Hello technical friends. So students

computer networks. So computer chapter computer networks. So

students first concept understanding data database concepts SQL network data communication

concepts concepts Max.

So how many marks from this chapter students? 1 MCQ one two marker plus five marker. So total weightage

marks marks from the computer networks chapter. So MCQAP

important. So network next chapter data communication. So first concept introduction to

computer networks. Introduction to computer networks. So network. So network.

So basic of network devices evolution of networking. Evolution of network. So network

types of network. So types local networkide network devices

topologies topologies. So arrangement of devices arrangement of computers in a network

system. So arrangement top identifying nodes in network communication. So

IP address IoT already. So basic concept last concept DNS domain

name system domain name system. So IP address important types of network and network

devices possibilities. Okay. So more concept. So first concept introduction to

computer network. So introduction to computer networks start. So introduction to computer networks.

So students so we are living in a connected world.

The information is being produced, exchanged and traced across the globe in real time. So

we are always connected we are able to connect with each other already

So real information. So next point. So next point a group of

two or more similar things or people interconnected with each other is called as network.

So interconnection of two or more people through the network mobile device. So network group of two or more

individuals or things which is interconnected. So interconnected network. So some of the examples of

network in our everyday life includes so examples everyday life social network. So social media, social med

WhatsApp through the network. Correct. So network of computers. So one

computer in the computer already interconnected through the Wi-Fi network information.

So network interconnection of two or more people we'll say two or more things network

interconnection of two or more people computer network of two or more people

computer network of two or more comput through the use of internet through the

use of network devices network. So sharing data send

computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices. So interconnection of two or

more computers interconnect through the use of network devices through the use of LAN through

the use of Wi-Fi computer such such interconnection allows

computers to share data and resources among each other. So data share data store

through the use of networks. Correct. So networks data sharing

retrieval of data. So computer network definition of two or more computers is called as a

computer network. Correct? So we can do the data sharing cost. So cost is limited.

So one day I will connect it to all the systems. So one daycare through the use of networking. So next

point next. So next point. So just image of network

systemvices. So next

important point a computer network can include different types of host. one system

host also called as nodes. So, so we'll say network. Okay. So, computers,

desktop, laptops, cellular phones. So, okay. So, next apart from computers, networks can also include networking

devices like switch routers and modems. The switch router and modem. So network devices.

So I think so digital datal signal

get converted to analog signal analog signal. So we'll discuss it in network devices.

So router similar network switch. So switch network devices.

So next point the communication medium can be wired or wireless. So connection network

so like cables. So normal you can establish a network through the use of cables wireless.

So wireless wireless computing. So wireless computing like air waves. So wireless

network. So next point small networks may connect just uh just a few computers in one

room. So small network building one room

so large network it'll connect to the entire world example large networks all around the world systems

large networks can span buildings cities or countries buildings so countries countries large networks. So large

network data is broken into packets for transmission

packets. So send data small packets.

So we call it as packets. So packin address IP address so IP address

so IP address. So address package it will get transmitted to the

destination. Okay. So I devices that send, receive or store or forward data in a network are called nodes. So

already systemat. So it is nothing but system in a network

system. So we call it as nodes. So example nodes computers, printers, modems. So

individual we'll say individual systems individual computing devices. So many computers can get connected in a

network. So node is nothing but one computer or many computers in a network.

Okay. So computer network is nothing but interconnection of two or

more computing devices. So that is called as computer network. computing devices

such as network. So data hang through the use of packets.

So correct. So concept introduction just computer networks

evolution of networks connection. So through the use of router.

Okay. So network switch. So switchablesole network.

Okay. So students introduction to computer networks that is wired and wireless. So next

concept evolution of networking. So introduction evolution of networking. So network

evolution of networking evolution of network. So evolution of network. So first networking starts.

So students US Department of Defense. So US Department of Defense. So they

invented they started advanced research project agency network. So

1969. So just 19619. So next concept evolution of networking. First point note in the 1960s US

Department of Defense initiated a project called Arpanet. So network connection

starting research networking

advanced research project agency network through its advanced research projects agency. So advanced research project

agency they established a network called as advanced research project agency networking. Soarchit

they establish this research institutions connecting agency first

their objective was to connectademic and research institutions for scientific collaboration. So collaboration.

