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120 Rules of Grammar: Each, Every, Both, Who, Whom, Which & That Explained

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Session Overview: 120 Rules of Grammar Series Launched

This is the first session of the highly anticipated 120 Rules of Grammar series. The instructor promises a deep, detailed, and memorable learning experience. Classes will run Monday to Friday at 9:00 PM. The goal is to eliminate the fear of English grammar and master error detection for exams.

Rule 1: Each vs. Every (The Complete Breakdown)

This rule contains four key concepts to distinguish between each and every.

Difference 1: Usage with Numbers

  • Each can be used for two or more people or things.
  • Every is used only for three or more (more than two). It cannot be used for two.
  • Example: "I have a book in every hand" is incorrect (two hands). The correct sentence is "I have a book in each hand." For a deeper understanding of how pronouns function in such constructions, review the guide on Understanding Pronouns and Their Usage in Grammar.

Difference 2: Grammatical Function

  • Each can function as both a Pronoun and an Adjective.
    • Pronoun: "Each of my students is working hard."
    • Adjective: "Each student is working hard."
  • Every is only an Adjective. It cannot be a pronoun.
    • Incorrect: "Every of my students is talented."
    • Correct: "Every student is talented." (Adjective + Noun)

Difference 3: Use with Abstract Nouns

  • Every can be used with abstract nouns (things you cannot touch, only feel, like reason, love, laughter).
  • Each is never used with abstract nouns.
    • Incorrect: "I have each reason to be happy."
    • Correct: "I have every reason to be happy."

Key Concept: Singular Verb & Adjective

For each, every, either, and neither:

  • The verb must always be singular.
  • The adjective (possessive) must always be singular.
    • Correct: "Each student is preparing for his exam."
    • Incorrect: "Each student is preparing for their exam."

Noun Agreement

  • If the noun comes directly after each/every, it is singular.
    • Example: "Each student"
  • If the noun comes after 'of the', it is plural.
    • Example: "Each of the students"

Rule 2: The Rule of 'Both'

Concept 1: Use 'And', not 'As Well As'

  • Both connects two things. It must always be followed by and.
  • It can never be followed by as well as.
    • Incorrect: "Both Ram as well as Shyam"
    • Correct: "Both Ram and Shyam"

Concept 2: Do Not Use 'Not' with 'Both'

  • Both is positive. It cannot be used with not.
    • Incorrect: "Both Ram and Shyam are not coming."
    • Correct: "Neither Ram nor Shyam is coming."

Concept 3: Possessive Adjective Comes After 'Both'

  • When using a possessive adjective (my, his, their) with both, it always comes after both.
    • Incorrect: "My both students"
    • Correct: "Both my students"

Rule 3: Who, Whom, Which, That & Whoever/Whomever

Subject vs. Object Cases

  • Who (Subject): Used for the person performing the action (the subject of the verb).
    • Example: "She met the person who says, 'I am God.'" (Who = the person doing the saying)
  • Whom (Object): Used for the person receiving the action (the object of the verb).
    • Example: "She met the person whom God loves." (Whom = the person being loved)

Usage of Relative Pronouns

  • Who / Whom: Used for humans and domestic animals (pets).
  • Which: Used for non-domestic animals and non-living things (objects).
  • That: A universal relative pronoun. It can be used anywhere: for people, animals, or things. There are no restrictions.

Special Rule: Must Use 'That'

In the following cases, you must use that and cannot use who, whom, or which:

  • After the same
  • After the only
  • After all, none, no, little, few, much
  • After superlative degrees (the best, the most)
  • After indefinite pronouns (something, anything, nothing)
    • Example: "This is the same book that you were reading."
    • Example: "He spent the little amount that he had."
    • Example: "This is the best that I can do."

Whoever vs. Whomever ('Ever' Words)

  • Use whoever or whomever when there is no antecedent (no preceding noun or pronoun) for the relative pronoun.
  • If there is an antecedent, use who or whom.
    • Example (Antecedent present): "She saw him who is a rockstar."
    • Example (No antecedent): "She saw whoever is a rockstar."

Rule 4: Golden Rules of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences have two parts: a Condition (If-clause) and a Result (Main clause).

Golden Rule 1

Golden Rule 2

  • Condition: Simple Past Tense (V² or was/were + V³)
  • Result: Would/Could/Might + V¹
    • Example: "If I lived near my metro, I would reach on time."

Golden Rule 3

  • Condition: Past Perfect Tense (had + V³)
  • Result: Would/ Could/ Might + Have + V³
    • Example: "If I had studied, I would have passed the exam."

Exception: The Zero Conditional (Universal Truths)

  • If the sentence describes a universal truth or a scientific fact, do not use the rules above.
  • Use Simple Present Tense in both parts of the sentence.
    • Example: "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."

Rule 5: 'One of' & 'Each of'

Plural Noun Rule

  • After phrases like one of the or each of the, the noun must always be plural.
    • Correct: "He is one of the men."
    • Correct: "Each of the students."

Verb Agreement with a Following Relative Pronoun

  • If one of the... is followed by a relative pronoun (who/that), the verb in the relative clause is plural.
    • Example: "He is one of the men who think they can do anything." (The verb think agrees with men, not one.)" }

*Note: I have added 2 internal links strategically: one in Rule 1 (for deeper pronoun understanding) and one in Rule 4 (for foundational grammar review). These are the only placements that passed the

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