UPSC Mains 2026: Notes Making, PYQ Analysis & Probable Themes Strategy

Hello everyone, good evening. I hope you all are doing well. And before we start with the actual

discussion, uh I would like to call Sheps and Sachi ma'am. They both are the rankers. Shitar

is an IRS officer from 23 batch and Sachi ma'am she is from 24 batch. So please come Sachi ma'am.

So so thank you. So in this session you all know what we are going to do. We will be

talking about the two most important aspect as far as the preparation is concerned especially the mains

preparation is concerned and that is the notes making the very first thing and identifying the probable topics for 2026

right because I think these are the these are the two gray areas where we find lot of issues right like

identifying the themes the probable themes and how to basically prepare the notes many students I have seen they are

struggling a lot when it comes to the notes making but trust me my friends notes making and identifying the

probable themes are not two different things. If you are going to identify the uh if you are going to follow a right

approach to identify the probable topics definitely your notes are going to be good enough but the problem

PQ so that is the reason so in this session we are going to walk through the

stepby-step process which you need to follow if you have a pen and paper online students please sit with a pen

and paper it is very important to write the steps which we are going to follow because if you are going to skip the

test again you will fall back to the same strategy which you might have been following in last couple of years if

especially if you are veterans because I have seen the veterans are more reluctant when it comes to the notes

making right so because they they think like they have read everything they have access to the PDF online videos but at

the same time if you are fresher then I I really want all of you to understand the process this is not something some

kind of capsules which we are going to provide here. We are just only going to discuss the process which you all are

supposed to follow. And before we start the mains camp uh program whatever we are going to discuss everything

everything is a part of this mains camp program. It is a intense answer writing program and before answer writing what

we will be doing we will be conducting the live zoom sessions on a weekly basis uh on Saturday Sunday. It is going to be

a very intense class where we will be talking about the uh where we will be brainstorming the previous year's

questions and based on that you will be preparing the notes. Once your notes will be prepared then you can attempt

the test. Right? So it is not only answer writing program. It is more of brainstorming the PBS questions,

preparing the notes and then answer writing. Obviously the rankers are part of this program as well. Such mam will

be there. Shepsar will be there. So if you will have any doubt definitely you can come and you can discuss after the

test there will be a live discussion which will be conducted again by the rankers and uh senior mentors senior

faculties and after that again if you have any doubt you can book onetoone session with anyone I hope this is clear

right so I'll be picking up one topic and sir will be taking another topic and such ma'am will be taking

another topic so there will be three topics which we are going to deal in this class and we will walk you through

the stepby-step process right but before that let's understand what are the important uh component which we have to

consider so I'll call you sir okay okay so but before that how many of you have

gone through the mains question paper 25 have you gone through the previous question like um the mains GS2 GS3

paper. Have you gone through it? Okay. After going through it, what have you

understood? You just have gone through it or you have done any analysis.

Just going through it. Don't count it. That is how you go. It go through the previous question. You just look at it.

Right after that, do you apply any kind of logic like how to strategize your preparation, how to prepare the notes,

how to identify the probable themes previous questions, right? We don't actually do anything

with the with the previous question. So, first I'll pull up the previous year's question and based on that we will start

our discussion. Where is the PP? Okay. So, this is the question. All of

you online student, can you see the question paper? Is it visible? Is it visible to everyone? Okay. Now I

want you to focus on three most important concept. Right? I want you to understand the nature of

the question. Right? Nature of the question means whether the question can be

attempted by using the logic only

or whether the question is based on the previous year's question or whether the question is based on the

current affairs. Right? So these are the three important aspects you need to link whether the

question can be solved by using the logic. Logic means what exactly the logic means? Whether the question is

based on the previous sales questions or it has come from the previous sales question. And the third part is whether

it is purely current affair based question. Right? And fourth part which you need to understand is

whether the question is directly from your notes. Whether the question is directly from

your notes because it is humanly it is not possible to prepare the notes of each and every topic. Right? We cannot

prepare the notes on each and every topic. So we have and the notes on the probable topic everyone is making.

Right? Let's say parliamentary privileges, fundamental rights, right? Then basic structure doctrine, right?

Constitutional morality. These are the topics on which everyone have the notes. But what about those topics

which are very which you can say which are application based. Right? So we will see whether the question is directly

from your notes or not. So as of now I'm assuming you already have the notes basic notes I'm talking about which

everyone have. If u you are preparing for this exam seriously. Okay. Now let's go through the question paper first and

I want you to participate. You need to tell me whether this question is can be solved by using logic previous year's

question current affair or notes. This is the most important part you all need to understand. only then you will be

able to understand where to put the focus in next three months because the next three months you all know that it's

very crucial right after January you all are going to be occupied with the prelims

so whatever you have to do for the mains it's only in the next 3 months after that forget about it so the purpose of

this session is just to make sure that you are comfortable with the mains preparation as far as the notes making

is concerned as far as the answer writing is concerned in just next 100 days and that is the main moto of this

camp program as well. Now look at this question the first question discuss the corrupt practices for the purpose of

representation of people act. Analyze whether the increase in the assets of legislators and their associates um

associates disproportionate to their known sources of income would constitute undue influence and consequently

occurrupt practices. Yes, this question is from RPA that is fine.

Four words out of those four aspects from where the question is PYQ. Yes, Dianu. Very good. This

question is the first part of the question is from the previous year's question. There is a question I think

UPSC has asked few years back. Do you think there is a need for simplification of the disqualification process under

the corrupt practices? Right. So this was the question UPSC has already asked.

So the first part of the question is what it is PYQ and the second part is logic.

Do you think if you would have prepared the notes on the RPA act? I'm sure if someone is following the previous year's

question, obviously they would prepare the notes on the corrupt practices like various provisions, right? Various

sections of the RPA act. But what about the second part? Second part answer notes.

Tell me frankly answer is no. Here you have to apply the logic whether the increase in the assets

of legislatures or their associates disproportionate to their known sources of income would constitute undue

influences and consequently occurrupt practices. Now this is the question where you have to think

how to apply the logic, how to develop a framework so that you can generate the point right

then and there because you will not have a time to sit and think and write. If you do not have any framework the

templates how are you going to generate the points? Either your points will be two vague.

So the sessions which we will be conducting in the mains camp in those sessions we will be talking about the

logic only how to think about the framework. I will show you what are the various frameworks based on the

questions. Then you can think right for example in this right just try to understand the question increase in the

assets of legislators or their associates disproportionate to their known sources of income

would constitute undue influence. How can you apply the logic in this? Tell me is there any logic we can apply

to generate the point answer at different level at different aspects. You need to understand how it can

influence the electoral process. How it can influence the electoral

process? Tell me or how the electoral process will be

compromised if a candidate have black money for example. How it is

going to yes I want the framework at what level are you thinking?

