Comprehensive Summary of CMA Final Paper 17: Cost and Management Audit Marathon
Overview
This summary encapsulates the key points from the video transcript covering the CMA Final Paper 17 Marathon, focusing on Cost and Management Audit. It includes detailed insights into the structure, objectives, and methodologies of management audits, as well as the importance of corporate image and information system security audits.
Key Points
1. Introduction to Cost and Management Audit
- The marathon is designed for students preparing for the December 2024 attempt, covering all relevant topics in a structured manner.
- Emphasis on the importance of watching both part one and part two of the marathon for comprehensive understanding.
2. Management Audit
- Definition: An independent review of management's competencies and capabilities in achieving corporate objectives.
- Objectives: To improve efficiency, provide valuable suggestions, and ensure effective decision-making.
- Scope: Evaluates organizational structure, inter-departmental coordination, and compliance with laws.
- Techniques: Includes performance analysis, capacity utilization analysis, and profitability analysis. For more on performance techniques, see our summary on Comprehensive Guide to Root Cause Analysis: Understanding and Implementation.
3. Corporate Image
- Definition: The perception of the organization in the minds of stakeholders.
- Importance: A strong corporate image leads to customer loyalty, increased sales, and higher stock valuation.
- Elements: Core business performance, brand reputation, innovation, employee policies, and external relations. Understanding the legal framework can also enhance corporate image; refer to our Comprehensive Guide to Company Law: Key Concepts and Exam Preparation for more insights.
4. Information System Security Audit
- Definition: A detailed evaluation of an organization's information security systems to protect against cyber threats.
- Objectives: To identify vulnerabilities, ensure compliance with regulations, and improve security controls.
- Approaches: Includes auditing around the computer, through the computer, and with the computer. For a broader understanding of management systems, check out our Comprehensive Overview of Management Information Systems: A Lecture Summary.
5. Utility and Energy Audits
- Utility Audit: Focuses on reviewing utility expenses and identifying cost-saving opportunities.
- Energy Audit: Evaluates energy usage and recommends improvements for efficiency.
6. Performance and Productivity Analysis
- Performance Analysis: Evaluates how effectively resources are utilized to achieve maximum output.
- Productivity Audit: Assesses the efficiency of production processes and identifies areas for improvement.
7. Corporate Development Audit
- Definition: Evaluates both structural and operational aspects of the organization to ensure alignment with corporate objectives.
- Scope: Includes long-term planning, corporate strategy, and assessment of internal and external factors.
8. Social Cost Benefit Analysis
- Definition: A systematic process for evaluating the costs and benefits of projects or activities to achieve economic and social goals.
- Importance: Helps in measuring expected future benefits and identifying projects that yield maximum benefits.
FAQs
-
What is the main objective of a management audit?
- To evaluate management performance and ensure alignment with corporate objectives.
-
How does corporate image impact a business?
- A strong corporate image can lead to increased customer loyalty, sales, and stock valuation.
-
What are the key components of an information system security audit?
- Risk identification, compliance verification, and assessment of security controls.
-
What is the difference between auditing around the computer and through the computer?
- Auditing around the computer focuses on input and output without assessing internal processing, while auditing through the computer evaluates the internal processing of the system.
-
What is the significance of a utility audit?
- It helps identify billing errors, savings opportunities, and efficiency improvements in utility expenses.
-
What techniques are used in performance analysis?
- Techniques include historical comparisons, performance metrics, and root cause analysis.
-
What is the role of an internal auditor in a CSR audit?
- To ensure compliance with CSR policies and evaluate the effectiveness of CSR initiatives.
