slides also there. That was the testing type of the

uh of the burning in the roof. uh make a PDF on the products that you find and add a screen capture of the website

where you found the classification and return it to the model. So basically you just have to find materials that fill

the European standards on the on the material side on the fire. Okay. But like I said, I will open this

a bit later when we have uh had the other lectures also for today. But just for your

information, any questions on the fire safety issues? Nope. Okay,

then we can go on. Let's go on first to the user safety then.

And hopefully you can still see and hear me. Hopefully.

>> Oh, we can. >> Yeah. Good, good, good. Okay. So, if there are no uh questions, uh let's go

all the user safety. So we went through uh you understand there are different

levels of safety when talking about safety in buildings. So fire safety is one of the biggest issues especially in

residential areas but of course in the factories and everything because always there might be some reasons for the fire

to happen. But then we have the everyday use. So we don't need necessarily an accident on the building or something

like this. So we need user safety and this actually the user safety issues is the one that div defines the building.

We do not have these that or the user safety issues are not ready when the building is under construction. So when

it's safe to use then uh we can like take it uh so then we define that it's ready enough to live

in for example in Finland. So we have this level of safety that we need and it's the same in other countries also

that you need some kind of safety. You cannot just use this building. I know in some countries they have the system that

when the building is finished then you pay the building's u how do you say the tax of the building and before

that you are paying only for less amount of tax. So that's why for example in Greece in some other places

you can see buildings that still have the rebars on the top floor they still have like

there would be another layer coming. So they have designed the buildings to be one story higher but they are never

actually going to do it because they are going around the taxing of there. So that's why I'm not a super fan of this

because then the buildings are never designed to be the final products and everything. So not of course everybody

but sometimes you might see this. I think in the Greece they also changed the law now so that is not possible

anymore but in the older times there was this that you could see that why they are like this and I asked so they told

us that I get a from a from a local he said that yeah it's about the taxation of the building so if it's still

underway you don't have to pay that much tax but when it's finished you have to pay every year more tax so they're kind

of like saving money for that but I think they changed that also But that's not good for the user safety point of

view. Okay. Uh but the user safety, they're the

things that make your house safe. So like I explained it, it it's the difference between construction side and

ready building. Uh in the ready building, the user safety issue must be ready and met the criteras that are

given. It has different areas of course uh we have building safety the usage and then

also maintenance safety which is uh maintenance is like it's not like you have to be there every day you're not

using as a living quarters but you have to also consider this about maintenance safety you have a chimney somebody has

to clean it and then you have to have safety equipments to go clean it or you have some things on your roof you have

to fix and then there is these laws that okay you have to get to the roof safe safely and you have to have some kind of

prevention of falling from the roof and and some stuff like this. Then we have the electrical safety which is very high

level and um normally um electrical safety is also applied to the buildings but of course normally the electrical

part is a part of electrical laws. So basically it's not always in the building codeex. It just said that it

has to be ready. But the electrical safety comes from the electricity laws. Um for example in Finland we have a

different system that you have to be certified to do the electrical connections and you have to check the

whole network before you're allowed to use it or or things like this. And of course it was designed but it's not

under the building laws. It has an it its own system. Then you have the hygienic safety which

means that you need sewage, you need clean water and you need indoor air quality and stuff like this. So

basically it's the ventilation and the drainage systems and everything and the water supply and that's the hygienic

safety that is needed u especially in the sewage because you might say that okay I don't need these kind of things

but you have to be also the hygienic safety is about the environment the environmental safety so your

environmental impact is not that big so you cannot just throw your trashes outside or put your sewage waste on the

on the ditch nearby or something like this because you might end ending up uh like uh uh causing quite a big uh

environmental impact or environmental problems in that area. You probably get that. But that's the also the hygienic

safety is the thing that we need in the buildings and this is what defines the like user safety or

other things. We went through a little bit about indoor air quality and stuff like this, but basically what it looks

like for example here user safety you need some kind of systems but so you understand that

before the railings are done uh this is not safe for people or children to play here or something like

this. You really need these railings and they need to be high enough. And again how high railings do we need or

something like this? It depends on the codeex of the country but uh a general idea is that the higher you go the

taller the railings have to be. So the idea is that if you go very high where if you fall from that height you will

end up dead. So the idea is that it has to be at least your uh pelvis height. So everything below your uh pelvis if you

trip on it you go over but if it's above your pelvis you push from above your pelvis you don't fall over you fall

backwards so you have to be around your belly button is quite good level in Finland is 1.2 m when you go the highest

you have to make is 1.2 2 m is the railings and stuff like this. Unless you want to block the wind or

something like this, but that's like for the railings. Then we have the issue of use uh uh

maintenance safety. You can see here that okay, you have a house that has a chimney and some kind of ventilation

systems. you must have access to them uh to safely get to the um to maintain these equipment or these things and

check that they're working. So you need these kind of things that you need some kind of ladders up there, you need some

kind of railings, you need another ladder to get up there and you need some kind of safety area where you can work

on. So you're walking here, for example, if this is frozen or covered in snow, you

might slip down or something. So not a very good idea. And also you can see here this is user safety issue. This is

about the environmental user safety. So this is a snowstopper. In some countries in in the Nordic countries you have to

use this for the safety issues. So the snow from the roof doesn't fall on the head of the people walking underneath

here. If there is no risk of that then you don't need the snow stoppers. But if there's a door or something you

are staying here then you need these kind of things also to prevent the snow from coming like super fast down here.