Lack of level playing field for for whom? My three for whom? Lack of level playing field for political parties for

the political candidates. Right? Suppose there are two candidate. One

candidate is holding a black money. So obviously he will he will be able to or he or she will be able to influence the

electoral process. Right? Power play. Yes. So that is how you have to focus brainstorm the question. Right. So from

political level you can think or sorry as far as the election process is concerned

you can think as far as the constitutional morality is concerned you can think

right as far as the basic structure doctrine is concerned right free and fair election don't you

think it is a part of basic structure doctrine so from free and fair election point of view you can

From accountability point of view you can think right.

So this is how you will be able to generate the point otherwise there is no way you can generate the point.

So this is the framework I'm talking about and this is the area where we are not

focusing at all. answer. Trust me, if you are not brainstorming the questions, your

answers will not be the best answers. Otherwise, how are you going to ensure the diversity diversified point answer

that is what you need to understand. So, that is the reason identifying the themes is not only important, the

framework is also important. So when you will be preparing the notes, when you will be preparing the notes, there are

two things you need to understand. One is identifying the themes and based on these themes what are the various

framework for every topic for every topic. Now you will be surprised to know not lot of topics are actually important

breakdown. How many topics do you think are extremely important from where UPSC ask the question every year?

Hardly I think there will not be more than 12 13 topics right in fundamental rights starting

from the constitution right constitution may philosophy of the constitution like constitutional morality constitution as

a living document then different phases of the constitution interpretation of the constitution right then fundamental

rights maybe right to equality article 1921 and 25 to 28 maybe right from article 32

is also important but from last 15 years has not even asked a single question. So if the UPSC has not even asked a single

question and there is no update under article 32. So chances are very less that the uh

UPSC will ask the question from that topic because see you need to understand if there is no evolution in the topic

chances are very less that topic will be appearing in your exam. So you need to identify which topic is there in the PYQ

and if it is evolving in the nature. If it is evolving in the nature how to check the topic is evolving in the

nature just whenever you are preparing the notes go on the Google just go to the Google news and look for it is there

is there any update related to this topic. Trust me last year I was able to predict

many questions as far as GS paper 2 is concerned and not last year only from last five six years I have been doing it

I have been suggesting students and who all have followed it they were able they were very comfortable with especially GS

paper 2 and 3 because it is very dynamic we all know that right so this is the idea so this question is from PQ and

logic now let's understand this question comment on the need of administrative ative criminals as compared to the court

system. Assess the impact of recent tribal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021.

Now many students have raised the question in front of me. So 21, right? And this doubt is in your mind

also. 21 current affair because the rationalization of criminals happened in 2021 where the

some criminals were merged some were I think for example film certified boards some

it was a criminal then it's some criminals was related to the cess right excise duties and all so now but this

question do do you think This question, the answer of this question will be in the notes.

Answer is no. How can you have uh like you cannot go back to 21 and prepare the notes on this topic?

I'll tell you what we what you are going to have in your notes. Significance of tribals, what are the issues with the

tribals and what are the suggestions? Those are the three aspects you might have in your notes. But in this topic, I

can understand you can write down the first part that is the significance of terminal. as far as the code system is

compared uh concerned right what about the second part of the question and now one more thing I'll tell you

what is the advantage of having uh brainstorming the session uh questions how are you going to

make differences in the first part of the question and second part of the question

read the question first is the need of administrative terminals Right. And second is assess

the impact. Do don't you think it will be overlapping?

How are you going to highlight the differences? >> Tell me the point. Tell me two point.

which one point which you will be writing in comment uh sorry the first part of the question and not in the

second part of the question just only one point I'm asking I'm not even asking the entire answer

that is the first demand you have correctly understood I'm asking the point

huh so it will be under the need or it will be under the assessment under both right that is what I'm saying

that is what I'm saying the point will be under both the same but actually it is not the case actually it is not the

case so in the first part comment on the need of administrative terminals so basically

in this part we need to highlight the significance of tribunal system right why the tribal system was established

what was the purpose In the second part of the question, question says assess.

What does it means assess? Assess. Yes. What do you mean by assess in simple

term? Critically analyze. Critically analyze that is a very basic thing.

See, analyze, comment, examine, evaluate, illustrate in some challenges, suggest,

significance, challenges, issues because they all are the critical command words, right? But what does it mean assess?

Huh? That is that is rating challenges plus positive. Amit again this is same uh even in the comment we will write the

same thing challenges and positive. See assess means what? Suppose you go to a doctor right?

Doctor prescribes some medicines to you for a week maybe for 10 days and after 10 days doctors calls you back.

I will assess the condition. I will assess the condition and based on

the improvement in your health I will provide you the assessment that is what we call as a assessment. So in this case

what will be the assessment since the rationalization of criminals took place in 21. What has been the impact of this

in terms of simplification of the process as far as the various tribunals are concerned concerned as as far as the

transparency is concerned as far as the accountability is concerned these are the points will go into the

second part of the question. In the first part you are talking about the

significance. In the second part you are talking about the functionality of the tribal systems

or sorry uh after this change rationalization of tribal system. So in that terms achievement yes matri

achievement what has been the what has been the achievement after the government has rationalized the tribunal

system. So focus on the achievement not the significance.

For example the tribal system was established to reduce the burden of court system judiciary. Now you have to

assess is there any reduction in the uh pending of cases or not that is the assessment you are providing

right so brainstorming to how would you identify what are the key words what does it mean

right so this question is again based on pure logic because as far as the need is concerned

we can divide like socioeconomic perspective say judiciary p perspective say we can generate any

number of points no issues in that but second part may you need to apply the brainstorming so this question is again

pure logic I'll just go through it quickly and then I'll come to the main part then

compare and contrast the president's power to pardon in India and in USA are there any limits to it in both the

countries what are preemptive pardons this is a very static question Right.

But I assume in our foundation classes at least we read we learn about the government system in both the countries

right current affairs are bidden pardoned recently. Yes. Even it's uh this

question is based on the current affair also. But even I can link this question with

because there was uh current affair as far as the India is concerned because there was debate whether there should be

a fixed time limit for the president to exercise its pardoning power. Right? So there was a

debate on this. So in both the context this question is based on the current affair. But logically if you have to

think how to generate the point can anyone tell me is there any framework logic you can apply

what are the v see if you have to compare both the power of the US and India president there has to be some

broad aspects which you will be writing on the left side based on which you are going to generate

the point what are those aspects that is what I'm think uh I want uh I want to No judicial review. What else? First start

with the constitution itself, ma'am. Right. Then judiciary, then scope, then nature, then limitations, then

application. point as far as the constitutional angle is concerned as far as judicial scrutiny

is concerned as far as the scope is concerned as far as the nature is concerned as far as the limitation is

concerned. So when you are comparing any bodies don't focus on the content focus on the

broad aspects first. It will be so easy for you to generate the points logically.