hello everyone welcome to this session and as you have already seen the thumbnail and you here this is a part
two Marathon for CMA final paper 17 cost and management audit and I am CMA Parvati your faculty for cost AIT as
many of you have already watched part one Marathon for paper 17 and are very much eagerly waiting for part two
Marathon I know that so here I am in front of you with with part two Marathon for paper 17 this part one and part two
Marathon are very much relevant and applicable for December 2024 attempt students so those students who are
giving your attempt in December 2024 can rely on this part one and part two Marathon completely and score the
desired marks in your examination that's for sure and before coming into part two introduction I want to say that any of
you students have not yet watched the part one marathon and directly skipping into part two Marathon do watch part one
marathon before coming into part two marathon before because in part one I have covered entire section A cost audit
which covers 60 marks in your question paper which is very very important section from your syllabus so do watch
part one marathon and then come to part two marathon and in part two Marathon what are the topics I have covered is
section B management audit section c internal control and internal audit and section D forensic audit and anti-money
laundering yes section B weightage is around 25 to 30 marks section c weightage is around 10 to 15 marks and
section D weightage is also around 10 to 15 marks so all these three sections have been covered in this part two
combinely part one and part two Marathon I have covered entire 100% syllabus of this paper 17 by just watching part one
and part two you can be able to easily score 80 plus marks in your examination I can give you guarantee for that now
that is regarding what topics I have covered in this particular marathon and coming to the next thing what sources I
have used in this Marathon I have used my color concept book and handwritten notes for your easy reference and how to
purchase this concept book and handwritten notes concept book will be available only as a hard copy no soft
copy will be provided for concept book we very sorry for that only hard copy will be provided for the color concept
book and for handr notes soft copy will be available for Workbook also soft copy is available all these three books are
available in our bcca app so you can go there and purchase it soft copy and uh soft copy of handwritten noes and
workbook is available as a download option so right after purchase you can download it and take use of it and
concept book hard copy will be uh in front of you within 3 to 4 days uh after your purchase so that is regarding the
sources or the books which I have used in this particular marathon and regarding upcoming
videos important questions video is going to come in the BCA YouTube channel and also mcq's video will also be there
in front of you within few days before your examination so combinely part one Marathon part two Marathon important
questions Marathon mcqs videos what else do you want just by looking into these four videos You'll easily able to
understand all the concepts with ease and be able to give your examination with so much confidence be confident and
yes what is the speciality of this Marathon both part one and part two Marathon I have covered entire 100% syab
syllabus covering all the concepts in detail manner with simple language it is 100% English so everyone can watch this
I've used a simple language you can easily understand and most important concern for the students who are coming
for cost and management Auditors we have not yet started our preparation by just seeing this part one
and part two Marathon can we understand the concepts and give our examination you can yes even first time listeners or
you haven't started your preparation start enough not a problem see the part one Marathon see the part two marathon
and important questions video is yet to come mcq's video is going to come make use of all these four videos start your
preparation now even by watching these marathons if you're starting your preparation and giving a 100% in your
preparation you can be able to score 80 plus marks in your examination no one can stop you from that that's the
Assurance which I can give you yes even if you not yet started your preparation start it now by watching this marathons
you can easily understand the concepts and you can learn the syllabus which we have to tackle the exam question paper
so yes that's regarding the entire Marathon regarding information and coming to the class class ES recorded
classes for June 2025 attempt are also available and in this recorded class it is 100% English it is applicable for
June 2025 attempt entire 100% syllabus is covered and this course is inclusive of books you will get both concept book
workbook and also my handwritten notes if you're purchasing these recorded classes and yes clear understanding of
Concepts in detailed manner with very much slowly i' I've explained each and every concept by taking time very much
slowly you'll able to understand it very easily I have covered IC material past time mapers and also mcqs have been
covered in these videos so yes regarding these recorded classes in detail video will also be released regarding how much
time and uh what are the classes how much parts are there for the classes regarding the entire details of the
recorded classes will be uploaded in a separate video you can see that and purchase the recorded classes also so
yes this is a little bit introduction regarding the marathon classes and books so and At Last I want to thank you
everyone students who have watched part one marathon and you have liked the part one Marathon so here I am in front of
you with the part two Marathon make use of both part one and part two marathon and do learn your concepts with very
much easy so yes that's regarding introduction of marathon paper 17 cost and management audit after this
introduction you'll directly skip into the marathon classes I hope you you understand all the concepts if you have
