Remember Everything You Read: The PACER Learning System

in this video I'll teach you a system for remembering everything you read study or learn I've been using the

system for the last 7 years starting from learning disease pathophysiology in medical school through to reading

research articles and learning science or reading books on productivity or business and the reason the system works

so consistently and so well is because it breaks down that process of reading into two distinct stages the first stage

is the consumption period and the second stage is the digestion

period most people think that by focusing on the first stage and consuming more information they'll be

able to therefore remember and apply more information so they focus on trying to read faster or watching lectures at

triple speed or binge listening to audio books or watching hours of YouTube tutorials but that is not how learning

works and once we understand how learning does work you'll see why my system is so effective you see when it

comes to remembering and applying information it's much less about what comes in to your brain and it's much

more about how much stays in your brain and that is what the second stage the digestion period is all about and it's

the part that is often neglected so teach you a system for mastering both of these stages which in turn increases

your Aurora retention as well as your ability to actually use the knowledge in the way that you need to but first we

need to ask ourselves is it even possible to remember everything you read and the short answer is no but here's

the secret trying to remember everything we read should not be the goal in the first place and we know this because of

a man who actually could remember everything this man's name is Kim Peak and his story is so crazy that Hollywood

made an entire movie about him Kim Peak was a mega genius and his memory was ridiculous he was able to memorize a

book with such perfect recall that after reading a book one time he would be able to write it out word for word with every

comma and full stop back to front he memorized so many maps and atlases that he could give you driving directions

between any two cities in the world and the path that he gave you was mentally calculated to be the shortest distance

now the reason K had such supernatural abilities is because of a very rare medical condition he had called FG

syndrome he was born with macroy which means he had a larger brain and he had no Corpus colossum which is basically

the bundle of neurons that connect both hemispheres of the brain together in scientists believe that because he

didn't have the normal pattern of neurons his brain adapted and developed Ved new connections to compensate which

I guess gave him like superhuman memory now I want you to imagine that both you and Kim Peak were about to sit the same

exam who do you think would do better and the answer is that it actually depends on the exam you see despite his

superhuman memory Kim Peak struggled with reasoning and problem solving which means that if the exam was at the junior

levels of schooling which often tests on the lower levels of of learning which involve a lot of memorization and recall

then Kim Peak would definitely win but if the exam was at a higher level like University or postgraduate where the

reasoning and problem solving the higher orders of learning are examined as a higher priority then you may actually

have the edge now for most of you listening probably using the knowledge you have consumed to reason and problem

solve is kind of the whole point of why you're trying to read and remember in the first place which basically means

that it is not enough to remember everything which is good because for most people that's not possible anyway

but it is possible to remember everything you need to remember in such a way that we can use that knowledge in

the way we need to and that is what the system that I'll teach you helps you to achieve so to start using the system we

have to understand that not all information is equal in fact I break down the information that I read into

five different categories using the acronym Pacer and it's important to be able to

identify which category the information you're reading to belongs to because for each category there are specific

targeted processes that then help you to deal with and manage that information more effectively and when we use the

wrong process for the specific category of information it makes remembering and understanding what you read much harder

much more timec consuming and much less effective and that you're more likely to forget what you read it also increases

the chance of you entering the passive mode of reading which is where you get to the bottom of a page and you can't

even remember what you just read so the system goes like this in the first part where we are consuming information we

want to identify which category what we are consuming belongs to using the Pacer acronym then during stage two we digest

what we have read using the targeted process for that category which takes the information and stores it in our

long-term memory through the process called encoding so let's go through Pacer together so that you can

accurately identify the category of information you're trying to remember the p and Pacer stands for

procedural and procedural information is any information that tells you how something should be executed for example

this is a book that I used during medical school that taught me about how to do a clinical examination like listen

to a heartbeat or take someone's blood pressure and a lot of the information in this book is about the correct technique

to perform the examination and some subjects and domains have a lot of procedural information some great