And then of course we have the disab disabled people we have to take on consideration of their safety also. So

how they can travel to the building. You need ramps for people with uh disabilities on on on uh movement. And

then of course you need some other things like you can have other disabilities like your you might have a

bad sight or you don't hear or something. So you need need different things. For example, for the blind

people you in the environment you nowadays there's a beeping sound when you are crossing the street. And also if

you are um have trouble hearing you need some kind of visual part also. So for for people also like you can see

some uh dents or something on the on the floors especially in the shopping centers before the stairs you can see

something there. So basically there are uh for the blind people they warn that okay there's some some something is

happening something is coming. They notice that okay there is this lens and there is all these um

uh things that warn that there will be stairs coming next after this. So we go on safety in roofs in roof

structure doesn't really matter we have the ladders we have those then you can have walkways there. So walkway paths

depends on the roof. You understand? Uh if you want to make like a very steep slope, you need this kind of ladders. So

you can get up to here. So but if it's not a very steep uh roof or it's like a we're talking about flat roof, we don't

need this. Then we need some kind of roof safety connectors. They can be also implemented here. So there can be a

steel cable where you hook yourself up. If you are very high, you can hook yourself up in this. So you

have a railing where you are. But in the flat roofs, if you go close to the edge of the building, you have to go to the

edge, you must have this safety connectors. So they they are the ones that prevent you from falling. And they

are actually connected so that they can withstand like quite an impact load. So they don't actually tear off.

So it depends how you do it. But the idea is that you have some kind of harnesses on you when you go to the

roof. If it's high enough, depends on the height. So high enough roofs, you must have some kind of harnesses and

some kind of safety system that if you fall or trip or something, you are uh you won't fall.

Here you can see some other other equipments that can be used. For example,

um we have the safety railing. If you go up, the safety railing idea is that when you start to climb, you hook yourself up

here and then when you get to this top place, you have a double system. You hook yourself to the safety railing here

and then take out another one. Then you can move from here. You can have if the chimneys and everything are very high,

you can have ladders and maintenance levels for them. Normally they are so low that you can maintain or do the

maintenance work from here. If you have some roof accesses, you need the hatches or something that you need because in um

in the Finnish building codes and in also in the Nordic business codes there sometimes they said that you must have a

roof access hatch and also an access from below. So for for safety reasons. So you need kind of like a both.

Then uh you can see here the safety railings when you're doing stumps. You can have

the snow stoppers as we went through. You can have the roof safety connectors. Let's say we have a high building or

something you want to use some kind of like window washing systems or some safety equipment. You can hook them up

on the on the on the roof system that you have to design it. And then uh snow stoppers

also might be needed for roof windows, for pipings, for solar panels. For example, here you don't want that the

snow when it comes here and it goes very fast here. So it pulls this pipe away from it or it breaks down the window or

something. You want to prevent the snow going like very fast through here. So then you can use snow stoppers for that

also. And also prevent it from falling on the yard if there's people walking here or using this yard.

Okay. And then uh one thing climbing stopper is one that is used nowadays. So it's locked and there is plate. And also

the ladders you can see they don't start from the from the ground. So they actually start from 1.5

m or something that is to prevent the small children in climbing up these. But nowadays even a bit older

uh children and adults are climbing in the in the roofs for example there has been problems about there was like a

concert or something like a rock concert or something and people were because they couldn't see through the fences.

They didn't want to buy the tickets. So they were climbing to the roofs of the building to see the rock concert which

was not very good. So the police had to come and take them out. So then these climbing stoppers, they prevent people

from getting there because they are very high up. So it's almost impossible to get there. You would need something,

some other ladder or something to assist you through. But the idea is that there's a lock and if you are the

maintenance person, you can open it and then lower it down and then you can actually climb up. That's the idea.

Okay. The idea with the snows stoppers is can also be like this. But you can see here is the idea that if you don't

use no stoppers, you should have some kind of um how do you say environmental prevention of people going there. So you

can have like some some plants or some some bushes or trees or something that people can't go underneath it. So that's

the idea. You don't want to walk here. But if you have something this kind of case that there might be some people uh

or children doing like snow snowmans or something you want to prevent it the snow from falling here. Uh in the coming

winter you might see in the city centers you might see sometimes that there is this pavement is blocked and there can

be like some kind of sign. uh normally they are marked so because there are buildings let's say they can be flat

roofs but there can be so much snow that it might drop from the very high level and because the buildings are very close

to the walkways there might be an issue that the snow might fall down. So that's why it's prevented on walking on those

because they there might be some issues and sometimes they actually do and they go and take it out but of course it

might be that they cannot do it all the time if there's a lot of snow in the winter.