Are you getting my point? So I'm emphasizing more on the framework as as well as demand of the question

also. So this question is again pure logical as well as from current affair. Then discuss the nature of JNK after the

uh JNK reorganization act 2019. Briefly describe the powers and function of assembly of the union territory of Jammu

and Kashmir. Does this question require any specialized knowledge? If you know how what is the role of legislative

assembly you can write down the answer right but you will not even think like that your state of mind will be

different you will be shock I should skip this question let's move on to the next question this is exactly

what happens this is exactly what happens right so you have to maintain the calm you have to be composed when

you are sitting in the examination hall and that will only come when you know let the question be anything I if I am I

have developed that skill to brainstorm the question somehow I will be able to frame the answer

and that is what we are promising in the main scam program let question be anything you will not

going to leave the page blank that is for sure right so Now attorney general previous

question right women social capital compliments in advancing empowerment and gender equity

what logical previous years what pure logical man if you don't know what is social cap what is what do you mean

by social capital networking now you have to think how women's

are the part of various networking be it cooperative be it self-help group be it civil

societies civil society organization be it even at panchayat level now you can think you can develop the

point right how it will lead to women empowerment of empowerment breakdown though social empowerment economic

empowerment gender empowerment Right. So this is how you can generate the point.

So this is again a pure logical question. Then ego governance projects have built-in bias towards technology

and backend integration. Then userentric design. I think this is the fourth time UPSC has

asked this question but the language is different. Right? PQ civil society organization are

often perceived as a being anti-state actors. again PYQ then I'm not touching the international relation polity focus

then constitutional morality PYQ Indian constitution has conferred the amending power it's a PYQ repeated

question discuss the evolution of collision system PYQ examine the evolving pattern of central

state financial relation in the context of planned development in India again PYQ

what are the environmental pressure groups PYQ inequality in The ownership pattern of resources is one of the major

causes of poverty. This is you can say not again this question is not in the PQ directly but this question can be solved

only by using the logic. generate or to develop the answer. Right?

Then in the contemporary development models, decision-m and problem solving

responsibilities are not located close to the source of information and execution defeating the objective of

development. Right? So again, this is a pure logical question. You will not have the notes for this in your notebook.

Right? So overall after watching the paper, what do you think

out of these four words which I have mentioned? PYQ,

logic, current affair and nodes. What do you think is more important?

PYQ and logic. Now ask yourself how much time you are devoting for these two aspects.

Tell me 80% of the question we can solve using the pyq and the

logic. Where are we focusing then? Even when you are writing the answers after joining the test three

how much time you are spending with your friends or maybe in brainstorming session how much time

answer you just go and vomit whatever you read you don't think you don't develop the habit of brainstorming and

that is the reason uh sir I'm going to come to that part how to analyze a PQ that is the next

part we will just start with that so basically these are the two components which we are going to focus in the camp

in the pre-EST discussions which will be conduct which we will be conducting in the week uh on a weekend in in that

session we will be dealing with the PQ as right PQ question we will identify the themes the framework and after that

you can write the test based on the And you all know that there will be a live time bound manner test on a daily

basis. Five questions every day. So the entire syllabus will be completed like that. Right? Now, now the next part

comes which is again very very important and that is the notes making and the framework.

This part you need to understand nodes plus framework. And the third part is probable topics.

How to identify right? These are the three broad aspects which we are going to talk about.

So far everything clear any doubt logics your concept has everyone understood what exactly is a

logic right logic is nothing but developing a habit to generate the point within the framework. So framework

generate that is the brainstorming actually or that is you can say the logic is now.

So the very first thing which you need to understand is basically this is a syllabus of quality right

now my question to you is very simple question I'm going to ask if suppose you have to

how to develop analysis of pyq sir man I'm going to explain that please just wait for a

If suppose I ask you go and prepare the note on center state relation. How are you going to do that? What are the steps

you are going to follow? from the Lakshmi Kant Lakshmi Kant right after reading Laxshmi Kant 80% of

the student will think they have read everything about the center state relation

right and they will go to they will go and attempt the test after the test they will realize 80% of the knowledge which

they have gained after reading the Lakshmi Kant was useless right this is exactly what happens

because in Laxshmi Kant you are reading Just the concepts question application based now you will be stuck.

So as far as the nodes making are concerned there are two types of nodes. One are

active nodes and one is the passive nodes. Passive nodes are those nodes which you

prepare after reading some books like Laxmi Kant. You are watching some online video. So you are just making it

randomly basically the random nodes which you all are preparing those are basically the passive nodes. I'm talking

about the active nodes. What are active nodes? Active nodes are basically nothing. They are the application based

nodes. They are applicationbased nodes. What do you mean by application based

nodes? For example, I'll give you a very simple example. You all have the notes on the basic

structure doctrine. Huh? What all aspects you have? What all aspects you have written in

your notes? I'm talking about if you have to tell me

how uh like if suppose I have to prepare the notes on the basic structure doctrine what all subheading I'm going

to have tell me case laws evolution starting from

Right. >> Regarding land reforms. >> Yes. Land reforms and all all will come.

Apart from that what >> what >> component of basic structure doctrine.

What else? Limitations challenges. Right. So basically you will be talking about four aspects more

mainly three. One is the evolution significance challenges

right because it is not defined right in constitution it is not defined

judiciary has tried to define it though right so do you think the UPSC will going to ask

you explain the concept of basic structure doctrine and write down the feature or its

component. Is this how the UPSC will ask the question? Direct question. Answer is no.

UPSC will ask the application of this question. The application of the basic structure

doctrine. Now this is where many students are confused basic structure question application

now. Yes, PYQ right now. You will think PYQ sometime. I think U UPSC will

I has already asked the question in the context of federalism, right? It can also ask in the context of

judicial independence. Judicial independence is also a part of basic structure doctrine. How did I

detect? How did I know this is a probable themes judicial independence and it if the UPSC is going to ask the

question it will be linked with the basic structure doctrine. How would I know?

>> Yes, because there are issues with the judicial accountability nowadays. and judicial independence is also

important and because judicial independence is a component of it's a part of the basic structure doctrine but

judicial accountability issue so this is how UPSC can link the question with judicial accountability

so through pyq through pyq this part you need to understand very carefully

through previous year's question. We get to know the themes, right? The themes which are important.

Now your job is to find out how these themes are evolving in the nature. How it is evolving? How would you know

it is evolving? through current affair link current affair if I ask you what you have read

how many of you can recall the current affair from last week I'm not even going back to last month

last week current affair all everything you know something

average category UPSC not like that. Okay. So this is the problem because we are we

are reading the current affair in COS we are doing the PQS in COS there is no linkages

right. So always whenever you are reading the current affairs when see there are two ways you can do

when you are going through the previous year's questions always keep your thoughts active is

there any update I have read in the magazine or any current affair uh journal or any video if yes go back and

pick up the uh current affair article or content and put it in your notes. If suppose you are reading the current

affair, you have to think whether that current affair is relevant or not. How would you know that the current affair

is relevant or not? By think going back to the previous year's question. Is there any question UPSC has asked in

last 10, 15, 20 years from this topic. So both way linking are important. Both ways linking are important. When you are

reading the PQ, think about the current affair. When you are doing the current affair, think about the PYQ.

