Exploration and Characteristics of Porphyry Copper Deposits in the Baguio District

dr evie so we can start uh with his introduction so our next speaker is uh dr avery

elvinis he is currently an exploration geologist at irving resources in japan

he obtained his bachelor's in bachelor's of science in geology at up dilemma

in 2010 and his master's in research science in 2017 at akita university japan

[Music] his master thesis is the applications of fluid inclusion micro thermometry

cathode luminescence laser raman spectrum spectroscopy and periphery deposits in the bagi

a district and his doctor doctored in research science at the same university akita university

japan with this dissertation of extending understanding extensive understanding of

the hydrothermal magmatic systems uh in the baguio distribution philippines he is actually a

mumbo kagasho scholar and the new frontier leaders for their mental resources scholar

[Music] his previous work experience is with felix mining corporation as a qaq and

analytical geologist uh with that uh let us give dr sirineo a virtual round of

applause thank you doc nico for the kind introduction

before before i start i would just like to say hi to sergio is he still here

it's nice to hear your voice again and all the insights

and wisdom before i was with velexo it's uh we call it in japanese

um so i've been in japan for quite a long time and it's been a while

since i've heard philippine filipino people speaking it's i'm feeling moved as well anyway so

to doc nico thank you for the honor of and it's my pleasure to be invited to

present to you uh an overview of the portfolio copper deposits in bag district

so here we say in japanese before we start our presentation

so i hope i could share valuable information to you and make your time worthwhile

um just want uh before i start again uh can is my my voice clear

yes yes it's okay i'm a bit i'm a bit nervous because it's

my first time to give a lecture to this many students so i hope

i could do a good job anyway so i think this slide is not needed anymore since nick already

introduced me so screen [Music]

okay so i i've already been i have been introduced by doc nicole so

i think i'll skip i'll skip to these slides

so just want to show you some photos of of uh when i was working with felix so here is the

felix camp uh on uh cloudy night so if anybody kung meromontaga feel excited i'm sure you're familiar with

this view this scenic view and yes uh here is a photo of me being with the

felix exploration team so i've also i've worked mostly

in the northern zone projects particularly in padka

and uh what can felix mine here but sometimes uh uh i

uh first simon costa anna sydney week and then

just feeling um sorry feeling uh

nostalgic sorry i'm lost anyway so and here some i was with some of the young geos at that

time in in philax just me uh touring them in the underground uh drilling activity in uh santa thomas too

so then i moved to akita in 2014 to

do my graduate studies in akita university so here is the kinsho lab so kinsho love

means economic geology lab so here is my advisor professor akira imai

so here here i was still looking young and uh members of the egyptian

and yeah mostly we do a lot of laboratory work in akhita university not so much field work so basically what i

can share with you today is um you uh laboratory well

uh basic so i would like to still not dwell into the complicated parts laboratory analysis and geology

so well anyway that means uh uh we were doing uh sulfur isotope

analysis at this time so there are some filipino geologists here too here see

yosh and uh i think uh here is a photo with uh me and i think dr

berlin manalo also uh presented a few days ago gave a lecture so yeah so we were

together in akhita university two years almost two years ago so now i would like to yeah start with

the lecture so my topic is about uh portfolio copper deposits in baghdad districts so

before that um i would like to well apologize now it's a bug district but basically i will be focusing in

um uh the santo thomas two cluster because that's

what i was that's what my experience has brought me to study the most and well basically that's

what i i'm confident to share to you guys anyway so here is a photo of the open

pit mine in the the open pit of the particle mine so i am

just to show you so first i would like to start uh

uh to define what corporate copper deposits are so we'll be um tackling about the

general characteristics of corporate copper deposits and

existing conceptual model that uh has guide the understanding of these types of deposits

and in this first part i would also like to introduce where well basically you may

probably already know where we can find this um type of deposits so portfolio copper deposits are

basically associated with the has genetic association with the intrusive rocks particularly those that

are um uh for put a has populated texture that's why the

the name was derived to us uh for free and uh this

uh property copper deposits are large or low-grade metal or bodies that are formed

