Understanding Public and Global Health: Key Concepts and History

okay all right welcome back class um so now we're actually gonna get into

more of the like interesting stuff we're gonna get into what Global health is um and kind of explaining what public

health is uh it's all uh it's all really cool stuff um so here we go so before I begin we're

going to talk a little bit about definitions terminology things like that just the Bare Basics of understanding

Public Health so we have two definitions here we have public health and then we have Global

Health um and public health comes from the CDC website it is the science and art of

preventing disease prolonging life and promoting Health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society

organizations public and private communities and individuals um so it's basically you know

preventative measures prophylactic measures um

you know anything that involves someone's health and well-being right now global health is

um the collaborative transnational research and action for promoting health for all so basically you're taking that

idea of Public Health and you are putting it onto a global scale um

and that's really just the difference between the two um this has been something that a lot of

my classes have struggled with and I'm telling you now will come up on so many of your quizzes it will be on your exam

um so these three terms are so important um you just have to know them um also it's just important to because

you know when talking to people about these things especially if you've taken a

public health course and if you know something about public health these are really important to know the

difference so the first is an epidemic what is an epidemic an epidemic is a widespread

occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time so for example we have something like the flu

season so you know within the months of say like what like October through like February March or something like that

um there's a flu epidemic right but this doesn't always mean um you know

like the flu we think of it as like recurring over and over each year um but really it's because it's a

different strain so um when you think of an epidemic it doesn't it's not something that keeps happening

it it happens at one specific point in time so for example

um you know uh trying to think of a good one but

um you know ah

um you know when there was that uh issue years and years ago I was in my master's program

and there was a measles um epidemic within uh one of the Jewish communities

like in Brooklyn one of the very um like Orthodox religious communities in Brooklyn so

um it was kind of in that one little area where people were not vaccinated and measles was spreading like crazy

um and it was for a particular period of time it was for a few months and then kind of like transmission slowed and

things got a little bit better that would be considered an epidemic because it was a widespread occurrence in that

community at that time all right now then there's something called endemic

endemic is a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease permanently in a region so an example of this I like to

give is malaria in certain regions of um like Africa Haiti places like that basically

anywhere if I have any like nursing students in here or anyone who's like worked abroad anywhere that you've had

to take anti-malaria pills malaria is endemic to that region so

um what that means is that you know if you're in that area there is a possibility of getting that infection

right so um it's not you know like say if you went to Brooklyn today you wouldn't really be concerned about

getting measles right because it was an epidemic whereas if you go to Haiti or if you go to certain parts of Africa

um you know you would be considered you would be uh concerned with getting malaria if you weren't taking

anti-malarial pills and that's kind of how it's been for years right um you know so that's kind of more of

something that is a continual thing um and you know there's different diseases and different uh parts of the

world that are endemic to a region um you know but the most common one is uh malaria

and then you have a pandemic we all know what a pandemic is at this point um but it's important to know the

difference between an epidemic and an epidemic something that is endemic and something that causes a pandemic and a

pandemic is an event in which a disease spreads across several countries and affects a large number of people so

basically the difference between an endemic and a pandemic is that an endemic is in one specific region so as

I mentioned it's certain areas of Africa it's um you know in Haiti but it's not it

hasn't like you know there's only certain areas of the Dominican Republic which is like right next to Haiti that

um you know you worry about malaria so you know there is there's different um you know a pandemic is you're worried

about getting this anywhere it is like over several countries right it is like kind of everywhere

as an endemic is certain regions um you know so like I said if you're in Haiti you're you know you're worried

about malaria once you get over into the Dr you're a little bit less worried right so that's why it's endemic and not

a pandemic all right so now we're going to get into some

history um I like to start off my class with a little bit of background of

um you know public health and Global Public Health I think we have a really rich history and a lot of people don't

understand or don't really know um how long Public Health has been going on and how far we've come and really

just what public health is so it's important to note here that before you know we use the term Public

Health uh we actually used Public Health practices

um so this right here interestingly enough um this and this kind of shows uh how

like multi-faceted public health is and how you can really apply Public Health to a whole range of different career