Uh sometimes we might need snow stoppers to prevent the structures to be damaged. For

example, here there's a glass roof. So the glass roof idea is that this is not designed to hold snow. If you get some

snow in here, it will go out. But you don't want this snow to fall very heavily on the glass roof that might

break it. The same idea is that if you're doing this kind of level systems, you want the snows stopper here because

then if you would have to design this roof and calculate the beams and everything how they can support the

weight. So if you put the snow stopper here, you will have like a higher snow load here, but it's static load. If you

take this out, we have the problem of this snow falling rapidly onto this beam, which gives us an impact load,

which is way worse than if we just have the static snow here because the impact load can actually damage the structures

and everything. So, we want to prevent the impact happening in this area, which might be also like a uh lead to a

mechanical failure or breaking of the structures. So that's about snow stoppers. But of

course not not in every country. It depends if you have snow then you have to think about this. If not then you

don't need it. Okay. Then we go indoors. Now we were outdoors. We also have some items about

outdoors but we don't go very far because we're talking about buildings. We're talking we're not talking about u

the issue about safety in parking lots or something you understand this but of course this also is uh if you think

about outdoors is the environmental control which is which is very important. So we have something what we

must have safety indoors is the environmental. We need lighting there. We need some kind of lighting because if

it's dark we might fall down trip or something we cannot see. So we need light in the buildings. We need

electricity, electrical light. So it's a safety issue and it's also your health issue. So if you're working and you

don't have enough light on your desk, uh then your eyes can get stressed quite a bit and you can have later on you can

have problems with your eyes. So basically you need a good uh amount of lumens that we're talking about lumen is

the how do you say the level of light you have on the on on on a certain place. So

you can measure the lumens and you must have like a good level of uh lighting inside your desk in order to work.

Then you need some kind of uh handrails or some safety issues like hazardous steps you are not allowed to

do uh actually in the stairs which is very important that the stairs have like their length and their rise is not too

much. So if you do so that the steps are not even people will trip on them. So the best case or the worst case how you

can get people to trip you first make them that they are even even even and then cut this last step a bit smaller.

So then you actually always or always meant to trip or something because uh when you're walking you get

used to that rhythm and that's a problem. And you need enough uh space here so you don't trip and you cannot

make the stairs too steep because then they become ladders and for ladders you need something else than just handrails.

So uh you have to make the staircases well and also like handrails and then you need operational controls there. So

you need to teach people uh for example I know in some factories they have this training for for the staff and it said

that when you're walking on the walkways on the factory you have two handrails on both sides and you have to hold on to

them the whole time. So basically you are not allowed to walk. You always have to have your hand hands

on the handrails in order to prevent from missteps or something like this. And also then you don't get taken away

from the route because when you're always holding a handrail, you know where you're going. And then uh the

other issue is that remember that if there is something that you might hit your head or something like this, you

always have to think about the height also for stairs or something. So less than 2.2 m. This is from the Finnish

standard, but of course it can be different from other places. You need to prevent people from going there with

some plants or something like this. So you are you don't want people to go underneath here and hit their head or

something like this if there's a walkway or anything. And you need the of course the

falls and missteps and you have to prevent people from getting stuck in gaps or something. So basically here uh

on the handrails and on on the on these um railings you must have uh a certain it must be tight enough and it cannot

have two big holes or something so you get stuck on the gaps especially it's designed for small children and it said

that they should be made so that you cannot climb to them. So there is no like vertical stuff here or horizontal

stuff you must use vertical parts and you are not allowed to put more than in Finnish standards it's 100 and 100 cube

you cannot put through here but of course in other countries might be different but that the idea is that when

you are building a safe house it it doesn't change from there prevent from people climbing here especially small

children and then um also prevent that nothing can be put on these areas then you stuck in them.

Outdoor safety. Remember these outdoor safety issues that we need lighting. Of course, you

need lighting on the areas that you can get to the house, even if it's dark. You need parking safety. Parking safety is a

bit different. So, you want to really think about the ways that the uh cars are coming and where the walkways are.

So, it's always bad in parking areas. It's always bad that if the cars don't see the walkers or

you should really give like clear guidance on where to walk. In Finland, this is not in a very good

place. Uh in my opinion, because if you go to a parking horse or something, uh you walk

and then you are like, okay, where should I walk? So, I'm not in front of the cars. So in in the newer newer uh

parking buildings or in shopping centers that have these bigger parking parts, they have already like marked lanes that

okay walk here and they have the cross crossover streets and everything inside there. But the older ones, they don't

really have anything. So it's always a problem. And then we have the walkway safety. Of course, walkway safety issues

are also like you cannot have two steep things and walkways. you need to really mark them quite easily.