from the hydrothermal fluids derived from the underlying

magma reservoir so here is an image where we can see um multiple phases of intrusion

and the well-focused plumbing system where in um

the fluids are yeah

um [Music] sorry

so these deposits are centered at this um um populating dikes multiface

so another uh common characteristics so what type of commodity so basically these are the four pre-coupled gold

types um there are a lot of other types of property deposits though there are some that are

associated with other metals like we have for pre-molybdenum we have

property tanks then but this time i'll be i will be focusing my attention to foreplay copper deposits

so the commodities we can get are copper and gold and to some deposits there is a significant amount of molybdenum and

silver there is a minor um

elemental constituent of zinc lead and arsenic but particularly in um distal

portions of the periphery uh properly deposit or mineral mineralogy so

like here here is an example of the uh an ore or in the santa it's

are dominated by um the copper minerals are dominated by iron copper sulphides particularly

yeah in in terms of um abundance copyright is the most dominant

and almost abundant and followed by born knight er guide indigenous and

although being disseminated in nature um they consist about less than 10 percent volume

of the of the in abundance so

the property copper deposits are dominated by um disseminated ore so as you can see here it's um basically

covering the rock that's why it's disseminated but um they can also occur in brexit

and uh and on top of uh particularly in the affects of the

the intrusion we can find the stock working and of um different types of planes like squad

stock works loads so yeah so the in composition of the um

of the rocks is usually um sub alkaline or um

rarely very literally alkaline so in the philippines uh our

the for most of the purple copper deposits are hosted in uh

alkaline um intrusions

structural setting they are so local structural setting so as i said earlier they are

close related to intrusive centers particularly in duns up top once and concentrate

uh processes which i will later um explain um typically

okay so tectonic setting uh it's common uh they are commonly in

convergent margins and it's an important uh criteria that it has to be a

thick crust and uh um very literally i so uh extensionally

long um tectonic setting depth about zero to five kilometers depends on how error that the system is

and temporal distribution this type of deposits are usually hosted in younger intrusive rocks

um very very rare now

we will encounter all drugs so here is uh an example of uh for photo

micrograph of of the or

the sulfide minerals you can find in this type of deposits so here we can see this

um bluish color this young major orange it's a born knight a pinkish blue boronite and then the

we can see this uh orange yellow color the color pyrite and then in black very bright

distinguished uh yellow now you can easily distinguish is here uh

gold uh included in the copper iron sulfides so

uh just want to show a comparison in terms of the depth

and the depth of placement and some uh features of the periphery copper

uh with comparison with the other gold deposits uh in that are present so or fury copper deposits are usually

uh uh hosted in oxidized intrusion related rocks so

um like in here and it

uh as you can see here also other deposit types so it is usually

um uh in periphery system connected to a high supplication the thermal coal

deposits although it depends on the how how eroded the system is

maybe the this system has already been eroded so you won't find it

in the vicinity and uh yeah the periphery copper model so

here is uh the telescope non-eroded for pre-copper system by silito 2010 so if telescope so it's like imagining

um you see it ignoring the samsung telescope you will try to fit every

component in in that image

so that's uh you will find the uh the common the common constituents of

the property system so here

in the deeper center uh sorry uh on top on the of the intrusion we have the

uh outline of the mineralization of the copper gold um molly so

all right and then eugene is cascading any uh sir um the scarn if there is

um carbonaceous and uh

the hydrothermal replacement in this um in this limestone or carbonaceous bed

and then we have here it the us

uh other uh

distal to the periphery are separate thermal veins and

intermediate sulfidation epidermal veins and further to the top

or in but not you should not uh always the case we have the inshallah levels the highs

that we take of high sulfidation epithermia disseminated um gold silver copper um

veins so yep and we have here a base of the outline of

the base of the little cup so by little cup it is usually the residual the quartz or the part of the advanced

argelic altered um cup um that is uh on top of the system so it it is

usually used as an important um expiration tool in in finding this type of deposits

and and uh okay so

okay so the be for uh it is uh another important

characteristic of uh pre-copper deposits are it's the presence of donation of alteration and

alteration and mineralization assemblages so here is the a model of the 1970.