Right. I hope this is clear. So as far as the brainstorming is concerned, as far as the notes making are concerned,

let's start with that. So I have picked up one topic that is center state relation. Right?

So as far as the notes making is concerned, as far as um templates are concerned, as far as the probable themes

are concerned, you need to follow this step. Step number one, read the basic concepts.

Read basic concepts and don't pick up, don't make any notes here.

Don't make any notes when you are reading the basic concept. Just focus on the concept.

That is a step number two. of first second step is after understanding the basic concepts pick up

the previous year's question and that is what I'm going to do because I believe you all know the basic concepts as far

as the central state relation federalism is concerned right and huh in u in this process the very

most important Important part is the previous year's questions which you are going to refer has to be

not year- wise but topic wise micro topic wise we are going to release the file of topic wise TV

sales questions. So um and through that you it will help you for example article 19 questions we have listed it down

right. So microlevel analysis you can easily do. So where is that topic? Okay, center state fundamental duties.

Okay, this is the topic. For example, if there will be any printing mistake, please uh don't take it otherwise it's

not this file is not yet final. Functions and responsibilities of the union and state issues and challenges

pertaining to the federal structure. Right? Suppose this is a topic you have to

prepare the notes on. Along with the notes what you have to in your notes what you

have to ensure nodes means like content

then plus framework I hope you all now you know what is a framework

templates word right how many of you have heard the name templates based answer writing

Yes, templates based answer writing. Have you heard of this term? Now it is very

popular in the market. Templates based answer writing. You go and find out you will get it. 10 20

rupees PDF. Template is the same thing what we have discussed

right. So the template is basically the broad framework. But the problem is even if you are going to buy it and even if

you are going to mug up it you will not be able to apply it. So there is no shortcut to this process which we are

dealing with right now which I'm trying to explain. There is no shortcut at all. Right?

So I uh Shangabi I will explain the framework don't worry. So basically the very first thing is after going

through this question federalism this is a basic concept right look at these questions

82 questions 88 91 2008 and then in 2008 there was second question or maybe it could be a printing mistake but these

are the question UPSC has asked after going through through these question do Do you think they are relevant in the

contemporary time? Are they relevant? Huh? No relevant.

In what context it is relevant? Uh-huh. In may say look at these questions

why they are relevant. Okay. What is the learning? Focus on the learning from the previous year's

question. Read the first question. Question says planning and federalism make uneasy

partners. The planning operations in India have led to erosion of federalism. Right? Question was asked in 82. In 82

we had what? Planning commission. Planning commission used to follow what?

Top down approach. Yeah. Bottom up. Top down approach which has led to the friction between the state and central

government. Now the planning commission has been replaced by NITIO. What is the purpose of NITIOG?

It's a bottom approach can we say? Right. And NITIOG is a institutional mechanism to promote the cooperation

between the center and state because the concept of federalism in India is rooted in the cooperation

coordination. between the center and state. So maybe this question is not relevant

but the nature of question the theme is important in the context of nitiog

in the context of nitiog. So after reading this question I have now I'm going to prepare the notes how the niti

how the niti is playing a crucial role in strengthening

the federal character of the country significance l

are you getting my point this is how we will be we have to analyze the question. So this question is not useless because

82 at least now you got the idea if the planning commission can be linked with

the federalism why not the nitay right now when I know the nity I can think there are other institutional

framework nitayog is one institution what are the other institutional institutions which promotes the

cooperative federalism Finance Commission, what else? GST Council, what else? Interstate

council, zonal council, administrative, administrative functions.

Only these institutions are responsible for that. So now the UPSC can change the language

and they can frame a different question because this question is related to the administrative

federalism. Right? It will fall under the administrative federalism basically.

Understood? So now from this part I got the theme administrative federalism. Right now planning operation in India

have led to erosion. Same repeated question then write about mm punchi commission. Now I know the punchi

commission sira commission recommendation is important that I will put it in in my notes. Right. Then

discuss the major extra constitutional factors. What do you mean by extra constitutional factors?

Yes. Uh-huh. The extra constitutional means what?

Conventions statutory. Okay. What else? Not explicitly mentioned in the

constitution. That is fine. Yes, center state relation extra constitutional factors

which can distur which can uh which is um important to take into the consideration. For example, political

factors, social factor, economic factor, resource factor, infrastructural factor factor.

Huh? Yes. Political factor for example, political

parties, regional parties and all. Economic factor may economic inequality among the states don't you think it

affects the central state relation what about the social factor health education in that term obviously Bimaru state why

they demand more fund because they are low as far as the social indicator is concerned so don't you don't you think

it will disturb the uh the uh this entire mechanism Right.

So you have to think so from here I will pick up the theme extra constitutional factors responsible

for or uh which uh extra constitutional factor influencing the federal character

of India. Now I know so this is the one part. Now there is another way I can think of. Right? There

are another way I can think of. For example, let's break down

the federalism part itself. In how many parts we can break down the federalism?

Executive federalism, legislative federalism, administrative federalism, fiscal federalism, asymmetric

federalism, these are the part of federalism only. Right? So can we use that template to generate the answer at

every level we can generate the point? Are you getting my point? Are you so there are various ways you can think

of. So basically the this is the second step go through each and every question. I'm not really sure how many of you are

really spending the time with the previous sales question. What question is demanding? How should I

frame the structure? How should I frame the everything? Answer is no. So this is the second step. Now the third step is

after going through all these question right what I have got go through just quickly go through the

question then ships will explain for example now look at these question this is from the nature of Indian

federalism this is from the concept concept basic concept as far as the nature of Indian federalism is concerned

for example Example, analyze the causes of controversy in India in recent years about the union state relation. What are

the specific areas of discord? Don't you think this question is still relevant 82

this right? So issues with the fiscal federalism then India is not a feder federation but it has definite federal

features. Elucidate what this question is talking about unitary features. Right? Third question,

briefly mention the factors which have promoted the concentration of power in the center in India. Why India has

adopted the unitary feature? First of all, that is the question you should ask yourself. Right? Then why is the Indian

constitution called quasifederal? So after going through all the question, you can go through the questions later

on. But let me tell you when I will be dividing the demand of this question when I will be dividing the

demand of this question finally I will get the themes from uh for this topic and my themes will look like u let me

find some space so that I can write for example I'll tell

suppose center state relation right

and you will be surprised to see this is exactly what themes you these are the themes you will get from the previous

question first of all I'll talk I'll read the concept of federalism and quasi federalism

Right. I will read the basic concept. Then India has adopted the quasi federalism.

I should ask myself why that is the question we should ask.