Fields this picture up here was found on a civil engineering website and the lesson that they were planning for the

day was introduction to Highway engineering and I'll explain in a minute why this has to do with Public Health

so um this picture up here is uh in the Indus Valley um which is in north of India

um about 4 000 years ago uh this one right here right um

which is about like 2000 BC right and around that time what they did is they planned uh they planned their kind

of City Construction in rectangular blocks um and they used bathrooms and drains

um or or I guess we knew that they used bathrooms and drains because of the

excavated buildings that we found now what we kind of learned from these uh like buildings and these excavations is

that there were drains that were laid two feet or less below the level of the

street and that's what caused Water Sanitation so you can see like this is the main road there was like a central

business area and all of like the kind of Water Sanitation kind of went into this

little build up area to keep the streets clean um

this way you're not like stepping in excrement and such um and you know as simple as that sounds

that is a public health practice because um you know as we're all aware um poor sanitation can cause people to

be very very sick I mean you have things like cholera you have so many waterborne diseases

um so many diseases that go through the oral fecal root it's it's a whole thing and we'll be talking about like oral

fecal roots and different ways to get diseases in a later lesson but just know that I mean we're all

aware cleanliness is Next to Godliness right yeah

um okay all right um and now one that you all are very

probably familiar with uh quarantine um so the term quarantine actually originated in the 14th century now today

we all think of quarantine looking like this right but back in the 14th 14th century looked a

little bit more like this so what is quarantine what does it mean like what's going on what are you

talking about Professor Trabuco so the word actually breaks down um in Italian

um and giorni um so uh cuaranta is 40. grni is days so

quarantine is 40 days um so basically the practice of quarantine began again in the 14th

century um in uh in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague epidemics one of the

biggest ports and where it really originated this idea of quarantine was in Venice where ships were arriving to

Venice and they didn't want people on these ships to come out into the public during like the plague pandemic that

they had um you know they're like I don't know where you've been I don't know if

there's anybody with the plague on board so what they did was they would actually

put the they would keep the ships at Port for 40 days no one was allowed to leave until those 40 days were up and

then they were allowed into the city um and uh yeah so they sat anchored for 40 days before landing

um and uh yeah it basically it protected coastal cities from plague epidemics um and you know the the ships were

anchored before landing so um it was really really interesting uh and

kind of a neat way that they it was like their own kind of way of keeping their area safe right

um from uh disease so just be glad that we have TV and internet and we're not stuck on a smelly

ship with like people who haven't brushed their teeth and God knows how long

we were lucky all right um so now going a little bit further in

history so if you couldn't tell we're kind of where we started at a 2000 BC we went to the 14th century now we're in

1768 to 1779. um and we're talking about Captain Cook now Captain James Cook was a British

Explorer a navigator and a captain of the British royal Army uh British royal Navy sorry

um he was famous for three voyages that he made um and these voyages were between

1768 to 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and in Australia in particular now during this time that he was on

these expeditions someone called scurvy was like super popular

um they called it the plague of the sea and scurvy killed an estimated 2 million

Sailors over the course of um what they call the age of sale Argos um and

so just just to give you an idea of how deadly this disease was another very

famous uh Navigator Voyager at the time Vasco de Gama I'm sure you guys have heard of him you know all the way back

when you were in elementary school and they taught you about all these people who sailed ships that you don't know how

to pronounce their names well Vasco de Gama um he lost two-thirds of his crew to

um to to scurvy um while making his way to India in 1499 and then Magellan another big name now

we know because the GPS um he lost about 80 percent of his crew crossing the Pacific in 1520 uh you know

due to scurvy whereas Captain Cook had five cases of scurvy reported

um like over the entire amount of time that like in throughout these three voyages

five cases and no one died um which is pretty cool pretty amazing

like let's go Captain Cook um so

what causes scurvy why is this like what's going on well and and why specifically like people who

are on ships none of this makes sense well there's a few reasons so first we want to look at why sailors

so the first was sailor conditions they were crowded you were off land for a very long period