um it's uh rather outdated

and was updated in 2010 by silito where in so here we can see now in eye

it's it's it's yeah inferring that the department deposit as a standalone deposit although we usually see these

deposits in a hydrothermal system just like

this model so here um we can but important to note here is the

um alteration zones and so these alteration zones that were

developed as the um the hydrothermal fluids derived from the

cooling magma interacted with the wall rocks so for potassium it is um usually

uh due to the alkali ion

exchange of the alkali

metasomatism of of the fluid with the and the with with the

house rock so the bipotassic because um

potassium ion is being um added or replacing the

sodium and calcium of the of the existing minerals particularly we can find this in the hornblende where

it is being replaced by um k feldspar or by biotite that's sorry by biotite hydrothermal

biotite and the plagioclase by k feldspar

and uh as we progress to to towards the digital portions and the

shallower portions you can see here the feeling alteration has been

divided in has been updated to chloride series chloride serious alteration and serotic alteration

and several alteration assemblages were in the dominant

alteration as a mineral is the

is rather described rather than determining everything as philip so in these types of alteration we

the process is usually the

hydrolysis which in where in the hydrogen ion destroys the

the host rock so it is the the degree of the

um instruction uh varies from from

from the strongest and towards to the to the intermediary in here where it will become a bit uh

less and uh and we have the property alteration

where in volatile components are added to the uh

three host drop so in the so we will see that the

the high grade ore is usually within the surrounding of the

uh of the surrounding of the intrusion but it varies per deposit

because sometimes since this is a multiple um multiple intrusion um we can find the

late mineralization or post-mineralization dikes that could have diluted the grade at the

the center or since again

so where can we find these uh uh deposits so

as as i've uh mentioned earlier so these are um uh

found in convergent margins and uh but they can also be found in the

ancient converging margins such as this in in mongolia

uh the age of um so here we can find the younger

younger deposits in the active or the younger convergent margins and

it the edge will depend on on the tectonic set and in the philippines we can find them

in um so uh in we can find them associated in the

xenozoic um with plutonic arcs such as here in the central caudalierra

where in my the focus of my uh talk today will be presented

and we also have some in the in the other parts of the philippines and another popular one is in the

um surigao district in here and also the

the very old uh uh uh in the

uh atlas but uh it won't be tackled in the discussion today

and uh the uh uh rare very rare occurrence of a alcoholic

for free type here in the dpo so

now i will be focusing on the uh deposits in baghdad and

will try to share with you the knowledge i have regarding the geologic

and structural setting and productive minds and deposits in the

this in the district and the bulk of the talk will be about santa thomas to

deposit and some if there's still time um some of the laboratory techniques that um i did in the university

i would like to if possible share with you the results

so here is the um the philippines so we know philippines has a

very complex tectonic setting and here in the northwest uh luzon the emplacement of the

so there are a lot of um um deposits in here that are related to purpley style

so this has been attributed to the subduction of the

south china sea played under the manila trench here along the manila trench under the

uh and uh yeah so

the it was uh discussed by um it was cooked

that uh the scarborough ridge has a significant um significant impact in the formation

of the property deposits here in the northwest luzon that led to the thickening of

crust that is an important factor in the development or the concentration of these intuitions in the

in the in the uh in the

in the house rocks so here

we have we can notice ah sorry uh we have in the central cadillac we have at the southern

tip the bhaga district and towards the north is the mankind district wherein we can find the far

southeast aleppanto deposits at here in the bug district

so we can uh see the

association with the central good cordelia art and

and an important factor for the focusing of

the the conduit of the emplacement of these

intrusions such as incentives to is the presence of the display uh

the interaction of this place of the philippine left lateral fault zone so here the

conjugate thoughts that are resulted to dilational jugs um

this has become part uh become the conduit of these intuitions to

and form these deposits and uh

so uh this is introduction of yeah the

google tuba and the table fault now i'm going to the geology of the bug district

so here is the um

right this is the graphic column in the geology so we see different colors

of uh in the map so this represents a different uh uh lithologic units or rock types that are present in the bag

of district so the basement is this uh light green color this is the pogo metal volcanic rocks this