And then comes the thing that we discussed. This is not in every country but in the European countries and in the

EU they are more and more taking these handicap people um in account for and then we are talking about a system that

is called barrierfree building or barrierfree buildings and in Finland it's in the law and in the Nordic

countries it's in the law that you must have for public buildings or if it's the designed to be a public building or uh

the use for everybody then you have to build it so that it's a barrier free building.

This means that you have have the access accessibility for handicapped people like ramps,

elevators. You need you need wider doors. You need walkways. You must have uh this bigger bathrooms and bathrooms

for wheelchair people. And then you have different ways of doing this. And then also you need different ways to notify

the people with blindness. For example, here if you have something you are not allowed to do more than 30 cm of these

gaps so they can actually see it. And here are the dents that I was explaining to already like okay stairs are coming.

So there is this thing they they know that okay now I have to start looking for the railing so I can touch on the

railings and find out where the stairs start from. So these are that are this used for for blind people to they so

they can work actually by themselves. So they don't need an escort or anything. So they can find the find the

stairs also. Yeah, that's a barrier free building. About barrier free building there's a

lot of things but it always starts from the architect. The architect is in the main part of this barrierfree building.

a structural engineer can do only so little because when it's already done you need these kind of things but then

uh sometimes uh you can have like a testing for the barrierfree building. So you actually take a wheelchair and try

to get around the building which is quite nice because then you notice that okay what is working what is not working

and uh we have done some barrierfree ideas also with the with the health uh how do you say

our department from the health and and these kind of situations that they are actually like designing these and

helping these people. So they know that okay you need these kind of things and what is good so do you need actually two

railings can they be close if there people with bad legs and going up the stairs you might need two railings so

they can walk themselves so it's helping them which is better just than just one railing because if you have one railing

and people with a bad legs but they're still walking they can support themselves there but they might not be

able to use only one hand so then you need another person to walk them through here and they cannot be too steep or

anything like this. That's the ideas about barrierfree building.

I don't know you can quickly mention maybe in the chat or open your mic. Do you know that do you have this in your

own country? The Finnish persons don't have to answer because you probably know that there is. But do you know that do

you have these taken? Yeah. Not Yeah, they're not everywhere. But do you know if it's in your home

country where you're coming from? So I know that in some European countries there are. But

is it in the law already so to speak? Do you know if there's some Have you seen this that there is this kind of things

they cannot be not? Yeah. Yeah. So you have that. Yeah. Which is good because it's like in some

cases it's not I know in for example Greece is the place where they are now starting to think about this but they

haven't done that quite a lot yet. So it's like and also the um the problem is that you have old CDs and everything.

The problem comes when talking about the walkways and everything. So you now you have cars, you need the car, you have

the roads and then you have only a small space for people to walk because normal days in the old old times you had uh the

the wagons and the horses going there and people were walking and they were using the same space. Then you put in

that same area you put the cars and then you try to feed the the uh then you try to feed the cars and

people walking there and now you would need more uh space for the walkways. Yeah. Okay. Thank you Priyanka. Yes.

It's mainly we are proving building for commercial use. Yeah. Yeah. That's the most typical way of uh doing that.

So uh commercial use is and nowadays in Finland it's already like and in the Nordic countries it said that uh for uh

if you're building a single family house you must make it so that you don't have to have it straight away. So it's a

barrier free building but the idea is that with little uh with small changes you can turn it into a barrierfree

building. So the idea is that you can have a you must have one uh bathroom that you can fit the 1.3 meter circle

inside. So you need a certain size um bathroom. Uh one of the bathrooms has to

be this. Others can be smaller. And then it means that you must have the outer door must be at least 1 meter and also

the bathroom door has to be 1 m. So not not just only 900 mm but 1 m length so you can go to the wheelchair easily

there. So that's the idea and you must have so that you have space outside to build the ramp if it's needed so you can

get inside. And those are the ideas but like it doesn't really

limit you very much but a little bit but that's that idea that it can be changed easily. So there is no need for for this

kind of changes. Okay. Last thing that we go today is the moisture part and I will start it here.

So we go through moisture in the buildings and also a little bit about waterproofing. The waterproofing

outdoors is quite simple or outside the building it's the same almost it's done differently but all the countries you

must think about the moisture coming inside the building which is like then you think about the structural things

but then we go to the indoors and the indoor thing is a is a thing that um might be that you don't do water

insulations in all countries or you and not do them but let's go through them anyways

a bit but uh the one thing that I want you to remember is that these are the things that we want to take care that

doesn't get there so water has the three forms it's solid what are these solid forms

has two solid forms you can write in the chat or what are two solid forms of water?