So I next point. So the first message was transmitted between University of California, Los Angeles and Stanford

Research Institute. So first message from UCLA UCLA University of California, Los Angeles in the Stanford Research

Institute. So academic institute research institute collaboration arpanet was invented arpanet was funded by US

department of defense. US department of defense networking. Okay. So

the main timelines in the evolution of networking is so 1961 students concept of proposed. So

just propcept so functional. So first message UCL

research institute Stanford research institute. Okay.

So Ray Tom introduced symbol in the email. So networkantra they introduced 1974

alilet. So tiet and it is a commercial version of arpanet. So in government

but it was the first commercial version organizations through the use of okayet launched as

the first commercial version of the term internet was coined. So internet in 1974 through the use of

commercial version of the arpet but commercial version agencies earlier

businesses organizations private organizations 1982 TCP IP protocol introduced as a

standard foret. So protocol TCP IP protocol as the standard for the

so network control protocol NCP. So network control protocol. So network control protocol

TCP IP. So network control protocol uh protocol first protocol rules set of rules for data transmission. set of

rules. So network control protocol for data

transmission network. So TCP IP students data transmission

and errors. So network protocol

clearance. So TCP IP clearance. So TCP IP transmission control protocol

internet protocol. So transmission control protocol transmission control protocol internet protocol

control protocol we say IP internet protocol. So

1982 so 82 TCP IP standard it was developed. So next to 1983 domain name system was introduced domain name

system. So last domain name system www.gain google.com google.com IP address

so www.g.com google.com. So Google okay Google.comP

okay so 198 1986 1983 1983 DNS

1986 NSF National Science Foundation network reach

they gave the internet access to more users. So users national science foundation network. So

1990 www was introduced www worldwide web. So worldwide web students.

Sover. So that we call as worldwide web. So Tim Berners using HTML URL HTML. So

language now website HTML. So URL URL uniform resource locator uniform resource locator

students. So, https http/www.google.com google.com. So, httpcoltocol

wwwide system.comlique resource for the web page. Okay. So

1990 worldwide web developed worldwide using HTML. So HTML language in the code

so URL okay for the web pages. So 97 students first version of Wi-Fi standard was

introduced. Wi-Fi standard 1997 first version of Wi-Fi was introduced. So evolution of network.

So 1961 next. Okay. So network

concept types of networks network. So concept how many types of networks we

will understand. So MCQ and one of

students types of network. So geograph.

So next concept types of network types of network. So first point based on the geographical

area covered and the data transfer rate computer networks are broadly classified as. So

types of network. So first type PAN. So PAN personal area network

Bluetooth. So Bluetooth short distance. So long distance. So personal area network first type of

network. So second type local area. So buildings

metropolitan area network example cable TV networks cable TV networks

spread around the city. So networking metropolitan area network last type wide area network wide area

network. So lands multiple local area networks multiple local networks multiple owners. So one local network

we'll get wide area network we call it as common wide area network. So networking type

of network local area network. So first personal area network. So

personal area network. So first point it is a network formed by connecting few personal devices like

computers, laptops, mobile phones, smartphones, printers. So personal area connects

laptop. So laptops, mobile so comput all these devices within an approximate

range of 10 m. 10 network may be wired USB cable between phone and computer

system USB. So short distance you are establishing the communication with the system. So wireless or wireless

Bluetooth between smartphones. So Bluetooth wireless. So Bluetooth connect it is a wireless networking

so it is a network formed by connecting personal devices

we need the distance okay.9 examples and wireless. Okay. So next

students local network local. So now devices local network.

So local network Bluetooth between the smartones. So smartphone

Bluetooth next type of network. So next students

next type of network local area network. So local network. So next type of network local network

it is a network that connects computers, mobile phones, tablet, printers placed at limited distanceap

But limited distance. Okay. So the geographical area covered by land can range from a single room a

floor an office having one or more buildings in the same premise school or college. So

local network network system. So system

we establish the network only up to a limited range. The range is typically 1 km. So up to 1

kilome. Okay. So next point local uses cables fiber optics or Wi-Fi for connection. So

communication wireless. Okay. So some of the features include

high speeded data transfer varying from 10 mbs to,000 mbs. So building 1 km and data transmission rate. Okay. So 10

Mbps 2,000 Mbps is the data transmission rate. Okay. So next point

LAN is comparatively secure as only authentic users in the network can access other computers or shared

resources like printers. So local only authentic users. So you cannot steal the data. So

secure the land local authentic users. Okay. So local

students it is a network used for connecting devices again within a limited distance. So range is 1

km. So 1 km high speed limited number of computers connect.