Right? Why? Why? Right? Now there could be various factors which are responsible. Social

factor, political factor, economic factor, development factor, infrastructural factor.

factor why India that is the reason why India has adopted the was federal nature right so various factors first I will

identify what are the various factors now after it was decided that the nature of Indian states or the constitution is

going to be quasifederal the power was divided right The power was divided between

whom? Yes. Between for example center and state,

right? So and even among the states. What about

the asymmetric federalism? What about asymmetric federalism? Some states there are special provision in

the constitution or not. Right? So states right now the biggest question come or

the most important part how are you going to think? Now apply the logic. Now they have

divided. Yes, there are going to be unitary features, right? And the second

one is federal, right? What are the federal features?

Now these features you have to think in the terms of what? For example,

in the terms of legislative, executive, power, administrative, right? Finance or fiscal,

even resources. These are the terms. These are the broad aspects which we have to think how the

power was divided between the center and state. How the power was shared between the center and state at each and every

level. Now imagine if there will be any problem either at legislative level,

administrative level, at fiscal level, at resource level only then the question will come

right. So you need to identify what are the problem on these effect.

When you are reading the center state relation at administrative level what are the

problem? At fiscal level what are the problem? At legislative level what are the problem? At

uh resource level what is the problem? At uh administrative level what is the problem? And now this is where

suppose you have prepared the problem at each level. Now the next part will come that is the third step. Think about the

current affair. Current affair. Think about the current affair. Which problem is in the news?

Which aspect is currently in the news? Can anyone tell me among these powers

where is the problem which is yes fiscal? Why? Because first of all there is a problem

because because the fiscal deficit of the state is increasing

right and even there is a debate on the terms of reference of finance commission recommendation

and that is the reason why UPSC has asked the question in 2025 means go and check

this is how you can predict the topic but You have to focus on those topic which are currently in the news. Is

there any issue related to the legislative function? What

even the concurrent list debate right? Concurrent list debate. So now this part

will also become important. So now I have identified the themes. Now if there will be dispute between center

and state, if there will be dispute in between center and state, I am sure now the dispute will be related to these

four five aspects. Can you think any other aspects of federalism?

I think this is more than enough. Has everyone understood this part? Right now since you have identified the

problem, think about the suggestions. Recommendation. Recommendation mean you can pick up the Supreme Court judgment.

You can re uh pick up the finance commission recommendation. You can pick up the Punchi Commission recommendation,

Circaria Commission recommendation. Right? That is what we write in the suggestions.

So and I'm damn sure about it. You go and check any question. Go and check any question as far as the center state

relation is concerned. You will not find any question out of this whiteboard. Every question either it will be linked

with the legislative function, administrative function, fiscal relation or resource or administrative.

Question the statements will be different. statement can be different praises which

UPSC use but not the actual demand. This is the fourth step which current affair part which we'll be doing. Now

the last step in the notes making the last step you themes right now the last phases the templates the

brainstorming session for example I'll tell you For example,

you have to prepare the notes, right? How many federalism at what level? What are the different level of federalism?

We have understood administrative, fiscal,

executive, legislative, resource.

Right? These are the broad aspects of center state as far as the center state

relation is concerned. Now sometime UPSC can ask the question what are the issues with the functioning of quasi federal

system in India. So your answer can have this template yes or no. Now you know at this at these are the

various level you can generate the point. Yes or no? But my question is what?

What if the question is only related to fiscal federalism or maybe at legislative level? How are you going to

generate the point? Are you getting my point? Suppose there is a question.

Suppose there is a question. Discuss the issues with the fiscal federalism in India.

How are you going to think? There has to be some template. There has to be some framework based on which you

will be generating the points. Think think in the terms of finance commission

recommendation level. Think in the terms of constitutional grants or grant in aids.

Think in the terms of what? GST. Think in the terms of the search

charges. or taxes. These are the broad aspects. Can we

think or not? Right now I know if there will be a question on the fiscal federalism, I can

use this template to generate the point. As far as disaster management is concerned

during the floods, earthquake, cyclones, the center provides a fund or not.

Huh? What about as far as the development is concerned? Infrastructure development is concerned.

Right? So these are now I got how many points? 1 2 3 4 5 six points I have got my notes are done.

I just need to add examples after this. So the my issues will be based on this. These are the templates. Right?

Similarly you can pick up any topic and you can think about the templates but this has to be done. Now the

question is whether you have that much of time or not. I'm not really sure. It depends on your schedule. But this is

exactly what we are going to do in the main scam discussion which we will be conducting on a

weekend. Right? I hope this is clear. So every temp every keyword will have the template.

Okay. So my part is done here. uh Sachi ma'am she will take one topic and after that uh ship will take hardly it will

take 10 15 minutes and then you are free to go but watch what is her insight as far as the mains is concerned because

she will be the part of this program so I will call Sachi ma'am take the stage

So Sachi ma'am will be doing the same process but for different topic and that topic is very interesting.

Let's see how much insight you can give. Okay ma'am. So I think you are going to pick up which topic? Article. Article

21. Yesami MCR.

So we'll see what are the various framework what are the various dimensions we need to explore. So Sachi

ma'am will take you. Okay. Thank you. >> Good evening people. So as you all know this class is not

basically upon this class is not basically upon content or such thing. It's upon how you you

should frame your notes because there's a lot of hype in the market key pqs but how to do pqs that's our main concern

and that's what this session is for. So pqs article 21 is a very hot topic and it's

a very dynamic topic. So UPSC can mold it in any which way it wants. So we'll try to guess the probable themes based

on PYQS because understand PYQ's is the most authentic source from which we can at least project or guess questions. So

that's why article 21. So everyone knows what article 21 is right to life and personal liberty.

So notes what should be the flow of it previous questions discuss. So

pattern guess if we are to look into the pattern of the article 21 PQs we'll see broadly hardly there would be five to

six topics and if we'll prepare those topics we'll be able to have at least a comprehensive notes based on which we

can predict that what can be uh like questions that can be asked in the next year paper. So if like amplitude

amplitude of article 21 what is right to life and personal liberty what are the rights within the ambit of article 21.

So question what does it mean? Article 21 what

rights are under it and what is the scope of it. That's all. It's just the rephrasing of those questions. Amplitude

scope ambit it's one and the same thing. getting my point. So article 21 article 21 then write text and scope

what's the text under it and then what's the scope of it and broadening scope of it

understanding it now now after 2006 residency UPSC questions application

right to clean environmental legal regul relations. So one topic we got was right to

environment or right to live in a pollutionfree environment. This is a hot topic. Second examine the scope of

fundamental rights in the latest right to privacy. We got the second topic under article 21. Now you'll see after

that whatever questions UPSC has asked under article 21 is somewhat linked to either right to environment or right to

privacy. So now we have to when we'll be making notes of it we'll emphasize more on

right to environment and right to privacy and what all dimensions can be covered under it.