are age based on fossil assemblages as uh cretaceous to myosin so

this uh is underlain by the zigzag formation in

um in brown color dark brown color and

we can see uh that there is

um uh and a big uh in

body of intrusion this is uh the

late legacy the early myosin central correlation complex which was formally termed as

the agno batteries so and in the

and uh yep so here so we can

uh see the category here in the saturn graphic column by uh where uh

we can see uh that there is a quiet sense of magmatism

in the district in here which led to the deposition of sedimentary units the klondike

and the cannon formation here in yellow and blue

blue color so the productive perfury centers are usually associated

in the younger intrusions so we have a different intrusive units

here we have the blackback underside the black mountain quartz diorite and the center thomas two clusters

all uh yeah intruding through the

to the uh host rocks so here is a an age date age dating uh conducted by uh waters in

2011 and uh summary of the age dating he compiled the different uh age

dating of the different authors in the area so we have uh

here he defined the age of this um patholytic unit as

um between 30 uh 28 to

about 90 million years and here the

the younger units so yeah just

to show you the geology and uh now uh the productive minds and deposits in baghdad district so here is

a a 3d view of that area so we have um here we have vague city and we have

felix here at the southern deep the district and uh this

i have not updated this section i i made this um before when i was still in felix just to represent

the uh spatial location the spatial

relationship of the intrusions and the deposits and veins in vague district so first we have sorry we have here a

very important deposit which is antamok it's one of the largest single gold operation in the philippines that

produces seven million ounces of gold and further to the south we have the coupon

uh which is a thermal vein blockchain stockwork style that produced 5.5 million ounces of coal

between 1906 to 1992 and uh ito gonzo uh an one single epithermal vein

fractious stuffer gold system which is about three kilometers long and two kilometers wide and 600 meters deep

that is still open at depth that produced 700 million ounces of gold between 1906 to 1996 and a total

resource of 17 million ounces so now we are go to the so these are

epithermal um gold veins epidermal gold silver veins now we

take a look at the another three deposit which is the black mountain

copper gold mine so in i personally haven't i haven't seen this

deposit but um according to the source uh it has a total resource of 65 million

tons at point four percent and point 38 gram per ton gold it has um

two ore bodies and mined uh using underground metals

between 1969 to 1983 at 14 million tons of um or at point four percent cap and

point three gram per ton gold and the adjacent scar deposit which is the thanksgiving

which is uh a zinc rich gold card consists of punch lenses and brains and disseminations

which produced about 0.4 million ounces of gold at 12.8 grams per tonne gold it is also mined for zinc silver and copper

and iron so here is the uh

uh the production of gold silver and copper in 1910 to 2009

showing the how the the

fluctuations in the production throughout the history um so

between 1960 to about 2000 so we see a spike in the copper production

and uh and uh the

this has all been um this has been majority major majority of this has been attributed to

the mining of purple copper in the philippines

as well as the gold gold uh is about 20

26 percent in the production of the gold production of the philippines attributed to perfectly

covered style so now um let's move on to the santa thomas to

vancouver vicinity so here is the southern tip of the bargain district so we can see

there are several for free intrusions located in the area so to the eastern flank we have the

again the agno battles and uh these at the center the host

meta volcanics and to the west is the sedimentary units canon and klondike formation so all so

we can see also the um occurrence of

uh faults that are nor the important ones

are north is trending um which is also we can see we can

observe the trends of the uh veins that are found in the area

so uh this going back to the intrusions so we have

uh thomas southwest so these are all clustered by waters as the santo thomas

tube monoclip and cluster and our based on the age dating are um

are between late mice into late glycine in age

and uh yeah so that's

sorry uh software it was smart as blue but this was the focus of my study

but let's go to santa thomas 2 first sorry i forgot to mention the occurrence of

the ito when quartz thyroid that is uh close to the

um central cordillera diorite complex could have been uh

the activation of the uh the agno batteries we can also see some

um periphery prospect towards the south associated to this uh

deposit and uh intermediate solidification veins

so to go to the santa thomas to mine if you are from uh coming from vague

city you will take this philips chaos road which takes about 40 minutes

by car from and if you take the local transportation the jeepney it will

take you an hour and a half so actually if you are going to bug your

city and you travel along the canon road you will be able to see the open feet of felix