Okay. So authent already wired in the wireless

cable. So now connect establish. Okay. So cables optical fiber optics

network through the LAN network. Okay. So students

fiber optics wired communication. Okay. So

local area network. So metropolitan network area network. So metropolitan area network is an

extended form of land which covers a larger geographical area like a city or town. So

second point note students data transfer rate in man also ranges in Mbps but is considerably less as compared to land.

So land data transfer rate. So 100 Mbps data transmission rate but it is covering the entire area.

So metropolitan area network cable TV network or cable based broadband

internet services are examples of man. So cable TV network it spans the entire area entire area cable TV network. So

the entire network is uh through the area. Okay. So this kind of network can be

extended up to 30 to 40 km. So 30 to 40 km. So cable TV networks it is an example of

metropolitan area network. So the city span. So cable TV network. So cable TV network is a system that delivers

television signals to homes through the coaxial or optical fiber cables instead of over the air. So

it'll come like this. So coaxable television signals correct to all the homes.

So 30 to 40 networks. So local area networks. So 1 km

personal area network just up to 10 m. So metropolitan area network wide area network. So wide area network

multiple connect. So we get wide network it spans the entire country networks.

So networks through the entire city network. Okay. So last type of network. So that

is wide area networks. So wide area network. So wide area network. So wide area network.

So wide area network connects computers and other lands and mans which are spread across different geographical

locations of a country or different countries or continents. So networking different countries continents spread

it's not just limited to one place one place local network and different

spread all over the country all over the continent different countries. So it is an example of wide area networks on the

LTV. Wide area network could be formed by connecting a LAN to other lands through wired or wireless media. So

local network systems local network

systems systems network local network system local network So multiple lands. So multiple lands

join multiple local networks join. So one ownership. Okay. Just single

ownership. So multiple lands. So one network. So multiple lands.

So wide area network is owned by multiple organizations. We do just one person. So different lands different.

So it is owned by multiple organizations owned by multiple organizations. So just one organization.

So it is owned by different persons. So multiple lands is owned by different persons. So organizations

it is owned by multiple organizations. So different organization own. Okay. So multiple lands.

So wide area network. Okay. Example of wide area network. So the internet is the largest one that

connects billions of computers, smartphones and millions of lands from different continents. So billions of

computions of laptops different

we call it wide area network. So differences local network differ. So abbreviation first difference LAN

local network wide area network local area network spans up to 1 kilome maximum wide area network. So entire

country, entire continent. So faster interesting local network local network.

So data transmission rate error error clearance detaction differ I think

types of networks explain different types of networks. So very simple personal area network just

connecting your personal devices within 10 m range. So local network local network is establishing the network

establishing communication within a building one building one room floor on the entire college school if you

establish the area local area network we call it as LAN so building so we call it local area network so local network

up to 1 km range metropolitan area network 30 to 50 km

So cable TV network last type wide area network. So it spans the entire country it is by connecting multiple local

networks. Multiple local networks connect wide area networks. Okay. So two types of networks.

Okay. So next concept network devices. Okay. Okay.

So next concept network devices. So network devices

different network. So first to establish communication in a network various hardware devices are

used. So between two network here's a breakdown of key devices. So

first so first is modem. So analog signals

it converts the digital data to analog signals. So zeros and

datigital data it is converted into analog signals. Digital data analog signals. So

okay deodulator first modem stands for modulator

demodulator. So modulator demodulator modulator demodulator. So I it refers to

a device used for conversion between analog signals and digital bits. So it is used for conversion. So analog

signals digital bits digital bits. Okay. So we know computers store and process data

in the form of zeros and ones. Computcess in the form of digital bits zeros and

ones. So however to transmit data from sender to receiver or while browsing the internet digital data are converted to

analog signals. Okay. Zeres data system

analog signal data. This modulator will convert the digital

data to analog signals. Analog signals convert. Okay. So

the modem at the senders sender message acts as a modulator that converts digital data to analog signals. So

digital signals for analog signals telephone line can understand only

analog signals line analog signals. So the modem at the receivers end acts as a demodulator message.

So analog signals systems message system analog

that converts analog signals into digital data or the destination node to understand. So analog

so it'll convert it back to digital bits. Okay. So

basically so analog signals so

students mobile phones digital signal digital datcess

So telephone analog signals again.