examples of this would be coding and languages the targeted process for working with with and mastering this

type of procedural information is practice the key is that you want to apply procedural information in real

life as early as possible a lot of people will spend time to read it and memorize it and write lots of notes

about it and then a week or two later they'll try to practice it but by then it's too late we've already forgotten a

lot of it and a lot of that time is just wasted instead as soon as you take that procedural information into your brain

try to apply it and practice it as early as you can now straight away we run into a problem with using this approach what

if we're reading something and we don't have time to practice it right now the answer is you either move on to

something else or you stop consuming anything and you wait until you have time to practice it but you do not waste

your time trying to just memor memorize it on the spot because here is the crucial part about learning that

everyone overlooks the two stages of consuming and digesting must always be balanced everything you consume must be

digested in order for you to retain and use it only when stage one is followed by stage two does learning actually

occur if we're reading something and we don't have time time to use the right process like practice then most people

will say oh well I don't have time right now I'm just going to get through as much of it as I can and they spend more

time reading and reading and essentially just consuming more and more but this is the learning equivalent of overeating

they haven't had a chance to digest it so they're just going to end up vomiting it all up again through the mental

vomiting process we call forgetting which is why for most people the amount that they forget after reading is

extremely high with some studies suggesting that up to 90% of what is consumed is forgotten

despite hours of consuming and if we're forgetting 90% of what we read rather than consuming more and taking time away

from the digesting it actually makes more sense to spend less time consuming and more time on the digesting and

processing this increases your retention with which therefore increases the amount of working knowledge you're able

to build so earlier I said what goes into your brain is less important than what stays in your brain and this

principle of balancing stage one consuming with stage two digesting is important not just for procedural

information but for every other category of PESA unfortunately stage two digesting is almost completely neglected

for the second category of in the a of Pacer which stands for analogous analogous information is

actually one of the easiest types of information to work with and remember and apply because analogous information

is the information that is related to something you already have prior knowledge about and even if we don't

have direct prior knowledge about it it may remind us indirectly of something that we do have knowledge about for

example let's say that we are an avid swimmer and we're learning about the physiology of a muscle contraction when

we look at that muscle contraction cycle we might think hey that reminds me a lot about the swimming technique I use and

by connecting the new information about muscle contraction physiology with what we already know our swimming technique

we have created an analogy and so that is analogous information and analogies can form with

any prior knowledge including knowledge within a topic itself in most fields of study there are Concepts or patterns of

Concepts and relationships that tend to repeat and recur throughout that field you might have learned about how to

solve a particular type of problem last semester and now this semester this new problem solving approach that you're

learning for the first time reminds you a lot of that old problem solving process and relating those two

approaches is also an analogy so when we're engaging in stage one the consumption period of reading we want to

actively be thinking about whether what we are reading is related to something that we already have knowledge about and

once we identify it as potentially analogous information the targeted process we want to use here is critique

this is the part I said everyone misses once we create an analogy critiquing it means we examine critically how good

that analogy actually is for example with the analogy of muscle contraction and swimming technique critiquing that

analogy means asking ourselves in what way specifically are these two things similar or related to each other in what

ways are they different in what situation does this analogy not make sense anymore and if there are a lot of

differences or a lot of conditions and situations where the analogy breaks apart then is there a better analogy or

can we extend or modify that analogy to make it more comprehensive and more accurate this critiquing process

massively drives up our attention and depth of understanding of this new information and the reason this works is

because instead of new information just being new information that your brain doesn't know what to do with we're

actually extending it from what we already know we're taking our existing Network and connecting it to the new

information straight away which is the reason why creating analogies has been shown in studies repeatedly to be so

powerful for our retention and understanding now at this point you might be looking at the system and

thinking this seems a little forced it doesn't feel natural and you're right in fact it's crucial that you understand

that this is not natural and that's why it works if you have no time pressure and it doesn't matter how well you learn

something then you can learn and read however you want but unfortunately what research has shown is that there are

clear biological limitations of the human brain to how much it can consume and store into our memory in one go and

in the modern day when there is so much we have to learn it is very very easy to exceed that biological limit and then

get overwhelmed learning is extremely complicated so to be able to learn a lot in a short amount of time reach a high

level of knowledge a lot of processes need to go right and this is why most people will Plateau on their learning

ability and after a point not really improve for the rest of their lives for me figuring out what processes to care

about and therefore what to improve on and then how to even execute on those correctly took me at least 7 or 8 years

of almost constant experimentation and reading of research and coaching people to see what works for them and honestly