any doubts with any of the concept please do ask your doubts in the comment section or in the telegram Channel
Channel I will be there to address those issues or the doubts I'll make you understand very much easily even if it
is through online mode don't worry even if it is through Chads or any other mode I will make sure that you will
understand your doubts so that's regarding the doubts Clarity also yes uh thank you so much take use
of it and all the best for your upcoming examination you will Dr I Believe In You Believe in Your
thank you bye yes so now we going to start with our section the forensic audit and
anti-money laundering this is our section D and in our section D we have two concepts or two units unit one is
forensic audit unit two is anti-money laundering now in this section D what we are going to see in forensic audit we
going to see what is forensic audit like what the meaning of forensic audit why we are going into forensic audit what is
the use of forensic audit we have many other audits like Financial audit cost audit internal audit statutory audit now
what is the difference between other Audits and forensic audit when we have all the audits in the company what is
the use of this uh or the speciality of going to forensic audit that we are going to see the difference between
other Audits and forensic audit and what is the reason for conducting a forensic audit in that particular particular
company if any company is undergoing any forensic audit what are the benefits that company will derive and at last who
can go go go on doing this forensic audit we have certified fraud examiners who can be certified fraud examiners
what is the role of them and what are the specialities of them what are the objective of them we are going to see
all that and then we are going to see regarding accountants like accountant Auditors they can also be a forensic
auditor so what are the uh these Concepts regarding to and we have a one important tool for conducting this
forensic audit which is called as fraud triangle what is the tool regarding as and how that fraud triangle is related
to this forensic audit regarding all Concepts we are going to go in detailed in this particular forensic audit and
coming to anti- money laundering what is anti-money laundering and what are the concepts regarding anti-money laundering
what is the steps or the process of this money laundering how we are going to uh oppose this money laundering to not to
happen in that particular entity or organization what kinds of money laundering we have and in this cost
audit we are going to see mainly how this money laundering is related to counter financing of terrorism how this
money laundering is related to terrorism activities how we have to take the necessity step steps to control this
money laundering and counter financing of terrorism those Concepts you are going to see in anti-money laundering
this is nothing but an overview of section D now we are going to start with forensic
audit coming to forensic audit what is forensic audit now we have Financial audit we have cost audit we have
statutory audit we have internal audit all these are nothing but statutory compliance es because company has to do
it as a statutory purpose or a legal requirement they are undergoing those financial audit or cost audit but
foreign sync audit is not a statutory compliance not a mandatory requirement which should be undergone by a company
but if company wants to know about anything what are those things we'll see now if company want to know about any
fraud which is being committed in that particular company crime which is happening in that particular company or
any asset misappropriation in that particular company then they can go for forensic auditing now forensic audit is
also examination of financial records and financial statements but the examination of financial statements and
financial accounts are also called as Financial auditing now what is the difference
between Financial audit and forensic audit both are nothing but examination of financial records and financial
statements but in both the cases will prepare a report at the end for financial audit we'll prepare a
financial report and for forensic audit we'll prepare a forensic audit report the financial audit report will be just
a statutory compliance will only be in that boat's report only but forensic audit report can be produced in the
court of law as a evidence so it is nothing but a proof which can be held the particular company for guilty of
that particular misconduct so that is the main difference or the main use of conducting a forensic audit if any
company is conducting a forensic audit and they're getting to know that there is a fraud in that particular company
that only report which is prepared can be put in the court of law and that particular company can be held guilty of
that particular fraud that is the main introduction of forensic audit I hope you have understood it now getting to
our concept one introduction regarding forensic audit so this is my handr notes you can
refer the handr notes for better understanding now forensic audit forensic audit is nothing but an
analysis and review of financial records of company or a person to extract facts which can be used in the court of law so
what these facts are regarding about to detect any illegal action happening in the company to if to know if there is
any manipulation in the books of accounts or to know if there is any siphoning of funds siphoning of funds
means misappropriation of funds misuse of company's funds for their own benefits or they are doing the theft of
funds they are using the funds for their own benefit that is nothing but as siphoning of funds so forensic audit is
nothing but having an analysis and review of financial records to know or to detect whether there are any illegal
actions or manipulation of books of accounts or sioning of funds these detection is prepared as a report which
can be used in court of law now forensic audit begins with suspicion and doubt what is the suspicion suspicion about