So demodulation demodulation. So receiver

again analog signals digital receiver system to analog analog to digital signals

analog signals. So first type of networking device that is modem

networkable cables. So the type of networking device

Ethernet card. So Ethernet card Ethernet card. So Ethernet card network interface card also called as network

interface card is installed in computers to enable wired networking. So system wired networking wire network

interface. So through the wire network. So it acts as interface between computer

and the network. It is a circuit board mounted on the motherboard of the computer. So motherboard

network interface card Ethernet card motherboard. So motherboard so motherboard is also

called as printed circuit board. So lower class motherboard CPU. So motherboard also printed circuit board.

So PCB printed circuit board. So motherboard network.

Okay. So each NIC has a unique MAC address to identify the device on the network.

So laptop. So media access control address to identify the system

address. So address MAC address manufacturing.

Okay. So address manufactur for using Ethernet cables. Ethernet card

has to be installed on the system. system computer network.

So system address system So students open. So command prompt

IP config IP config /all so IP address

okay different system

so data transfer from 10 Mbps to 1 GB gabs per So 10 MB

data transfer rate using the Ethernet card. Okay. So wired network

to identify the system. system. Okay. So, next connected to the network using anet

cable. So, it should have already been installed. Okay. So,

already manufactur. Okay.

Okay. So, what is the third networking device sir? So networking device RJ4

connect we call as RJ45 networking device

RJ45 register jack 45 is an 8 pin connector that is used exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking already.

So I think diagram local network local

device local network through internet connection

using the cable. Okay. So, so I think RJ45

it is a standardized interface that is seen at the end of network cables. Ethernet cable end.

Basically, there are plastic plugs that fits into RJ45 jacks of Ethernet cards. So basically

so end to connect the cable. So RJ45 register 45. Okay. So networking device

45. So network device. So so next device repeater.

So students once device signal loss possibilities. Okay. So

device repeater. So data are carried in the form of signals over the cable. So cables data. So

in the form of signals these signals can travel over a specified distance usually about 100 m.

So through the wires

okay so signals lose the strength beyond this limit and become weak. So after 100 signals

so regenerate device. Okay. So you know the repeater is used to regenerate or rebuild weak or

lost signals thereby ensuring they travel along they travel long distance without getting corrupted.

So signals reboost. So long distance long without any loss.

Okay. So next a repeater is an analog device that works with signals on the cables to

which it is connected. So repeater analog device it works with the signals. So signals

on the cables to which it is connected. So cables. Okay. So

network device. So first that is repeater. Okay. So next device next

device is a hardware device used to connect several computers together throughout

wires. So so broadcast incoming data to all the connected devices

incoming data to all the connected device. A system

message A message actually message.

Okay. So broadcast the incoming message to all

the connected devices. Okay. So next point note. So limitation if multiple data packets

arrive simultaneously they collide. So multiple confusion.

Okay. So one message. Okay.

Multiple data packets. drawbacks. So next device.

So next device that is switch. So switch. Okay. So network

forwards data intelligently to the correct device using MAC address. So switch network device

forward. Okay. So it extracts destination address when data arrives. extract destination.

Okay. So used to connect multiple communication devices multiple devices. Okay. So doesn't forward signals which

are noisy as sender to resend. signals. Okay.

The information it ask the sender to resend the information. So advantages

data signal okay so doesn't forward signals which are noisy

asks sender to resend so So send

multiple devices. Okay. So, next point more secure and efficient

compared to hubs. Authentic users and authentic.

So data loss possibilities. Okay. So used in homes and offices to create landset

device. Okay. So switchable connect.

So switch networking device. Okay. and advantages of

correct. Okay. So network device next device. So next device

networking device routers. So router node. So, Wi-Fi routers

Wi-Fi router router is a network device that can receive data, analyze it and transmit to other networks. So, data

analyst. Okay. So, so connects different networks including

land to the internet. So different networks different router. Okay. So next point next point.

So router compared to hub or switch a router has advanced capabilities as it can analyze the data being carried over

a network decide how it is packaged and send it to another network of a different type.

Router advanced capabil. So switch alreadyaper compared to the switch and hubs.

So next point a router can be wired or wireless. router wireless.