Yeah, eyes is one. What is the other one? If you scrape the eyes, what do you get?

Yep, that's the right fortune. Snow, that's the thing. Yeah, we have to solid. So, what we want to uh prevent is

that we don't want the snow to go inside or form inside the building and we don't want the ice to get there either. So,

the window don't want anything to get frozen. For example, uh you have water pipes

going inside the building or something like this. U some uh system is going inside. You don't want the water pipes

to freeze inside. But you don't either want them to get like frosted inside the building because eventually they will uh

uh start to break down or anything. So we have to insulate them. Then we have the liquid state which is we don't have

to discuss about that. Everybody knows that water is liquid. That's the typical way that it's presented

and we need that uh as humans also. So 80% of us is uh is water liquid water and then we have the

gas. So when you heat up the water enough you get the water is formed into a gas which is clouds and and then stuff

like this. So basically I had a sort of three forms and the liquid and the gas ones are the ones that are needed for

maintaining life in in our atmosphere and also the solid part is very important. When you're talking about if

you talk about the climate change which is the we have the problem when the when the

climate is rising our polar caps are melting and then the level of the liquid water is rising. So there will be floods

and our land will be disappearing if the if the polar ice caps are starting to melt

too fast. So there's the problem. And then you can also add here that

water has two ways of appearing. We have fresh water and we have salt water. And people need fresh water. If we would

just have salt water, we would have a lot of problems. But of course the that's the liquid part.

Uh also we can have some solid part also when it's frozen. But then then again uh in the gas form we don't

have really really the we have some but not too much. salt in them.

But uncontrolled water is the enemy of the building which is hard because we want

to keep it out because our materials that we use for the building is not very good and and if we have some moisture or

water inside or then we have problems and we have a lot of way of getting uncontrolled water in the in the

buildings. So here is some later on you will go through a little bit about the uh indoor humidity which comes from from

us and then also we have the moisture in the building. So basically you make concrete there's always a little water

indoor in inside and everything but you go through things in the building physics such as convention diffusion in

different ways and condensation. These are the things that we were already discussing we want to prevent those.

Then we have the physical problems or the breaking of of the places that the roof leakage we have. We can have uh

problems in the hidden drainage. We can have these kind of things that we have. So the problem is that we can get

different ways of water inside the building. We have snow and ice and normally snow and ice is like freezing

water and and uh something like this. So if we have some heat uh problems here that the heat is getting out it normally

pre presents itself by accumulating ice and snow in places we don't want it in in in these kind of like frozen

countries or the countries that have the harsh winters and then we can have uh mechanical

failures also in the pipes and the systems that we are implementing. So if you want to build like a very how do

you say [Music] safe building

one thing is that you put the pipes where you can see them. So if they start to leak you can see them or best part is

that don't put the water pipes inside the building. But of course we don't do that. Everybody has a shower nowadays

and everything like this. But in the old times when we really didn't have that kind of systems there the there was this

water coming but normally people went and didn't have s showers or anything like they washed outside or washed in a

separate building or something. So they didn't bring it inside. But then what we also have nowadays is we have living and

water usage is way higher which means that you are drying your clothes, you are washing them, you have other ways of

giving indoor humidity levels high. And then we have the water in soils. We have

capillarity effect that we were discussing. We might have groundwater. We have soil moisture that will affect

on the building unless we do them correctly and prevent this. Okay.

Why is the water the enemy of the building? As we saw that there's a lot of places where it can come from. Uh

because the most of the materials reactive to the moisture in different ways. We are using chemicals a lot of

chemicals. For example, we we glue stuff inside there. We are using some paints. We are using some uh

a lot of chemicals in in in the building materials. They can cause emissions, toxic gases when they get water in them.

One of these cases, for example, I can tell you that there was too high moisture level when they're doing the

step insulation on the floor and they had a uh wool that was uh made out of glass

wool and they use also chemicals in them. So they were using some glue material in there and the glue material

when it was exposed to a lot of moisture for a long time which was the case in this building. It started to break down

and there was this reaction because of the moisture that it actually uh gave out ammonium gas to the building. So

which was also a bad thing. So uh it started to decompose to uh so that it was emitting ammonia ammonia gas

to the indoor air and the problem was that even if you get it dry it doesn't stop. So there was this problem that you

get this you have to take it out. Uh what other thing is that uh the uh moisture has the problem is it it's

allowed allows the mold or to grow on surfaces you know that sorry it allows more to grass on surfaces. So

actually if you have room dust or something like this the mold can even grow on concrete in pure concrete

surfaces. So that is a problem also if we have a lot of moisture and we have some indoor dust and everything. So then

we can grow mold there and we can have like the mold and the fungi they have also like

their own emission products and they can be dangerous to you also. We have rots. It rots the material like timber. It

depends on the material. It can affect on the material. Timber is a good example. So it basically rots it. it can