of time and their diet consisted mainly of saltport which I really don't know what that is I tried looking it up if

somebody like figures it out please let me know because I would love to like add that to my uh to my lecture but I I've

looked it up I cannot figure out what saltport is something that people on ships used to

eat I guess biscuits that kind of look like hardtack you know kind of

stale and stuff and grog which is basically Spirits watered down so you know yo ho ho and a

bottle of rum splash some water in there and you're good um

so that was their routine diet now it

how did how exactly did um

cook Captain Cook you know kind of figure out like hey we want to make sure these guys don't get scurvy well he

actually was an Avid Reader so he uh found the 400 page Treatise on scurvy which was written in 1753 by James Lind

so that's a picture of James Lind um now he joined the British royal Navy in 1738 he was a surgeon's mate and he

retired in 1748. he had this theory that scurvy was a disease of uh of faulty digestion and

um uh and that the cause of it was bad air um we'll talk a little bit more about

that later um diet no exercise and it was exacerbated by the environment

so tea um he actually did some experiments he

actually did like actual research um and you know what

looking at it by today's standards it's not it's not great but for the time I mean hey he had control groups he was

yeah so he looked at 12 Sailors with scurvy scurvy he had two Sailors in each treatment

group again I mean that's that's pretty good you know like he had different treatment

groups like you know he did a full a full workup um

and he tried to limit confounders um so basically he tried to get like guys who were similar right you know

height weight whatever I don't know so he had two uh two people per treatment

group first treatment group um got one liter of cider second treatment group got 25

milliliters of diluted sulfuric acid why I don't know the third treatment group got uh 18

milliliters of vinegar three times a day the fourth treatment group got a half a pint of seawater

again I don't know why he chose these things the fifth group got

two oranges and one lemon for six days and the last group got a medicinal paste of garlic mustard seed and dried radish

and of course as we're all aware now the best out of all treatment groups was the group that got the oranges and the

lemons um and so from this he wrote his whole tree

to see on scurvy um so Captain Cook looked at this and was like

huh I mean he did some research I like the looks of it why not employ it right you

know better than doing nothing well what's interesting is that

I mean as rudimentary as his uh research was there are actual scientific reasons why

that made sense why it worked um so you know it all has to do with like a

lack of vitamin C so when when Captain Cook read this he decided

to um you know keep a regimen of cleanliness fresh air and

anti-scorbidic anti-scorbitic diet and so this diet came from uh James Lind and so

this diet consisted of um things like sauerkraut wart of malt carrot marmalade concentrated

um you know just like orange concentrate lemon juice and among like other you

know things that were good for vitamin C right and he encouraged Sailors to

um you know identify edible plants that may fight scurvy um he also added fresh vegetables and

fruits to the ship's food supply and so you know he he really like he made sure that they had

something that was like anti-scurvy um once daily uh you know at least it was offered to his you know the the

Shipmates right um and so

you know and not all the solutions were popular or understood um you know after cook had ordered

sauerkraut served daily um at what they called the cabin table uh you know some of the reluctant

Sailors uh you know would eat it and things like that they'd be like I don't want to do this but you

know no one got scurvy so they kind of got a little bit happy about that um

and so you know it was they found out that he did a good job

um he had a rigid enforcement of diet and cleanliness and it was a huge accomplishment that he only had five

cases within like his three voyages that was like wild for the time um so thank you James Linden thank you

Captain Cook like you guys are rock stars how cool right um so the last guy that we're going to

be talking about on this uh page we have some other guys a little bit later I know they're all guys I don't like it

there needs to be a woman in there somewhere sorry but there should be

maybe I'll try to work on that for other classes um

next side is really cool uh but you know what there is some women Healthcare in here so like there's something women

forward um ignis Semel wise um he is this him right down here little

bald guy cutie patootie he was described as the savior of mothers and so of course this

is something that I'm super uh excited to tell you guys about because I have such a passion for uh childhood maternal

health um but basically

back when summerwise was I don't know if he was a resident or if he was like I think he was a resident I

want to say he was a resident um there was something called childbed

fever that was like a big issue like so many mothers were dying of child bed fever now child bed fever