So a wireless router can provide Wi-Fi access to smartphones and other devices. So routers routers wireless. So

obviously smartones. So basically so advanced capabil

routers compared to the switch and hubs. Okay. So already

I think wireless router. Okay. So router concept last networking device

gateway. So gateway node. So what is gateway? So last networking device gateway

network. So explain gateway and explain four points.

Answer. So gate it is used to establish communication between dissimilar networks and the healthy dissimilar

network. So India protocols. So country foreign countries protocols and rules dissimilar

networks we need gateway. Okay. So gateway. So gateway acts as a gate between local

network and the outside world and allows communication between two different networks. So two different networks

communication establishment we are using gateway building

it is restricted network different okay so next All incoming and outgoing data passes

through the gateway entry point and exit point. Now data send always it goes through the gateway.

It goes out of the gateway. Okay. So if a node from one network wants to communicate with a node of a foreign

network, it will pass the data packet to the gateway which then routes it to the destination using the best possible

route. So foreign network So next it may be implemented using software hardware or both. So gateway we

can implement using software devices hardware devices. So last point example your internet

service provider acts as a gateway to the internet service. gateway

from the local network. Local network outer network. So it acts as a gateway. So entry point and exit point between

the inner and outer networks. So students network devices. Okay. So

router and gateway. So any CD. Okay. So

next concept topologies. So topologies. So topologies. So fifth concept networking topologies.

Devices already types of networks LAN. So important. So topies arrangement of computies.

So topologies concept networking topologies network topies. So topologies definition

topology is the arrangement or layout of computers or devices in a network. So data flow

through the use of topology. So next point it determines how devices are interconnected and how data flows. So

data flow. Next point common network topologies are so common

mesh topology ring topology bus topology star and tree topology I type of topology mesh

ring bus star and tree. So different. So multiple devices.

So topology advantages. So robust and data transmission

devices. So one topology mesh topology first. What is mesh topology? So mesh topology.

So point one in this topology each node is connected to two or more nodes. Two or more than two nodes. So more than two

system multiple systems such a network can handle large amount of traffic since multiple nodes can

transmit data simultaneously. So advantages one system so it has the capability to handle the

data trafficapility systems. So

so also such networks are more reliable in the sense even if one node goes down it does not cause any break in the

transmission of data between other nodes. So advantage

break. Okay. point this topology is robust provides security and privacy as each

cable between two nodes carries different data secure and privacy as each cable between

two nodes. So wiring different. So one data.

Okay. So two different datas will carry two different datas. So

okay overall the cost of this network is too high and wiring is too complex. So

wiring mesh topology. Okay. So mesh topology topology.

So mesh topology one system multiple systems. So one system.

So wires each wire carries different data. So different.

Okay. So data loss possibility and one system.

So network breakdown so multiple systems network breakdown. Okay. So mesh

topology is two three points one node is connected to more than two nodes. One system is connected to two or more

nodes. So advantages advantage it is more secure and robust. So each cable carries different data. drawback

it is costly and wiring length. Okay. So type of topology. So second type of topology is ring topology. Okay. So ring

topology systems. Okay. So ring topology

in ring topology each node is connected to two uh two other devices one each on either side that loops in a ring or

circle. So one system loop one system

so one system in the ring topology. So a ring topology is a circle that has no start or end.

Starting pointwise anticlockwise equal.

So data accepted from one node transmitted to the other. So data one

so data travels in one direction from one node to node around the ring. So uned

three systems. So A clockwise direction.

Okay. So unology system. So

B system advantages are short cable length. Not much wiring is required. Each client has

equal access to resources. So wiring so not much wiring is required short cable length. So cable length

between the nodes each client has equal opportunity to access the resources. So advantages of the ring topology each

client has equal access to resources. Okay. So drawbacks ring top drawbacks are one node failure causes the entire

network failure. So already a cult. Okay. So ring topology.

So drawbacks one system and difficult to diagnose false. So okay so ring topology one system.

Okay. So important point. So multiple clients. So client

client B C B C D. Okay. A

so either system. Okay. So

I think topology. So bus topology discuss. So topology topology topology.