the felix man if you take this road just uh so yeah if you've been to canon road

this iconic alliance head will be there waiting for you can take some photos so here is the photo of the philips road

it's a zigzag road so if you have uh not if you are not comfortable with traveling just make sure to bring

um anti motion sickness

because it's um it's really uh

one of the most dangerous zigzag roads i've ever been to and then you will reach the pad kalma

and community so just a bit of history of billex so

fenix was mining corporation was incorporated in july 19 1995 so it was founded by henry grimmo and

other six um person no

and uh they started as uh um a consultant company and

which engaged in exploration and they found santa thomas two so

if you're wondering why there is a number two in santa thomas two because there's uh

another santa thomas one which is an uh the first

uh which is uh if you will find i've forgot it's it's location but i heard that

there was a tower in that area santa thomas one so

when santa thomas ii was discovered in if i remember correctly in 1956

and uh two years later production day

production in august 1958 officially started um by open pit mining

and with a daily tonnage of 850 tons per day it uh in its first two years it operated

by open bit mining and shifted to underground blockading method using the slasher system in 1963

first in asia and went into full mechanization of the block caving mine

and shifted to the lord hall system due to the boldery nature of the or below 1100 ml so just to show you the

section the initial or reserve was was at 18 million tons at

0.9 percent copper point 98 gram percent gold for a for free copper deposit i think this is a

really high grade and as mentioned earlier the initial

production is 800 tons per done 800 tons per day and in 2012

so this was the figure when uh when i was still in philax with the production was at 26 500 per day a big improvement

in because of the moving into the load hall dump system

and uh the although

a large tonnage the grade um uh decreased from from point nine to point two two percent copper

at point fifty seven gram per tango the total geologic resource since start is a 368 million

millionaire metric tons at 0.31 percent cup at 0.63 gram per ton gold and this one these figures are in 2012. i'm not

aware if this has been increased but there are several um

the resource estimation um conducted in

uh s extending its mind life as we know it's still operating until now

so at uh the mind life just um continuously being extended

and it's i think it's all thanks to

the amazing job done by um the mining engineers of felix and

and of course not to discount the efforts of the exploration so here is the vertical section of the

vodka mine so we can see several levels and expiration has been done to

um further down i'm not i'm not sure if sorry i'm not

allowed to show you the drill holes but here we drilled um 36 holes when during my

time 36 holes below the 782 ml it was stationed at 773ml

so yes so in this section also you can see the

cable built conveyor so this has also hasten up the production of the

a of the mind so the or being mind is being brought to the meal plan by uh uh

i forgot how long this is but this is a very long conveyor belt system so you can access

the mine block giving mine through two ways you can

go using the gch stuff shop here and uh you can also

go to the 745 drain ml drain tunnel drive using a small land cruiser

from from the meal plan moving towards the 773ml so now let's talk about the geology of

santa thomas ii so it's the santa thomas 2 geology has been

simplified into at this time three main intrusions

so we have the dark diorite clear diorite and decide periphery these represent um stages

of periphery intrusion and

associated with the alteration and mineralization but uh in reality these

intrusions can be further some divided based if you'll be strict in the

categorization of the intrusion but due to help the uh

to get the better visualization of the our body it has been simplified to dark to

this dark thyroid or directed on the side perfury so these intrusions as we can see are

centered in these um uh horsetails

of the albion fault so this is a northeast trending foot

that has become the conduit for the focusing of intrusions in this area

so the dark diorite as its name mentioned uh as its

name suggests it's dark in color and this is because of the

um character of the mineral assemblage it is it has uh

abundant um biotite secondary biotite

which uh is the result of the potassium duration and

the clear diorite um in here is

uh suggested by its name it's lighter in color as clear

it is because of the dominant alteration which is um

quartz or the solidification so this is a silicified diorite

so the minerals has been silica's been added to the europe

and has replaced most of the minerals at the center we have the yellow orange

intrusion pipe like intrusion which cut through the

or horizon which is the undecided part three so

this is represent the late stage um intrusion in the center sorry in the santa thomas