I got lucky because 10 15 years ago a lot of the research didn't even exists which is why to make it easier for you

I've started a free Weekly Newsletter I take everything that I've learned that helps you become a more efficient

learner the things that have the highest chance of giving you success in a short amount of time and I packaged them in a

way that you can take and Implement into your own learning in less than 10 15 minutes if you want to sign up to the

newsletter it's completely free I'll leave a link in the description for you now getting back to peser you might

notice that the way that I've written the a in PESA is is like this it's this kind of strange shape there the reason

is because a the analogous information can exist within as a subset of procedural information for example you

could create an analogy on a set of instructions to make it simpler and easier for you to understand and then

later you go and practice it but analogous information also exists as a subset within the next category of

information which is the C of Paca and this stands for conceptual if procedural information is

the how to do something then conceptual information is the what and for most science subjects the majority of what

you need to learn is conceptual conceptual information includes facts and explanations theories and principles

relationships between Concepts and ways that that concept can be applied and in most cases we need both the procedural

and the conceptual knowledge to solve a problem and apply our knowledge properly for example although this book goes

through how to listen to someone's heart I still need to have the conceptual knowledge about what I'm listening to to

be able to analyze that and make a conclusion on the diagnosis so when we identify that a piece of text we're

reading is conceptual type information the process we want to use straight away is

mapping nonlinear network based note taking such as mind mapping is an efficient way of

increasing your attention and Mastery of conceptual knowledge because conceptual knowledge inherently exists in a network

although a textbook or a lecture might be delivered word after word in a linear format if we look at the mind and

knowledge of the person that wrote that textbook it doesn't exist in a linear sentence by sentence structure their

knowledge and expertise exists in a highly connected network of information there is no innate sequence of

information an expert can start at any point and navigate to any other point this is what allows an expert to do

complex problem solving because they can look at a problem understand what concepts are related and see how those

Concepts connect together to solve the problem whereas a beginner who's only learned it at a surface level just sees

individual separated Concepts and they don't understand how they link together as a learner our job is not to remember

the sequence word for word our job is to try to recreate that network of knowledge that the expert had and

mapping is such a great technique because it forces us to not only think about each fact and concept but also how

they connect to each other to form a bigger picture so when you are reading and consuming take some time to get out

a piece of paper or a tablet and make a map of the things that you're learning and as you read more you add more to

your map you move things around you reorganize things as you read more you also digest more and your map grows

remember analogous information can also exist within conceptual information so you might find Opportunities within

conceptual information to create some analogies and you might want to add those into your map as well even if the

analogy doesn't make its way into the map it could give you an idea in terms of how you want to structure your ideas

on your map now here's that same problem again let's say you reading but you don't have time to draw a map or maybe

you don't have anything to map on while you're reading then again we need to slow down and consume less so that

consumption and digestion can stay balanced and if you don't you'll just end up overwhelmed again and wasting

time because not only are you going to forget a lot of what you are consuming but now you've given the future version

of you more work to do by having to go and figure out what your forgotten and then Rec consume it again anyway now the

good news is that the digesting of procedural analogous and conceptual information is easily the most timec

consuming the E and the r of PESA are much faster and easier to deal with I talk about e and are together because

they're both very similar to each other but pay close attention because the two are actually so similar to each other

that most people never distinguish between the two and that can lead directly to hours of wasted time per