um it's also known as pupil fever or postpartum infections now remember at this time right now we are in the 1840s

germ theory has not started yet we don't know that bacteria is a problem we don't know that viruses exist none of those

little creepy crawlies under the microscope we cannot see any of them we don't know that they are there

um so just keep that in mind so childbed fever now known as postpartum infection is a bacterial infection in the female

reproductive tract following like within 24 hours of childbirth um and you know a lot of these symptoms

are kind of drastic so you can you get a fever of over 100.4 chills lower abdominal pain and then you

may get some like bad smelling discharge um so Weiss

he was a resident at two separate clinics we're going to kind of go through how he

how he became the savior of mothers so he was working at two maternity clinics

um that were in the Viennese hospital so you had two separate clinics same hospital system

the first Clinic you can see here in the pink had an average maternal mortality rate

of um like about 10 percent so if you kind of

average it up between those years between 1841 to 1846 generally roughly 10 percent

um they that was their maternal mortality rate due to

um childbed fever now the second one this blue line right here was considerably lower they had an

average of less than four percent maternal mortality rate due to childbed fever

and this fact was known outside the hospital um

now this was such an issue that women at the time literally

chose to birth their children outside of the hospital as opposed to inside the hospital because their chances of

survival was they in their eyes was higher um yeah and it was they couldn't have

children at home because then they couldn't like register them or something it was like this whole thing where like

they wouldn't be like registered unless they were like near a hospital so like they wanted to give birth by the

hospital and then that way it was like they immediately went in

after having the baby and so then they could I don't know it was the whole thing

um but essentially these two clinics admitted uh on Alternate days um

so you know they were kind of alternating but women begged to be admitted to the second Clinic

because of the bad reputation of the first Clinic like it was it was very very bad

um you know uh summerwise actually described women being so desperate that they were begging on their knees not to

be admitted to the first Clinic um oh yeah yeah a lot of them who gave

birth on the streets um pretended to give like sudden birth on route to the hospital it was that

that bad um and this practice was known as Street births it was like crazy yeah and this way they would qualify for

child care benefits without having to be admitted to the clinic now Samuel Weiss was like all right

how is it that these clinics are literally right next to each other you have the same people working there

um you know and the like amount of deaths are wildly different and also looking at it as well

he noticed that women who gave who had Street births also had lower percentages of death he

was like this makes no sense um and you know he's even quoted with

saying quote to me it appeared logical that patients who experienced Street births would become ill at least as

frequently as those who delivered in the clinic what protected those who delivered outside the clinic from these

destructive unknown endemic influences so that was the big mystery the two clinics used the same techniques

um and some always started kind of eliminating the differences you know like religious practices and things like

that um so there was a lot of like okay like what

are we doing different makes no sense so what was the difference also just a little note here that it

also couldn't be overcrowding because the second Clinic was always more crowded because

people knew they weren't going to die there right um so he eliminated that as a cause

um all right so

I'm gonna pose this to all of you men included I want you to think here uh I know you you guys don't give birth but

at least think of if you are having a surgery all right we'll just we'll just go that with that right

so here's the first Clinic the pink one that we were looking at so you had um residents so you know they would go

to the morgue do their resident things

um you know see patients whatever and then like right from there they would go and deliver a baby

whereas the second Clinic they used midwives and midwives would just go from delivering one baby to

delivering another baby now families

had this breakthrough in 1847 after the death of his good friend um his friend had accidentally been

poked with a student scalpel while performing a post-mortem examination so the friends autopsy showed a

pathology that was similar to the women who were dying of child bed fever and so Samuel Weiss was like wait a

second how is it that one of my dudes here right has a similar

pathology to someone who's dying of child bed fever something's not adding up

so he was like wait a second there's a connection here there's a connection between

the cadaver contamination and childbed fever so he proposed that medical students and really anyone in you know

the hospital especially if they're delivering babies um

you know make sure to keep their hands clean because they were carrying cadaverous

particles on their hands from autopsy room to the patients that they examined in the