corrode steel. So that is the problem. And then uh about the thing that it's also if it's indoor or you get water

inside the insulations or everything it weakens the thermal insulation of the insulation materials that might cause so

that when the insulation is weaker the heat transfers better to the structures and then they can accumulate

uh like snow and and um and ice there and they can actually also then butter the place up even more. So,

it's like a humiliating problem like this if it if the thermal insulation is very weak. And then also

the thing about if we get ice in places for example outdoors we get ice in places we get a lot of water for example

groundwater or water out there. So it's uh water in the soils. If there's a lot of water in the soil and it freezes up,

uh it will like ice expands. Water expands when it's freezing. So actually it can break stuff also. So if you have

a lot of water inside the concrete or something, it can break it also. So water is a problem also in that way. So

it can actually break stuff too when it's freezing. uh then there is the issue about how

much water can a material take in. So what I want you to uh notice is that all materials that have pores have a

saturation point. So even if the material is hydroscopic so it can take in the water it has pores in it

there is a saturation point. So uh where the critical moisture level move it moves as a liquid let's say we have

timber timber has the solid volume and then it has a hyproscopic value and then we have the capillarity area and then

after the capillarity area we have the final part where it's totally full but it can only be filled up with a higher

uh like uh pressure not just a normal air pressure but you need higher pressure to fill all the pores.

But the problem is that you start to see from the capillary area or from here it starts to move as a liquid. So the

hyposcopic area is when the there is balanced moisture. So when the uh relative humidity is 100. So after that

it will be like you will have solid water inside or liquid water inside the material and the liquid water is always

a problem and eventually it has a max capillarity level. So this is actually the area

where it can hold the water steel inside let's say timber but after this when it hits the max capillarity the water will

drop out. So after the saturation point of the water is received or uh accumulated here. So the

capillarities is full it will pass the materials like concrete. So the water can go through the materials. They are

not resisting the water anymore. And this is very important. So if you have too much water inside the material also

it won't prevent it anymore. it will let it pass to the next place like concrete or timber or stuff like

this. Then we were talking about the relative humidity. I will go about the humidity a

bit more later on what it means. But then we talk about also other problems we might have on the moisture. But in

this case I also say that if you go do you have too dry air you might also have this. So now we're talking about the

indoor quality. Ideal humidity for indoor is 40 to 60% relative humidity because uh if you have very low relative

humidity so you have a very dry air you might have bacterias growing there viruses why is this because they spread

way more easily so that's the problem because they they they will be airborne and they are not

very heavy they don't fall down or anything they can actually like fly in there fungi and mites is not a problem

if it's very dry but you don't get out from bacterial viruses. We have the ozone production is way

higher and it doesn't go down because if you have very high uh very dry air it's a problem. We have respiratory

infections because our the water inside our lungs and everything it will get out. As you know that if you want to uh

want to breathe easily or something you can go to the seashore or go next to the water and you have a lot of moisture

there. So, it's better to inhale, but you can have asthma, respiratory infections, all allergic

renitis or something like this, allergic rashes and everything if it's too dry. The air is too dry. So, we dry up

because we're 80% of water. And then if you have very high level of um humidity, it's good for our lungs.

But then we have chemical interactions inside the building. We can have asthma allergenic problems also here. We have

bacteria, viruses and then we have the fungi and the mites also. So basically want to stay in this area.

So relative humidity once again it gives us the percentage of water in the air before

how much water there is in the air as a gas. It's relative to the temperature of the air. So if it's 100 it means 100%

relative humidity. It means that the starting to condense now we're in smoke or a fog. The hotter the air is the more

water we can insert in one cubic meter of air before it turns to liquid. So

here you can see the maximum amount of moisture that can be in the air. So it's grams per cubic meter. And then you can

see here what is the temperature. So here is the temperature and here is the maximum amount of moisture in there. It

means that this when you receive this point you will have if you have 0.87 g per cubic meter of uh 0.87 g per cubic

meter you have water inside minus 20. That will eventually do so that it will start to like okay it's frozen but

everything. But this is the reason that you can see in it's very cold. You can see why this is happening. So, uh it's

very dry. The air is very dry compared to let's go to plus 20. You can have 17.28

g of water in the cubic meter. So, you can see the difference. 0.87 not even one and there is 17.28

g you can have moisture in the water. So after this it will start to form into a smoke and into

a fog and and uh it will start to turn into liquid after this. So that's the saturation point of the 20 uh Celsius

degree air one cubic meter and then what other changes also is the pressure of the can I go

no like there yeah the vapor pressure in that state so the maximum imum pressure that we can get.

You can see that the pressure also in pascals it changes a lot. So when the air is warmer and it has more uh

moisture in it, it will have way bigger pressure in it. So it's more heavier. It's it has

more more pressure in it. And this is actually so that's why you have bigger pressure. That's why the air is moving

from hot air to cold air because the pressure difference is bigger and the bigger the change the bigger the uh

difference in in in the pressure the quicker the air moves there. So if you have like minus 20 and plus 25 indoors

you will have a lot of changing of the air happening if you bring this kind of air indoors.