So advantages drawbacks. So bus topology all nodes are connected to the linear cable. So,

so in the bus topology network every workstation is connected to the main cable called the bus. So just one

wiring. So data sent from one node data sent from a

node are passed onto the bus and hence are transmitted to the length of the bus in both directions. That means data can

be received by any of the nodes connected on the bus. So students connect

system. So example A to B

already. Okay. So, drawbacks of topology. Okay. So I to

next point note next point in this topology a single backbone wire called bus is shared among the nodes which

makes it cheaper and easier to maintain. So bus topology advantages. So cheaper and easy to maintain

cable breaks main. So difficult to identify the problem. Okay. So

advantages multiple systems. Okay. So topology

students. Next typeology. Start topology. So start topology. Start topology. Topology. Start

topology. So in this type of topology all the computers are connected to the single hub or switch throughout the

cable. So start topology already. So this hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the all all

other nodes are connected to the central. So center center start topology. Okay. Start topology is

considered very effective, efficient and fast as each device is directly connected with a central device.

So multiple devices for But on the central hm

start network. So star top

drawbacks. Another advantage is no disruption to the network when connecting or removing devices and easy

to detect. So device and okay so next point drawbacks drawbacks

are it requires more cable length compared to bus topology single cable. So wiring

wiring compared to the bus topology next to any failure in the central networking device may lead to the failure of the

complete network. Okay. So students diagram advantages drawbacks.

So startology diagram. So startology. So one device next

and okay topologies last type of topology tree topology

topology it is a combination of two topologies topology topology characteristics combin

topology tree topology ology. So last type of topology

last type of topology is tree topology. Tree topology. So tree topology a hierarchical

structure combining two or more topologies mainly bus and star topologies

topologies combined mainly bus and star topies combin topology. Okay. So common in vans where

multiple lands are connected wide area networks. So multiple star topologies it is backed

by one cable multiple star topies. So suitable for large and scalable

networks. So large networks so

data reaches the centralized device first then travels to the branches and nodes. So centralized device

so it travels to the branches and nodes. So normal already.

So next advantage is network can easily be extended.

Okay. So it is supported by several software vendors. software

topology worldwide. So wide area network so it is also supported by the vendors.

So drawback drawback is it requires large cable length. So cable if main cable breaks entire network goes

down. So network starts

topology tree topology advantages and drawbacks.

So it can be easily extended. Okay. So drawbacks

it is important explain network with diagram.

So next concept next concept. So identifying nodes in a network communication. So identifying nodes in a

network communication. So nodes system network system and IP address. So

identifying nodes in aworked communication. Identifying nodes in a communication. So points so to ensure

data reaches the correct destination in network each node must have a unique identity. So the system

two main identifiers are used two main identifiers two main identifiers. So first MAC

address we call it media access control address. So MAC full for media access control address. So MAC address the MAC

address also known as physical or hardware address is the unique value associated with the network adapter

called NIC already engrave address manufacturers manufacturing

address already. So MAC address the MAC address is burnt on the NIC at

the time of manufacturing and thus it is permanent address and cannot be changed. So manufacturing

manufacturity okay next point. So each MAC address is 12digit hexadimal numbers of which the

first six digit contains certain manufacturers ID called organizational unique identifier 12 bit address

12 bit first six bits organization unit organizational unique identifier the organization unique identifier

so and the later six digit represents the serial number for uniquely identifying the device. So first six

digits organizational unique identifier organiz it is used to uniquely identify the

device. example students. So first digit organizational repeat system

number one device. Okay. So MAC address. Okay. So MCQ

full for media access control media access control address. So

system IP address. So IP address. So next type of identifier IP address

internet protocol address. So IP address. So IP address also known as inter internet protocol address is the

unique address that can be used uniquely to identify a node in the network. IP address.

So nodes system it can change if the device connects to

a different network. Home IP address

192.168.1.102 IP address. Okay.

So IP address so used to globally identify devices

over the internet. So device. Okay. So next point versions.

So IP address IP V4 IP V6 IP V4. So 32bit. So 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits. So 32bit address we call it

IPv4. IP V4. So IPv4 address allocate IPv4 addresses allocate. So now IPv4 version. Okay. So

versions. So versions first type IPv4 IPv4 32bit address written as four

decimal numbers separated by dots. So written as four decimal numbers separated by dots. Dots in the separate.

Correct. So example node 192.168.0.17. 0.1 178 IP address. So each part ranges from 0 to 255. So 0 in the 255 each part

range. So exceed. Okay. So limited to 4.3 billion addresses although there's more users on the internet. So 4.3

billion address IP4 version IP6

IP V6. So IP address. So next version IP V6 IP V6 128 bit

32bit 128 bit address. Okay. So written in eight groups of hexadimal numbers separated by group

example groups eight groups separated by

separate group. So 128 bits 128 bits group. So one group. So one group. So one group 16 bit 16. So 16 group 16

bits separated by the identifier identifying

different address. It is also called as hardware address. It is engraved to the NIC.