obstetrics Clinic and this explained why the midwives in the second Clinic who were not engaged

in autopsies had no contact with corpses and saw a lower mortality rate so he is someone who really got the ball

rolling with hey wash your hands you filthy animals um

yeah so he was he was the one who was like yo wash your hands before going to you know see a patient keep your like

scalpels clean we don't want to use the same ones on a cadaver as a child as like someone giving birth which I know

to us now is like well duh um but back then it was like a huge breakthrough it was like an aha moment

it was like whoa okay um now the big like the big Public Health

guy that we all talk about like number one over here is Jon Snow the pioneer of public health

research not not that one that one

this Jon Snow all right so who is this Jon Snow um

so Jon Snow was um

he lived in London in around 1854. so in London in 1854 there was a cholera outbreak this is what cholera looks like

um yeah and the current knowledge of diseases at

the time in 1854 was that diseases were spread through miasma otherwise known as bad air we

kind of touched on that before there's some photos of bad air uh like miasma um and like this is kind of like what

they kind of show it's like that dark like soot kind of air and like that's what they thought

caused people to go sick so like rotting substances smoke all that kind of stuff is what caused the air to go bad and

then the bad air caused sickness interestingly and this is a fun fact that you guys can whip out at parties

um interestingly this idea of my asthma is what has caused uh the very very famous plague doctor like look so um it

was only like one or two uh like Physicians who did this um but uh this is like an iconic look

now um where you see you have this beak while

the beak actually uh inside had like dried flowers and like good smelling things to prevent

miasma um however

it actually did work because that beak caused the doctor like not to be close to the not to be close enough to the

patient to like actually get sick um so worked but not for the reasons that they expected it but that's why he

looks like that is because he that like big nose is like stuffed with like really

nice smelling things um so again fun facts full of them

so going back to Jon Snow um he was like I don't really believe in

this whole miasma thing he's like I don't know about this it can't just be my asthma that's

causing this like huge cholera outbreak so let's look at it from John's perspective

what did he know and what was his process so John wanted to look at the who what

when and where these are so important when doing like any kind of like detective work

um and you know what a lot of epidemiology research is detective work so first question is who is sick

the answer was pretty much everyone um but we're gonna kind of get a little bit into more specifics about that in a

second next question is what what are their symptoms

cholera their symptoms were cholera uh watery diarrhea nausea vomiting dehydration low blood pressure rapid

heart rate and unfortunately death um when did they get sick around the time period that he was looking at

um it was like currently ongoing right and then the where was the interesting part so

all of these um little black uh rectangles here are all the houses

that were um like hit with cholera and as you can tell

as you get closer and closer inwards you see a lot more cases popping up in this like Central

Area so this is another way of looking at it

these red dots are like where there were infections um and you know he was looking at a lot

of different um you know things that could have caused

people to get sick there was one thing that was you know kind of uh

stuck out so you see these blue things right here these are water pumps

and if you notice especially if we look at this and then once you add the water pumps to

the like diagram you'll notice that most of the like

most of the infections kind of all center around this one water pump um

so he ended up figuring it out that it was the Broad Street pump um that is what caused all of these

deaths he noticed that everyone who had had cholera or who had died from cholera all drank water from the Broad Street

pump now what what is so interesting about this pump

well researchers later discovered that this public well had been dug only three feet

from an old cesspit which began to leak fecal bacteria so basically the water got contaminated

um but Jon Snow figured it out it was pretty

cool so that was that was pretty exciting that's kind of like what we think of now

as like epidemiology it's like figuring that kind of stuff out like public health like let's do it you know very

exciting stuff yeah um

and like I don't know why this is like kind of going back to the 14th century but

we're gonna like kind of travel back to the 14th century like really really quickly and then we're gonna keep going

ahead so back in the 14th century um there were no formal organized Public

Health Systems so again it was before the terminology Public Health uh began and even with Jon Snow like he

wasn't given the name Pioneer of public health research until like a while later

but in 14th century Europe there was no formal system but there was like Administration that