too so by late stage in timing so it does the mag

the magmatism the fluids have already been exhausted so

it is copper so copper pour and but contains a bit amount of gold

um we can see here the alteration zones associated with the

intrusions so the the direct diorite is coinciding with

the quartz vertical chloride alteration which is the potassium alteration in santa thomas ii

and we have at the center which is the quartz chloride biotite and

the periphery chloride calcite epidot which

indicates the propelitic alteration so the alteration zonation inside the thomas is not

complicated and yeah

and we have here the gypsum anhydride line where in everything that goes

below this line is now gypsum and everything that is up is anhydride

so here is the origination of mesana thomas to our body this is at 840 ml if i remember right

um so we can see the highborn knight high gold

which is this one the this line this in the map it's located in

in here directly coinciding the directorate and some portions of the pure

diorite this has the um highest

um sulphide for fortnite and uh

highest abundance of fortnite in in the over so they're the ratio between

overnight calculate is one is the one and one is the fourth so that's

that's really good and uh as we move towards the periphery we see

uh uh the

um abundance of boronite decrease with the increase of um

calculate and at the fringe zone we can see

um it is uh

mostly um however it is termed as the fringe or

or the hardware where it is low

low in grade and associated with propelitic alteration so this is now the margins of the

intrusion and we can notice at the center the footprint

or the overprinting introduced by the undecided periphery intrusion which is the low copper high gold

burning core so it's just some example photos of the gold in tantra thomas so

basically so this is called if you see in the bottom part of my uh photo mic in the microscope in the paris section

associated with the bar knight and we can see two distinct colors so which may indicate different stages of

call deposition here is the occurrences of gold so you can find it together with um copper iron

sulfides together with the pyrite and with the gun

and the um we saw previously at the plant map that

there are two faults present in the vicinity so we have the albion fault and these

santa santa fe fault this is also um this is also um this is uh north is trending fault that

um we at the surface we do not see it affecting the our body but as we go

through deeper it appears like it cut truncated the body at depth

so here is a paper by my colleague mr masangkai in

showing the figure of the 3d model of the intrusions inside the thomas ii so here as you can see you can see we

have the dark diorite at the top the clear diorite and the

um undecided part three representing the multi-phase intrusion

but as we notice there's another intrusion which is the quartz diorite this is a younger intrusion this has

been verified by age dating the to that occurred at the deeper portion

of the santa thomas ii now it is a question whether this has um

what the significance of this inclusion is to be um to the

deposit so um yeah so

this will affect the my life of the deposit because if

it did uh dilute the ore body at depth then this tantalumas ii will

will uh will be no longer productive at depth however

um there the santa fe fault has truncated the uh

tantatomas ii deposit we can see here and this

is probably a good thing because it could have the place displaced the lower half of the ore

to somewhere else before the intrusion um the the late quarter i diluted

the um the orbit there

so this is um the two scenarios well um the result of the exploration

here in below 773ml has indicated significant results uh

such as finding several gold ozones in below this atomized santa thomas to deposit

yep just as i explained earlier so now um that is for santa thomas ii now let's move on to another portfolio

center in the vicinity which is the clipton prospect this this was my master's disease

so here is the cross section so we can see here uh center

of um uh early undecided perfectly

and several intrusions as well but to simplify things they have been grouped

into the early undecided the intramural uh honda and diorite and the lake and

the cypress tree similar to the uh xander thomas ii but in cliffstone we can see a post 100 undecided for free

covering the vicinity so here in clifton we can see the

alteration which is a k-similicate or this is synonymous to potassium alteration where

in secondary biotite is the dominant uh alteration mineral

and uh we have uh the center the bi uh here the biotite

dominated and here like similar to the clear diode which is uh parts dominated or silicic in nature

and we have here at the center where the intrusions intersect

is the stockwork zone and a late intrusion towards the

this area so the the host rocks also include the programmatic volcanic so here are just

some photo micro micrographs so if you're wondering what these photo micro micro graphs are so these are thin

sections so we basically make thin slices of the rock

and we observe them in the microscope i think um yeah i think you're aware you're