So that's how they why the um buildings normally the hot air is going outside but sometimes you might have the issue

that you your indoor air is um colder than the outside air which is always bad for us because then sometimes

it might change so that the the uh how do you say the flow of the moisture is not from inside to outside which we want

but it can be so that it's coming from outside to inside the moisture coming through the structures and everything.

So that's not what we want. So that's why we have a little over pressure in our buildings if that's possible by

using ventilation systems or something like this. Okay. So how do we fight back against

the water? We prevent the liquid water from penetrating the building which is easy. So when we're talking about the

liquid water or the solid water, we use water insulations. Materials. Uh what is a water insulator? It's a material that

has high water permeability resistance. So it doesn't let the material go through or the water go through. Uh we

can give the water also when we do this we give it a controlled and easier roots that it can be removed. So we don't have

that water all the time present there to uh have an impact on our insulations. So we use drainage systems. We use more

permeable materials uh like gravel or something. So we can use hidden drainage systems or something to take out the

water. We can prevent the moisture the gas to condensate or build up in the buildings.

So we use different kind of layers uh ventilation layers like out outside the facade you have the facade and we have

ventilation layer and then we also have egg wax systems and then also we use vapor barriers and then how to prevent

the solid water snow and ice to stuck up in places where it can cause problems before and after melting. So, uh, we

want to prevent it also. We want to think about that of if you have a lot of, uh, snow someplace that it melts, we

have to prevent it somehow from getting there. For example, we don't want the water to be in our attic spaces or the

snow to get into our attic spaces. We have to prevent the wind from blowing it too much of this snow inside our roof

structure so they don't melt there in the winter time. Here is uh for the sock and the basement

which are the most important parts. We already checked this a little bit but those are the important parts because

they will be always affected. It doesn't matter what kind of water we have our sole and our basement and our

foundations are always somehow connected to the water. So basically what we're doing here we have vapor if we have

basement levels we have vapor from the indoors. We have must take that in consideration of of course it's a little

bit we can have groundwater. Groundwater is the base water that is on the ground but the surface changes. If you have a

lot of water run lot of rain the the groundwater level can be higher or it can be lower. So it depends. If you have

a high uh level of groundwater then we have some problems. uh we would want this to be very low

in in in the terms of buildings because groundwater is always bad for us. But of course if you have a high

groundwater level then you don't have to dig that big of a well. If you want the water to use your own water from a well

then you would don't have to do a very deep well. In that case, we need some kind of rainwater drainage

systems and we need a hidden drainage systems and everything. We want to take it out the water and we want to take

also tilt the water away from the buildings and use like this more permanent material that it doesn't get

to these walls and we want to prevent the capillarity coming through the the concrete structures and everything. So

that's what we want to do for waterproofing. So we have actually two options for that

depends what we want to do. We have non-ontinuous waterproofing and continuous waterproofing. And then we

have this quite a simple tablet if you check it. So it depends that if you have what is the level of groundwater you

check it from here is the uh ground or the soil what are the drying capabilities of that so you understand

if you have clay it doesn't dry up that well if you have gravel that the water doesn't even hold there it's it's good

for that so clay is poor uh gravel is excellent sand is in between very fine sand is

actually poor also again. So that's how it goes. Can you use the hidden drainage use

effectively around the building? So is your hidden drainage system effective? Uh do you have any dangerous gases in

the soil? For example, we were discussing about raden. So you have some other reasons why you have to have like

continuous waterproof. And here it said that if you have these uh

have problems of these then you must use some some like continuous waterproofing every time if you have this.

But basically what it means that non-ontinuous waterproofing can be used like it is a practically a dented wall

shield. So basically this is plastic but the idea is that this is not totally continuous. So the idea is that actually

the air is flowing behind this and the air can go through. So uh it's preventing the water from coming here

but capularity effects and and um uh diffusion and this can happen here. So this is like a practically like this

plastic thing that we don't actually glue onto this or something. So this is this is like a non-ontinuous

waterproofing. Then if you want to do a continuous waterproofing, so you have like a

pressured water or something. Basically it's the same material that we use on the roofs. So it's B2man sheet and we

connect it into the wall with a liquid B2N. So we make this so that this can withstand water pressures and everything

with this. We also have some B2N below. But we actually continue this. So this is not totally solid. So there can be

the water can go through here. If the uh water level rises very high there, it's not preventing the water from rising

into this gaps. This is cheaper version. This is more expensive version. But we have to use

this in case uh we have those problems that when can be used as you might see here that we go very quickly to the

continuous waterproofing. The non-ontinuous waterproofing is only if we are pretty sure that there isn't