worked on public health issues um these were called the municipal Council

um and basically their Public Health tasks would be assigned to one or two of the councilmen OR women I think women I

actually probably not it's fine and then that person would make a subcommittee

um and they were known for like in a bunch of different like you know names so like in England it was the aldermen

in Italy and Southern France it was consuls um in northern France and in the

Netherlands it was a word that I cannot pronounce um so you know it was pretty cool

now if you were thinking hey were these the people were these the same people who decided that quarantine was a good

idea yes so like whoa how cool right kind of Full Circle moment there no okay

um so what's interesting about these councils was that public health was not

carried out by physicians but it was carried out by the Layman Physicians were called in for special

cases like leprosy and things like that but no you didn't need a like health degree to be like working on public

health stuff and it's kind of the same for today you know we have garbage men um you know there's people who work in

the food industry um you know we have the FDA things like that like it kind of was the same idea

uh where they had people who were doing garbage cleanup people who you know made the rules people who were checking and

making sure that people were keeping up with the rules like pretty cool right

um so that was all kind of cool right so now we're gonna like just Skyrocket

forward into 1949. um where

prior to that there were holes in our like working system right um so okay

so after after the Civil War there were a ton of new factories like just popping up everywhere you know it

was the Industrial Revolution kind of stuff right um

so you know you had factories and these factories had like chemicals they had dust they had

um you know like a lot of unexplained hazards right and they had unexperienced and young

workers now in 1870 so I actually kind of that was before 1870 were skyrocketing in a

minute um so in 1870 the Massachusetts

Bureau of Statistics of Labor they urged legislation to do something about the lack of ventilation in a lot of these

factories because I mean you know there's like dust going around everywhere there's probably asbestos

going around everywhere there's everything going around everywhere right well it wasn't until 1877 that they

passed the first factory inspection law which is where like we had to have fire escapes and mandatory like guard rails

and things like that but there were holes in the system and Hazards continued to be uncontrolled because

they weren't really like checking it was like we had these laws but like no one was making sure that it actually

like did anything um and there were inadequate funds um

and the annoying thing is that the same legislature that was like yo you need fire escapes you need this you need that

also made it so that like the people who made these laws were not able to enter the factories to check because you know

like privacy laws and stuff makes no sense so in 1907

something huge happened there was um 362 coal miners in West Virginia

who ended up dying um and this completely shocked the nation

um you know because like coal was such a big industry back then so um you know having

362 coal miners die from like you know hazardous conditions was like whoa you know like hey my husband works in the

coal mine oh my God my husband works in the coal mines too yeah so three years later in 1910

they created the Bureau of minors to promote more security for the mines in 1915 they then created the national

Safety Council and then we're fast forwarding 10 1949 where workman's comp ended up being

adopted by every state now if you haven't worked in a full-time job or even a part-time job because like

you know like people that you know like Six Flags like bless glad we have workman's comp

it's a type of business insurance that provides benefits to employees who have like a work related injury or illness so

basically if you are injured on site or if like you have a hazardous working environment that causes you an illness

you are entitled to compensation problem is that this took a super long time to pass

because it was states rights so that was kind of the issue there [Music]

um yeah so let me just

oh um so these I kind of went a little bit ahead and I apologize here

um I don't know why the slides are set up like this don't worry about it um but these are just some pictures of

kind of the factories and like the working conditions up until like workman's comp and everything that I'm

talking about um so you know I'm sure like these are like iconic like the one on the right

iconic picture um you know you can see like no one's on a harness like if they just fall right

off they're dead um you know so you had a like hazardous condition of like

being high up you can fall very easily um you know chemicals uh we I'm gonna be talking about uh do I talk about it in

no I talk about it in my environmental health class um radium girls I believe I talk about

in my environmental health class yeah um so you know things like radium um or

up here um oh no not not up there over here um you know like dust of

um like cotton dust and things like that um you had a confusing jumble of belts pulleys and gears that inexperienced and

young workers like didn't really know how to use um you know in the 1870s and the 1880s

there were like a ton of tragedies that often struck unwary and unlucky people um you know there were like just a ton

of different issues um yeah and I believe I talk a little bit about the Triangle Shirtwaist fires