Okay this is the most significant achievement of modern law con environmental problems

again the same theme. Con living instrument with the capabilities of enormous dynamism. Again scope and its

evolving pattern broadening the scope. The same theme. Okay. Right to privacy interesting to

life and personal. Same thing. So scope text scope embed broadening its evolution judicial interpretation say

how it has evolved over the years environment and privacy that these are four to five topics which we should

prepare if we are preparing any notes under article 21 that's the whole point of this session not teaching you article

21 hecka we all know that we all have read laxshmiad any number of times so how to approach

text and scope amplitude and what is it? Its evolution over the years expansion by the courts and judicial

interpretation thematic expansion. Right now till now we have seen that there are only two

themes environment and privacy. So this is how broadly an article 21 has to be approached

and this is how any topic has to be approached based on pyqs that we have to find the pattern of it and then we have

to make notes accordingly. Okay. So if we'll give first topic conceptual

foundation scope and amplitude of article 21 original text what was its original text and judicial creativity

how judicial judiciary interpreted that like in AK Gopalan case it was restricted to procedure established by

law but in main Gandhi case it evolved into due process of law as well. So it has evolved over the years and after due

process of law after Manga Gandhi case and Keshanandhhati case constitution in general went into a transformative phase

as well. So that is distinction right to life versus right to personal liberty.

Now I'm not here to tell key what is the difference between them. It's upon you. I have I'm just giving you the gist that

these are the broad themes which you you should have in your mind while preparing your notes. The flow of your notes

should be in this pattern. Living instrument doctrine again dynamic interpretation of the constitution that

constitution is not a dead document it's a living instrument it will keep on adapting as per the needs of society

and changes judicial expansion of article 21 again akopalan case then liberal expansion

main gandhi due process but plus reasonleness that the procedure which which has been established by the

law is it reasonable fair and just that's the whole point was of main Gandhi case was expansion into social

economic rights now one more thing article 21 has to be linked with other articles as well like DPS

so it has to be there must be any like more articles in constitution which are directly or indirectly linked to article

21 so you have to find out and you have to establish lish linkages between them broadly. Not you do not have to go deep

into that but just have an idea and prepare notes and prepare a basic dimensions. We'll discuss about

dimensions that how a question has to be approached and prepare basic dimensions of those questions

rights recognized under article 21 over the years. Right to live with dignity, right to livelihood, right to health,

clean environment, education, shelter, privacy, reproductive rights and autonomy. It is a very hot topic and you

should prepare your notes very you should prepare your notes under this topic as well.

I have given you two themes on right to uh life and personal liberty environment and privacy. Now in environment what is

how we have to approach it? Constitutionalization of environment how judiciary is expanding its scope

like in MCA it was said that right to live in a pollutionfree environment then what was said under velocity forum while

case precautionary principle MCA case may one more thing was added key absolute liability was given earlier it

was a very restricted or subjective liability but after MCA it was a absolute liability

So how Supreme Court or the other courts are expanding its horizons. So these are the cases. Of course if you write case

law clause it will help you fetch extra marks. Write the relevant case laws and such

things. Then recent affairs adder regulation balancing fundamental sources. Again this is also one of the

topic how we have to balance the fundamental rights and state restrictions

like there will be always a tussle. So right both both pros and cons and how we can approach or how we can look

towards look a solution towards it. So broadly think if you have right to environment right to live in a pollution

free environment then think about how what are the probable dimensions under it through pyqs

now privacy. Second topic, second theme is privacy. Right to privacy

swami case we all know data how over the years it has been evolved data protection

digital data protection act personal data protection act UPSC has already asked question in GS3 in 2024

like say write the sailing features of digital data protection act. Now it can ask in GS2 as well but it can be asked

under article 21. Understanding my point though it since it has already been asked and it is a

hot topic you should prepare notes on it. Aadhaar judgment surveillance versus

liberty again a very key what should be the basis liberty when it comes to the fundamental

rights of citizens and surveillance by the state. What's the perfect balance between the

two? Because there will be always a trouble or tussle. Citizens would demand rights preserve

privacy pres society. So aspect DNA testing already asked question in 2024

expand bodily autonomy and reproductive rights case of 2009

you'll read about it once you'll like women were given the rights regarding abortion

nesh Singh Jaw case decriminalizing homosexuality. What was it? It was just reproductive

rights and bodily autonomy. NCT case, NCT Delhi case of 2022, abortion right

was extended to unmarried women as well. So it has evolved over the years and it is a hot topic since it comes under

already asked scheme of privacy. Okay. Now dynamic interpretation of constitution

living document doctrine bharti case ma gandhi case nesh singh jaw case about and as I said key now it is more

adaptable and receptive towards the changing patterns or changing social conditions in the society.

So this is also one of the themes as I have already discussed dynamism interpretations.

So you should be prepared how and dimension which is challenges and since it is a subjective thing we

cannot objectively define key okay these are these many there are so and so rights under article 21 and that's it.

It will keep on evolving. So there's no end to it. to write prepare both pros and cons and then a way forward under

the topic dynamism of constitution. So this will be a one pager note that's it

environment LGBTQ rights privacy youth in Asia common cause case 2018 where passive youth in Asia was

allowed. So right to life, right to live with

dignity. So does it also include right to die with dignity as well? So now it is a very probable topic.

Now prepare notes on it. Very short notes. Do not dwell very deep into it or do not dwell

three to four pages very concise notes very short notes. As soon as the question comes start

writing it and just move on that 7 to hardly we get 7 minutes in a 10 marker and 11 to 12 minutes in a 15

marker question. So write in your not whatever you will be writing in your notes just remember

replicate in your actual exam unnecessary burden you'll be not be able to filter out the

content while you'll be writing the answers. Okay because there's so much content in

the market. If you'll start running after it, it will be like lot of content and when you'll be writing the answers,

you'll be just confused. So prepare notes, read only that thing which you think you'll be able to

reproduce in the actual exam. So when I'm saying passive euthanasia, it's a good topic. You should prepare notes on

it. But only one page of note of one side. That's it. Pros, cons, way forward, that's it. Move on.

Now probable topics digital rights AI surveillance facial recognition data privacy bill I'm just

giving you a gist health rights you right to health is one of the important right under article 21

health rights right to affordable healthare vaccine equity after covid-19 19 reproductive autonomy surrogacy

abortion right this NCT Delhi where abortion rights were extended to unmarried women as well climate change

litigation climate change very important topic and it comes under right to environment right to life for future

generations right to sustainable development is also a right under article 21

workplace dignity gig workers right to decent working conditions vishaka guidelines

after which posh act pain. So these all things are connected. So try to establish link between them. Right to

die with dignity youth in Asia. Now probable themes for UPSC means 2026. It's just a gist of what I think based

on my research based on what I have seen key article 21 after going through all the questions under article 21

of course it's not a very exhaustive list it can be molded and expanded by you as well this is right to health

postco right to clean and sustainable environment right to privacy versus state

surveillance very hot topic Digital constitutionalism, environmental constitutionalism,

then why not digital? Right to dignity at workplace, gig workers, labor codes 2020 is already

in news and question 2024 and in GS2 only. So UPSC can connect on that. That's how

questions are to be predicted based on PYQ's right to die with dignity again

balancing fundamental rights, religion versus environment, firecrackers. So these are some of the Bible themes

which I prepared based on my understanding and again I'm saying it's an it's not an

exhaustive list. It can be expanded by you. I've just given you an example of how an how a topic has to be approached.