week the E and Pacer stands for evidence evidence type information is the information that helps make

conceptual information more concrete they're often very detailed sometimes very technical pieces of information but

they're useful because we can use these facts or statistics or cases as examples to prove a conceptual point for example

we could understand conceptually how World War I started but we also need to know the evidence

information of date certain specific events occurred between which specific people at which specific location to

make that concept more concrete and the key process for evidence type information is to

store and rehearse store means that you just colle collect that information and note it

down somewhere you could add it to your conceptual map you could add it to a second brain system using something like

notion or Rome or obsidian or you can put it onto flashcards you could even just write them down on a document

somewhere with all the other things that you are storing this should happen as soon as you identify it so as you are

consuming the information and you identify that this piece of information is an Evidence type we go ahead and

straight away store it the rehearsing part of it comes a little later we put aside time to do the rehearsal and

rehearsing the information is the key to improving our retention of evidence type information rehearsing means that we

think about how we will need to use this piece of information how are we going to apply it what type of conceptual

information is this an example of we then challenge ourselves by using an applying that information in the way

that we will need to use it this means solving problems or writing detailed answers to questions or creating

explanations teaching it to other people or maybe writing essays that use that piece of evidence as a supporting

example for a wider concept and so while we store the information while we consume it the rehearsing happens later

maybe at the end of the day or at the end of the week but do not waste time while you are cons assuming trying to

just memorize and read and reread and writing copious notes on that piece of information otherwise you are not going

to have enough time for the PA and C the first three types of information which is what forms the foundation of

knowledge that the evidence type needs to build off of in the first place now evidence type information is very

similar to the final type which is the r of PESA and this stands for reference type information reference

information is the easiest to deal with it is all of the Nitty Gritty very specific detailed bits of information

that don't really change your conceptual understanding they're not particularly that important they're not analogous and

they're not procedural but for whatever reason we might need to know this later this might be something like the exact

value of a mathematical con Conant or a specific Gene involved in a particular mutation or the name of a very specific

molecule of a disease or maybe a list of attributes used to define a variable for coding and the process we use to deal

with this type of information is the same as for evidence almost it's store and rehearse the same

things the storing part exactly the same you Chuck it in a second brand and your flash cards wherever makes sense for you

but if you need to be able to record this information from memory and you can't like refer back to your notes when

you need to use it then you probably want to use something like flash cards because the rehearse part is a little

different because reference type information is by definition not very conceptually important anyway it's quite

hard to use this for problem solving or as part of like an extended discussion or answer the way we're probably going

to use this information is just Direct fact recoil which is why something like flash cards using a space repetition

active recoil strategy like an app like ankey is going to be the best way to handle reference type information so as

you're reading and you're thinking hey this might be a reference type information you dump it into your

flashcards and you put aside like 30 minutes every day or whatever to just go through your flash cards to do your

rehearsal but please again absolutely do not waste time while you're reading trying to just read and

reread and write notes and just memorize this information at the time you need to use that time for the first three which

forms the bulk of your knowledge as I said earlier there are a lot of things that need to go right to be able to

learn a lot of information in a short period of time and wasting time on trying to memorize reference information

while you are reading it instead of spending that time on the first three types is one of the worst offenders and

as soon as you get into that mind frame of reading something and then rereading it again trying to get it into your head

you can say goodbye to your learning efficiency so now you know the five types of information for you to try to

identify as you consume in stage one and the appropriate targeted process that will help you to digest that information

in stage two and the key to be able to retain a lot and have a good high level of knowledge for what you have consumed

is to keep that stage one and stage two balanced however when it comes to learning efficiently this just scratches

the surface in fact if you look at this map of learning that outlines the major processes that you need to be a

consistently High performing efficient learner what we talked about today is like barely a few percent of it so if

you want to start unpacking what those other processes look like without having to dedicate

a decade of your life to uh learning about it like I did then make sure to check out my free newsletter the link is

in the description thank you so much for watching and I will see you in the next one