I want to say next class but I'm not sure um I think it's in

my big input environmental health too I don't know um so

that's kind of what these photos like this history is kind of why we needed all of these things

so let's shoot back up to uh 1949. question mark um

nope we're shooting up to 1970. uh you know usually when I have a class that I can actually interact with here I say

like hey does anyone know who this guy is and everyone's just like I don't know um and then I say like I'm Not a Crook

and then everyone says I don't know this is Richard Nixon um very hated president however

even bad people can do good things sometimes because

Nixon created the job safety law of 1970 um so like Go Nixon uh very strange but

you know what he's not my least favorite now um

and this job safety law gave the federal government the authority to set and enforce safety and health standards for

most of the country's workers which was a big thing because as industrial production grew after World War II

accidents also increased there was the new chemical Revolution that introduced chemicals to the environment and people

were starting to notice that there was a lot of harm um so in 1968 president Lyndon B Johnson

submitted an occupational health and safety Bill to Congress but it was opposed by Business Leaders so the next

year when Nixon was in office he introduced two bills and after a ton of negotiation

um OSHA was passed in 1970. um along with the job safety law and uh and he also created the epi

so we talked about the job safety law now what is Osha Osha is the occupational safety and health

administration um I have like their mission statement right here you can read it

um but it's basically just dedicated to setting and enforcing workplace health and safety standards

um so OSHA is like our big like like let's make sure that people are healthy where they work and spend like eight

hours a day like five days a week let's let's make sure that they're healthy doing that because you know people need

to put food on the table and also really shouldn't be in a condition where they they get sick from that right let's

let's not do that um he also created the EPA um so the Environmental Protection

Agency which is pretty darn cool um and so that uh like their whole thing

is that they're an independent executive agency of the United States federal government that is tasked with

Environmental Protection matters so pretty cool there was also the Safe Drinking Water

Act um that uh I don't have um like an actual date of that

um but there was also a Safe Drinking Water Act that came out and basically the Safe Drinking Water

Act um you know kind of like prevents or like it

it looks at our water supply and is like hey let's not contaminate it with chemicals

um you know um let's not like

um you know let's not dispose of stuff into our oceans let's kind of be aware of

pesticides um let's make sure that drinking water is safe from the tap

um you know things like that um so all of these photos like you know I have bed bugs here and molds and all

that nasty stuff those are all um you know environmental hazards um

and so that's kind of the stuff that you know we look at um and so when I talk about the um Safe

Drinking Water Act and this whole slide is just about emergency response um so this one I like to talk about

um it's the BP oil spill I think I saw somewhere I think in your book they call it something else like the

like golf oils but some something stupid like that but no like let's call it the BP

oil spill I want to I want to make sure that BP is forever known for this because they should be held accountable

so um this is uh so back somewhere in the early 2000s

um we had uh like this this oil rig that was like set up

um in the ocean um it was well it wasn't like Gulf it's

like yeah um and I guess like one of the pipes broke or something there was like a big

explosion and it was a whole thing and you can see like the oil um and it caused a lot of issues and the

EPA actually had to like go and help clean it up these are some of the like images that were like the big images

especially this one this poor Pelican um you know it it's something that the EPA

had to deal with um and luckily we have the EPA to help

clean stuff like this up um but these are the kind of issues that we're facing right now when it comes to

environmental health um is all like okay like it's great that we have the EPA to help you know with

emergency responses and things like that um but also like should we really be doing this

um so that's something to kind of keep in mind for our next um

for our next lecture I'm going to keep you guys on the hook for that next lecture we're

going to be talking about the dark history of Public Health and why that's important

to know and why that's important to keep um you know in the back of your mind when thinking about

public health and people's like perceptions of it and things like that um before I let you guys go

um I will uh just remind you that um you need to get in the introduction worksheet by next Friday that will count

as your first homework so make sure to do that it's the easiest 100 you'll ever get all right

um that being said uh have a great weekend and good luck with the rest of your

classes uh this week and I'm excited for another semester with you guys all right