that much of water or everything is quite okay. It's a question of of prices so to

speak. This is more typical in single family houses and in small buildings because

they're normally built on very good soil and this is used for bigger buildings and if especially you have basement

levels or something like this then you normally use this. We have other possibilities also that we can use. We

can use drainage mats. So we can use drainage systems. Of course we need water uh proofing for

this also. But the idea is that you can use this like drainage mats also on parking roofs, flat roofs or um

different places. So the idea is that I was talking about this drainage mat. It means that it's a a very high level of

um anti-capular layer. So the idea is that you have like this um plastic stuff in there that is uh

already done with this um um how do you say these two filter fabric layers. So it will take out the

water quickly out. But you know this drainage mat systems that you can use them also but they are also connected to

the different uh parts that you also need to water proofing here. We can have if you have a high level of

of u indoor moisture we have indoor moisture in basement or something. Of course we cannot put the pument because

this doesn't let anything out. We need some kind of other systems. Of course we cannot have like very high level of

water but we can use these vertical drainage systems and these are also like these drainage mats also here it's a

vertical drainage system so we can use it here. So the idea is that we are putting the geom membrane and anti

anticapular gravel here and we use indoor moisture. We let it go through because we can use this is an insulation

board which is actually so that it's uh like uh styrofoam balls uh connected with a bit too. So basically the water

runs through here if the water goes there but it's also working as an insulation and it lets also the moisture

come through. But you have to be really sure that the level of groundwater is not very high because this is not either

it cannot take out the water. So that's why you need hidden drainage and working good uh good working hidden drainage

here. And hidden drainage if you think about what makes it a hidden drainage it means

that it has holes in the pipe. So it can absorb the water from the ground and coming through here inside the pipe and

then because there is no resistance the water will eventually get here and it will go out very fast inside the pipe.

There's an example from the United Kingdoms. So it's basically like a mixture of those two systems. Like you

can see you have a scratch coat which means that it's like level surface. you have a primary waterproofing level that

this is how the UK want to do it because they normally have a lot of groundwater and everything there because it's an

island they use a lot of like waterproofing so here is uh the continuous waterproofing then they add

optional insurance layer if they want then they are using this permacil geot drain part which was here so this kind

of system so they have insulation that system and then They use this um uh

uh gear fabric on top of that and then they use this uh clean aggregate and have the land drain or the hidden

drainage system here and the water comes here. So this is how they want to do foundation waterproofing in in the

United Kingdom. just just an example of for you guys to see that even if I'm showing you some examples, it's doesn't

matter where I take the examples, you can see the different ways of of doing that. They are fighting still the same

problems and the same issues are there present. You just have no have to get familiar with the localization or the

local style of doing the water insulation is normally tested. So basically what you do that you can

take like a sample from here and then you measure that it's thick enough and then you just fix this. So that's the

normal way of testing water insulations. It doesn't matter where you put them indoor outdoor or something. You always

do this pull out test and then you check that it's the layer is enough because normally they are added there as a with

a uh with some kind of like a brush or something like this you

check check it. So then we go on to indoor water insulations. It depends on the country.

This this is what divides the countries a lot. So, do you need to have water insulation in the bathroom or in the

shower or do you shower like boxes inside or something? Do you need the insulation? Uh, for example, in Finland,

the water insulation in the bathrooms and and in the in the

areas, it became mandatory in 1998. So this was something that we didn't do beforehand but now when we wanted to

regulate the buildings more and avoid the moisture damages and everything so it became mandatory.

So now we have a list of uh areas for example bathroom uh shower room and these kind of things we always have to

insulate with the water indoor water insulation. But for example, the UK, I was there uh

one time visiting and they don't really do that. They they can have like a carpet flooring on the bathroom next to

the next to the um bathtub and and there is no no insulation water insulation indoors.

And then this is the question of do you want to use it or not? So it depends. In Finland you have to use it. I know in

Sweden you have to use it. In Norway, you have to use it. In Denmark, I'm not so sure, but this is something that you

have to check every time you're in the country. Do they use this or not? Okay. Uh then we go to the indoor

moisture. So that's like for solid water, indoor water insulations. But the indoor moisture moisture is a thing that

you always have to take on consideration of it depends. So uh insulation I would like to remind you

that the insulation the the thermal insulation is formed by the air inside the insulation. The R needs to be not

moving and it has to be dry. So the more moisture there is the bigger the thermal conductivity is. And if the air is

moving inside there a lot so uh then it will always change and it doesn't heat up because it's the non nonmoving dry

air that is the insulation. In order to do this we have to prevent the air flow inside the insulation

layer. That's why we use wind stoppers outside and then we use some kind of uh wind layer fabric or something like this

inside or on the index surface also if the if the insulation material is so that it can

uh if it's not sealed itself like XPS or something like this then there is no need for this

The moisture level in inside the building is normally controlled by the HVAC systems. So do you know that