aware of that so we can uh

identify the composition based on the optical properties

of the minerals and also not only the composition as well as

textures and here we have the meta volcanic so we can see um the

fringe of the um the volcanics is still altered by uh

disseminated uh hydrothermal biotite in here we can see

here these were forming um added to the uh sorry replace the

existing um ampy balls

in the uh horse rock um there is also

presence of um serious sight and some elite in the halo

but uh not shown in the micrograph so here is an example of the early undecided periphery so we can clearly

see the cornblend being altered to secondary biotite so secondary biotite

such as this one is shredded in nature

and but there's also um still

a relic hormone where we can see here it's not completely altered but the intensity

of this in this rock type is not not so strong but it usually is um

completely altered and the texture due to the alteration if you see it in

hand specimen is usually obscured and yeah here is a an example of the intra

mineral hormone diorite or free this is like the clear diorite of santa thomas ii it's lighter in color and you will

see the it's typically you will see the um

they call that the uh salt and pepper textured in the diorite but a bit

the texture is a bit uh obscure due to alteration and here is the late undecided part 3

where we can see less degree of alteration and we can see here

um here is an example of the um corporatic and 100 undecide that has

been biotitized and it was truncated by this intrusion so you can see the cross-cutting

relationship so just some photos showing the

potassium alteration in clifton so here we can see

the shredded biotite altering the hornblende and secondary bite disseminated in the

ground mass so yeah

and uh the quartz dominated the silicon alteration

which is also a traversalistic alteration where we can see secondary quartz

um obliterating the texture and the chloride quartz magnetite pyrite zone which is um

uh the at the the

alteration along the peripheries of this intrusion which is uh somewhat properties but of

higher temperature possibly although i have no temperature estimates

on these minerals and

alteration or minerals so some photo micrographs showing the

assemblage consisting of um boronite and calcopyrite in [Music]

in the potassic alteration there is still

okay and uh here we have an uh in the in the cbc calculation particularly in

the um in one of the

veins i found a gold green and this gold through

at this time i use the same ideas to roughly calculate the

[Music] content of gold and silver in uh

the gold so contrary to this under thomas ii glyphton has a bit

silver content and uh platinum appalachian platinum minerals which is this in this one

marine sky this is uh analyzed through

uh same ideas as well and there

so in this uh deposit so i tried to so the the veins are important um

indicators of um the hydrothermal

[Music] nature in the nature of the hydrothermal system

so we have um

so in in in veins usually we see a

um spain brain assemblages that are

associated with the intrusives so the

we can see if uh so if you if you know of the vein type classifications we have a family

type a b veins those are

families of veins that indicate space and time relationships of

that may help construct that space and time um space and time

configuration of the uh 530 system so here we have different vein types so

we have quartz different types of quartz veins so

the discontinuous quartz are visually um termed as the a

a-type veins because of the um it's uh it occurs uh

early and associated with uh it forms us uh um to the saturation of quartz in the

um cooling magma so it is basically discontinuous in nature because the

horse rock is still plastic but we see um

magnetite quartz magnetite veins and heated magnetite veins that are also high in temperature this

is probably equivalent to the a to b veins but uh in this

particular study i tried not to group them into those classifications

so here we can see the uh

cross-cutting relationship of these veins so

yeah just this is a bit complicated to um to do but just uh an information

for this study so here um

i'm sorry this is should be not shown okay so now is the

we move on to this address prospect which was the um

focus of my hd dissertation so now i'm just giving a brief uh

characterization of these clusters so we have here the southwest prospect so

southwest prospect is different from the southwest black sha but the southwest prospect has

intrusions and brexits so as mentioned earlier part three copper deposits can also be hosted

in brexit bodies so but in this case um southwest brexit has

been identified as possibly a diatrim in nature and could have occurred late in the

system and could have this uh be the post mineral diatribe

in the system so indicating that uh it could have uh during the time of

emplacement the magma productivity has already been um exhausted here is

but in the southwest prospect in these brexits we there are portfolio type painlets

that were seen cut into the vehicles so this brexit and this fraction

but they what are the relationship between these two

so here is a section of the uh