So it is unique for every device 12 bit digit. Okay. So coming to IP address. IP address but different IP

address. So different versions IPv4 4.3 billion support but IPv6. So 128 bit addresses me.

Okay. So students identifying nodes in a unique manner unique ways of identifying the nodes address. So MAC address and IP

address. Okay. So two possibilities. So two full IP4

IP V6 MQ. Okay. So identifying nodes in a network

communication. So next concept next concept. So next concept is internet web and internet of things. So

internet already IOT IoT already. So brief discuss

IOT internet of things. So the first discuss the internet. So globally connected global

interconnection of computers globally comput the internet is a global network

connecting billions of devices like desktop, laptops, smartphones, tablets, routers and smart application. So

billions of devices connect. So we call it as internet. So it is interconnecting all the devices

smartphone. So all the devices. So I next point. So these devices communicate using a

standardized protocols allowing data to travel around the world. Sovices. Okay. So next point next examples of

internet enabled devices internet enabled devices. So computers, printers, scanners.

So smart device already smart TV ACs, refrigerators, lights, fans, security cameras. So smartens.

So modern IoT devices, drones, smart vehicles, door locks, smartatched internet

examples of internet based devices, IoT based devices. So general examples. So I next point. So next point how is the

internet structured? Internet structure. So function concept. How is internet structured? Your device connects to a

modem or device already. The modem connects to a local internet

service provider. already service provider either BSLM internet service

provider connects to a national or regional network service provider networks

connect together to form the internet backbone regional national networks connect so it forms the backbone of the

So device it is connected to the modem modem in

the it is connected to the internet service provider. Internet service provider national and regional network

the national and regional networks. So many more regional networks connect it forms the backbone of the internet.

Okay. So internet. Okay. So I next concept. So the internet is multi-layered structure of

interconnected network. So internet it is multiple layers of interconnected networks.

Okay. So I next worldwide webide. So already now evolution worldwide web correct. So worldwide web. So it is a

collection of all the web pages. So it is a collection of all the web pages stored on the server.

Worldwide web worldwide web is a collection of interlin web pages and resources stored on the web servers and

accessed over the internet. So internet mukandra you're accessing the web pages correct. So invented by sir Tim

Bernersley in 1990 it allows users to share access and view content globally. So

gloide. So next concept worldide components component.

So next concept component key behind the web. So components.

So language develop HTML. So different. So concept.

So first HTML HTML hypertext markup language hypertext

markup language web pages language HTML language. So HTML structure

HTML tag body. So web page HTML language. Okay. So HTML

language used to create standardized web pages so that it can be read and understood by any computer. standardized

language so that okay next

component uniform resource identifier uniform resource locage different urban

identifier. So URL uniform resource locator okay uniform resource locator

every page every web page on the internet has a unique URL so different URL URL so you already know students

previous topics http so http hypertext transfer protocol so next component so http

worldwide web www W. So okay. So Google domain name.

So it is a domain.com. So worldwide worldwide generally

so last part of the URL. So URL protocol HTTP

HTTPS HTTPS HTTP hypertext transfer protocol

rules and it is a rule for web browser and server communication browser. Okay.

So, next component. So, example NCT website https www.ncrt.in/extbook

textbook.htm. So, so here www.ncrt ncrt.in is the domain name. So ncrt.nic.in

so individual web pages textbook.

Okay. So textbook. Okay. So example of

the URL uniform resource identifier uniform resource locator. Okay. So next component

another key. So HTTP HTTPS. So full for hypertext transfer protocol.

Just rules web browser HTTP. Okay. HTTPS.

So data loss and data protect. Okay. So a set of rules used by browsers and servers to communicate with each other.

HTTP. Okay. So, next point. HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP. HTTPS

data protection. Okay. Next point. So, internet is not equal to web. Confusion students.

So internet is a collection of interconnected networks globally connecting interconnecting the

systems together. Global network of interconnecting computers. Computer interconnect

collection of web pages on the computers which are accessible through the internet

that is called as web. Okay. So okay. So concept

students internet web and internet of things. So concept lastcept Google

IP address numbers Google.com suppose 192 2 1.1 196.4

42 IP address. So IP address so example IP address so the domain

let's say NCRT website www.nrtn ntnic.