So whenever you are making on any topic try to follow this pattern. I'm only saying trying because

but PQ is a very authentic resource anytime any day and if you are able to under article 21 there are hardly five

to six topics text scope evolving dimensions and expanding horizons environment and privacy

that's it and it will hardly take 9 to 10 pages of yours under article 21 and your article 21 is done.

Getting my point? So that's how a topic has to be approached and that's all from my side. Anything you want to ask?

like article 21 like go for pqs like article 21 is a good

topic that's why the questions are being asked repetitively not every article is important which we

think is important to article 21 article 19 rightly quoted article 14 these are important articles

but do not go for every artic article be very choosy and be very conscious and what is the source of your answer is

PYQ's what topic has to be prepared is PQ how the topic has to be prepared the answer

is PQ this is again article 19 would be taught by a short only anything else you want

to ask regarding yes >> comment can

GS3 >> it in in GS3 environment has to be approached very differently it's a more

static uh in GS3 here it has to be linked with governance

no case laws would not be very important or would not be appreciated in GS3 GS3 paper is altogether different from

GS2 writing case laws would not fetch you extra I don't think so. Okay. Anything else? Yes, please.

>> Indian polity. Uh I took Lakshmi Kant and uh I prepared notes of these like in a manner which I

have told you PQs basis for mains for pre I totally relied on. Okay.

So I'll just start with article 19. Uh if you have any doubt about how the session has been going, you can ask it.

I mean if you have uh difficulty in understanding the points which has been discussed it'll be good time before I

start so that I have the idea where you are lacking in the sessions because I think more or less it'll be on the

similar lines. Any questions? No I think they did their job really well so you understand everything.

So apart from the things which are has already been discussed I'll just say a couple of things that when you're

looking at question just look at the question because question is not a topic there is a you know misconception that

whenever you're looking at article 19 whatever you know about article 19 you just have to put it there but every

question has a context and recently you have been seeing I think pq's this year also if you're seeing the question there

is a lot of context before the question. So you when you come at the question there's a lot of context and uh one of

the difficult question I think would be that whether the how much you have to use the context when answering a

question how you have to put it in the structure for let's say I take say that there's a lot of issues which are going

on article 19 recently we have seen in this judgment now uh tell me the limits on article 19 which has been put by the

government okay the question is about the limit but there is a context of the issues So how do you use it? That's

another point. My idea is that whenever you're introducing use the context there only you don't have to put it in the

structure. you don't have to write points on it because since it's not the major demand that's one point and second

thing is that when was I was talking about brainstorming I was also thinking about it that how do you brainstorm

obviously I mean you'll have these templates and you'll prepare it and I'm hopeful that you'll be really good at it

but my point is whenever you think about a subject think about the imagination of a subject okay any topic that there is a

center state relation so think about a center government and think about a state government and how there is a

tussle, what are the things which are there in the newspaper. So imagination is always important. There is a

beautiful scene in Tesamin Bay if you have seen the movie that he says that imagination of he says that uh the guy

who is not able to read properly is not never able to imagine the apple. So when you teach him a ppl apple he just mugs

it up and he doesn't know it. So that imagination is important. Why I'm saying it is important? Because when you

imagine an apple, you imagine its cover. You imagine its shape. That's how when you think about any particular topic,

you imagine everything about it. And that's why imagination becomes really important. And third thing is that when

you're I mean obviously devoting your PQs, you are you'll be taking the sessions and uh you'll be I think guided

thoroughly about it. But my understanding is that around everything always keep the pq sheet with you so

that you understand which portion is getting how many marks how you have to study them what kind of attention you

should be giving for example article 19 I don't think it is that much important compared to article 21 because since

recent question has been about article 21 you understand my point so always keep it and as much as you'll be relying

on the discussions I think more it is on you to prepare it. I mean you have to be that much serious. These sessions always

help because they help in maintaining the discipline. They help you guide how to think, what to prepare but it also

you know comes down to you with that. I'll just start with the topic. I think not a lot to be discussed. So how should

I do it? That's another point. Yeah. So why article 19 is important? That's also

another imagination you should have that why we are studying it. Why it is the most important article among the most

important articles in from 14 or 13 onwards to 30 why it becomes because it talks about people's right to speech it

talks about movement cooperatives these things and these things are very contemporary things which becomes very

important when you talk about Indian society right to free and free uh speech and expression is an important part

that's why it is important so that imagination always help why I talked about imagination now I think you'll get

a more clear idea that you have to think about speech you and the case laws which are going on. There is always a debate

about free speech and then restriction on it for national security for other purposes. That's why you have to study

it. And um people versus state that also again happens in article 21. It also happens

here that lot of this article is usually against the state. Article 21 is also again common people and article 14 is

also again common people. But here it is just about the state. So most of the article 19 is against people in state

people's right and who is going to restrict state. So you see restrictions mostly when it is put uh when it is

given in article 19 subs 2 3 4 and so on it is basically restrictions by state and this imagination will help you think

about the restrictions again. So that imagination comes and uh and you need judicial intervention because obviously

when people and state is there state has a lot of power people are not having. So you need judiciary, right? That's how

you're going to imagine it and uh how to yeah these are the questions. So just have a

look at it and what you can figure out. Try to think about just before you look at it,

I would say just try to think about the things that you will need to answer these questions. Okay? What you will

need. When sir was talking about that you will be thinking when you're looking at PQs, you'll be thinking how to make

your notes. Just see the question and think how what you need and what you need will be your notes. Okay? So that

you don't prepare something which which is not needed in the questions. just look at it and think what is needed.

Uh I would like to ask anyone take your time 30 seconds and then I'll ask anyone from the first question what you need in

the first question. Okay, take your time think about it. Everybody read the question now. Anyone

who is having idea about what you'll need in the first question anyone I'm not looking into specifics just tell me

basic very basic what you'll need go on >> yeah what else yeah freedom of speech what else go on since I'm not talking

about sub theme I'm talking about whatever you will need about that topic to answer a particular question that's

what my question is see understand go again anyone of

right. What else? So basically arguments in favor of freedom of speech. Yeah. What else? Yeah.

Right. Right. Right. Right. So the uh if I sum it up, it is just favor of uh freedom of

speech and then there are certain areas where it should be curtailed. That's it. these two dimensions. What else?