Okay. Last concept domain name system. So doain systems

the internet is a vast ocean wherein information is available in the form of millions of websites. So

information already thousands and millions of websites store.

So each website is stored on the server which is connected to the internet which means each server has IP address. So

worldwide web and separate IP address

IP address. So server separate IP address soar second point every device connected to

the internet has IP address so IP address okay so to access a website we need to enter it IP address on our

web browser so important point IP address google.com

you should know the IP address behind Google but IP correct so

but it is very difficult to remember the IP addresses of different website as there are in terms of numbers or strings

IP So instead of the IP address so next point it is easier to remember

names and therefore each computer server hosting a website is given a name against his IP address. So

IP address each computer server hosting a websiteverost.

So, so web server host. So, it is given a name against IP address. So, name IP address.

Correct. So, these names are called domain names or host names correspond to the unique IP address assigned to each

server. But now correct. So example it is similar to

phone book wherein instead of remembering each phone number a name is associated with the numbers

mobile numbers mobile numbers it is difficult to remember unless name associate. So it is

easier correct. So IP address instead of associating IP address to each website we replace them with the

domain names domain name system. So next so doain name systems some examples are so table display so ncrt

IP address ncrtnic.in domain name ncrt.nic.in

doain name IP address 16400.60.233

233. So search okay.nic associate IP address 16400.17.32.

So IP address we associated with domain names. Okay. Next point

DNS server DNS server DNS domain name system server that is DNS server. Okay. So

DNS server instead of remembering IP addresses we assign domain names to each IP

address. So one name but to access a web resource a browser

needs to find out the IP address. So web resource access IP address. Okay. So corresponding to

the domain name entered IP address. Okay. So DNS servers. So next point in conversion of domain

names of each web server to its corresponding IP address is called domain name resolution. So domain names

IP address mechanism. Now domain name resolution. Okay. It is done through a server called DNS server. So doain

resolution through the use of DNS server. Okay. So doain name server. So it is used for

resolving the domain names back to IP addresses doain name resolution. It is mainly done to the through the DNS

server. Okay. So next point. So DNS server DNS server important

URL in your browser. So doain www.ncrt.nic.in type. Next process your browser contacts

DNS server to find the IP address. So browser DNS server ntnic so browser

DNS server NCTnic the DNS server replies with the correct

IP DNS servers IP address your browser uses the IP to retrieve the

web page browser internally Google we call it as DNS server working. So one

browser will send the request to the DNS server DNSP IP address.

Okay. So DNS server working types of network five marks LAN van man and PAN networking devices

topologies main topologies types of devices network devices and network types. So important

topology bus star mesh topology topology. So topology types important so

identifying nodes address IP address IoT definition. So lastly

DNS server exercise problems exercise problems. So exercise problems first question expand

the following. So already evolution of comput advanced research project agency

network. Correct. Arpanet advanced research project agency network. It was funded by US Department of Defense.

Networking start correct. So media access control. Correct. Next to ISP internet service provider URI

uniform resource identifier. Correct. So full forms MCQL. So full forms. So answers note aret advanced research

project agency network media access control MAC internet service proer ISP uniform resource identifier is your URI

correct. So next question expand the following mention any two advantages of using

network of computing devices. So 100 systems. So

all the systems of using networks correct. So I answer sharing of hardware resources like

printers and storage. So storage if in the network. Correct. So I next point. So communication and data

exchange among the users and systems data in the network and data send and retrieve. Correct. So advantages of

networks. Okay. So next question. So next question. differentiate between LAN and WAN. So

LAN and WAN differentiate. So either two three points LAN local area network wide area network local area network it is

connecting devices within a particular building or within a floor or within a room. So range 1 kilometer wide area

network it is spanning to different countries continents. So internet example of the wide area

network. So data transmission rate. So data transfer

network. Okay. So network.

So differences local area network covers a limited area like room, office or campus. It offers

high speed data transfer less errorrone. So error local network wide area network covers large geographical areas like

countries or continents. So large country wide area network. So it connects

multiple lands and mans higher chances of signal loss noise as it spans long distances. So data one network local

network foreign network signal loss possibility. So data loss possibility slower data transfer speed. So speed

systems so data transfer rate compared to the LAN. Okay. So students

doubts questionscept concepts.

So doubts