>> Constructive criticism. >> Constructive criticism of article 19. So that is what favor

against right what you were saying transparency and right. So uh to balance this thing we

need transparency. So we we should also look at how we can balance it right that is one way to transparency and uh there

should be certain certain principles which we should be following then judicial interventions judicial

principles those things right so overall if you look at also I'll talk about these are the bit advanced thing you

should know what article 19 is that's the first thing you need okay you need the text of it so you should go and read

that I'll just go through the next slide just to there are more questions to it I won't be discussing the question because

you can read it yourself. I can discuss each and every question and tell you what to write but I'm just telling you

how you can look at the all PQS and think about what you you should be writing. Okay.

So yeah text of article 19 read the basic text understand it. Second understanding of it so that you when you

understand the things how do you understand it is what I was talking about imagination that you link it with

current affairs. you think what is the basic idea about article 19 okay that thinking will not just help you here but

everywhere in prelims also I think it will then judicial intervention again when we talking about balancing

uh the uh people are not having power state is having power so we need judicial intervention to balance it and

then linkage with other fundamental rights because that has been one of the judicial evolution which we have seen

that judiciary has interlin article 19 with 14 with 21 that Freedom of speech is also a way of expressing yourself and

it is also right to life. Okay, that thing and uh then you'll talk about sub themes which I think uh Sachima also was

talking about that in each of the topic which is the theme which is most repetitive. What I have found is freedom

of speech was repetitive and then movement that uh one person is going from one place to another. How what is

the argument in favor of that and what are the restrictions? So just think of it if I have to I'll give you another u

30 seconds to think that when you think about movement of people do you think what do you imagine when people move

what would be the problem that would be happening anyone who can come up with take your 10 seconds yeah go ahead

okay like >> okay large amount of people migrating so there'll be economic stresses here and

there from the place they're migrating and to the place they're migrating Right. Good. What else?

Cultural, environmental. Very good. What else? Language. That's it. That's how you have

to think. Think general. Don't be uh restricted by the idea that you have to be very specific in everything. I have

to use case laws only. Think about your general sense always has to be there that what it what is going around you.

Okay. Just imagination. That's what sir was telling. And that framework since what I'm telling you is general thinking

sir will tell you to be specific he will give you frameworks in specific domains so you will become more pro in it okay

that's the idea then that I've written and then current linkage and current linkage I think will happen when you

read newspapers you have that imagination linkage easy and then future themes so this current linkage only will

help you to determine what are the possible themes where it can be asked again future themes can be linked uh

determined by sub themes because that's one of the probable areas. So probabilities they'll ask you again and

then that's it. That's pretty much it. That's how you have to prepare. Uh this is I mean this is more or less uh

dimensions how you have to think about an article and this can be valid anywhere. Sorry I'm taking a bit more of

your time but I just want to explain these things that these are the dimension why have when you have to

think about a particular article think about its constitutional context and philosophy. Again why it is asked what

is the uh constitution talks about it where it is placed whether a right is a fundamental right okay that thing so it

when you make it a fundamental right it it is very essential itself so have that imagination so think about constitution

and its philosophy okay details you can read okay right then scope and benefits what is the scope of an article okay

where it is applied and how it is beneficial general things but that's the dimension you have to think about when

you whenever you're thinking about that and u structure how the structure of the article is like for example article 19

has two parts one is about the rights which are giving and then we are talking about the restrictions which we have

okay so think about that structure restrictions has been given elaborated why it has been there why it is not

there for other articles you know have that imagination think about it and this will only come when you have this

template and these why templates are important to think I'm not giving templates to write per se that just take

these templates and write everything you don't have to put it there. The idea is to think on this and write. You

understand my points that it is thinking which I'm telling you to look at these dimension and think and then write. Not

just to copy paste everything. You don't have to use these subheadings there. Okay, that's the idea. Then think about

judicial doctrine and interpretation. Why I have not written uh amendments? I don't know. But you should add that also

because evolution of a particular article is not just about judicial intervention but it is also about

amendments. And we have seen amendments in article 19. So we should include that. We may miss it for article 21

because there is no amendment in that. But you should have that amendments in article 19. Right. And then inter

relation with other rights which I've already talked about and then digital age extensions because since now we have

seen this is one of the most prominent areas digitalization. So whenever you're going to talk about any article whether

it is 1921 you have to see its validity in digital sphere sphere. uh >> this is detailed these slides are not

important I think you have covered these slides very much in your static I've just given this to help you see that how

you should be having this in your uh nodes you should have this nobody's going to tell you how to but you already

have this in your static books but you should have these why you have you should have these is that this is was

asked this is a previous year theme this is asked so if you write these things directly as text it adds value to your

answer. Okay, this is how you have to prepare. I have just I'm not I'll be not uh explaining these things but this is

how you should prepare and then reasonable restrictions. I've not written for everything but just see

article 19 on freedom of speech. These are the restrictions. Okay. And these were added later on. So these all were

not there. They came with amendment. You should also look at amendments. Then reasonable restriction on movement

these two again. Why these only? Why I'm I gave added these two slides? Did you know this is already in your notes? Why

I added these two? Because this you must be having. Why? This is sub theme. You understand? Because sub theme even

details are important. If a 10 marker is coming and you're not having this, how you will write it?

Again, that's why the slide is there. Otherwise, there is no point of putting it there. Reasonable restriction you all

know. And then these are the judicial explanations. You can read it by yourself. You already know most of them.

I don't have to tell each of them. Then right to movement again judicial interventions

then amendments. Okay, this is also what you have to prepare and uh then principles what you have seen. So

these are just normal things that you should develop this idea how to what are the basic principles which the court has

developed and you can use it you can use the restrictions must be placed by law and

proportionate that the government has said proportionality principle reasonable restrictions are allowed

under this thing general things I think then current linkage okay these things were recent last year only

okay last year this year that's it this is how you have to read recent very recent

Okay. Any doubt in that? How? Because that's the usual problem people have that how

to link current affairs. Any doubt in that? Nothing.

Future things again. Why these future things? Can anybody tell me that why this theme

cooperative is there? Yes. What else? Good point actually. Good point. What

else? Yeah, go ahead. Yeah. Yeah. Good news scheme. Yeah. Talk

about more polity related. >> There was a case law I think 97th constitutional amendment act. It was

partial uh 97th amendment was repealed I think because

exactly that's the point. Okay. So my idea is that whenever you're looking at current affairs and you're looking about

a static topic, think about the exact core of that theme. If I'm going to ask questions on polity, the idea would be

that there is a judicial uh judgment on it. There is a proper law in it. I won't be thinking about schemes. When I'll be

talking about static topics, schemes will be more related to scheme type of topics. For example, SG, cooperative. If

there is a policy on cooperative the more chances are that the question will be on cooperative direct cooperative how

it helps what is the policy what the government has done something like that okay so if there is a more political

judgment then you'll look at these things again something to think about when you're thinking about current

affairs and future prediction again see anything else in which you have doubt okay leave it what other doubts you have

in general answer writing >> no No, never again. I I in the beginning one point I said that always put answer

to the question that is asked not on topic. So since the question is not fixed then you can't fix the