whether the company is involved in any fraud or not whether the assets are being used for company purpose or
personal benefits whether there is any fund theft or not to know about that we'll have a suspicion or doubt at the
beginning after after that it will ends with the performance of Investigation then we are we go on with the
investigation to find out what is fraud regarding to so that is the basic introduction regarding forensic
audit so that is what I have given in your introduction a forensic audit is an in-depth examination of individual or
organization Financial records to collect the evidence that can be used in the legal proceedings that is our first
point which I have given you as introduction now forensic audit can be done in two cases in case of financial
frauds in case of non-financial frauds what are the financial frauds Financial frauds are nothing but to know about
fraud to know whether there is any emusement emusement is misappropriation of funds without authorization if they
are taking any funds that are nothing but emusement which can be also called as theft of funds or money in the
company Financial crimes misstating or omitting the material information from the financial statements or not giving
any material information in the records in documents that are nothing but Financial crimes so if any of these
things happen that is nothing but financial fraud which is entirely related to money Finance purposes that
kind of fraud is called as financial fraud now coming to non-financial frauds in non-financial fraud cases also Bank
uh forensic audit can be commenced what are those cases if a company is undergoing into bankruptcy how the
bankruptcy is related to forensic audit now there is a bankruptcy for that particular case to know the reason for
that particular bankruptcy is any shareholder or any director or any management personel is involved in that
particular cases which led that particular company into bankruptcy whether the management has not given any
proper internal controls to know about that whether the management has not taken the decisions which benefited the
company they willfully took the decisions which led the company into bankruptcy so what is the main reason
behind this bankruptcy what are the if any assets has been taken by the management or not to know about all
these things forensic audit can be conducted now filing disputes if for example the company is undergoing into
any mergers or Acquisitions or take Tak over any company into their company or they are getting into any new businesses
there will be a dispute or in the court of law there will be some legal disputes which has to be taken in that cases also
to know whether this particular company can be merged with that particular company or not whether the both
businesses are aligning with the same intentions or not same objectives or not to know about that forensic audit can be
done closure of business in case of closure of business also forensic audit can be done to know what to know whether
there are any hidden Assets in that particular company when business is getting closed some shareholders or some
management can hold the money with themselves or hid or hide the assets of that particular company for their own
benefit whether there are any hidden assets to know about that forensic audit can be conducted after that that hidden
assets will come to the picture and they will be utilized to give the shareholders their own money to know
about that also forensic audit can be conducted and at last divorces divorces are not between husband and wives or
between persons but between the company and the management if management is having a conflict of interest between
the company and there if management objectives are not meeting with the company's objectives the management will
intentionally take the wrong decisions which can lead the company into falling down so to know about that also forensic
audit can be conducted so these are the two cases or two uh elements in which forensic audit can be conducted one is
financial fraud and non-financial fraud cases now difference between Financial audit and forensic audit as I've already
told you Financial audit is an examination for a statutory compliance now coming to forensic audit it is just
an investigation of financial records of the entity to D the evidence to support of a fraud and
that can be used in the court of law or legal proceedings so that is nothing but a difference between Financial audit and
a forensic audit so that is regarding our introduction I have told you regarding Financial crimes and various
legal disputes which is nothing but non-financial fraud cases the difference between forensic audit and regular audit
lies in the legal implications as forensic audit often involves in presenting evidence and Cod now coming
into common areas of forensic audit these are the common areas of forensic audit why this forensic audit can be
conducted in which areas this forensic audit can be conducted forensic audit can be conducted in mainly three areas
when there is a asset M appropriation in that particular company when there are instances of corruption when there are
financial statements fraud what are these we'll see now under these three areas forensic audit can be conducted or
forensic audit can be started in that particular company now what are the cases of asset Mass appropriation when
there is a cash theft in the business when using company's business for fraudulent payments companies funds are
using to make a illegal activities payments or doing any fraud payments in that case also forensic audit can be
done billing frauds which means a fictious supplier is there there is no supplier at all we are not getting or
receiving any raw materials from that particular supplier but in our books of accounts we have given an entry
regarding we have purchased certain materials from that particular supplier and we have made a payment also so what
we are doing we are taking the management is taking the cash from that particular business and showing the
entry for that particular cash as fictitious supplier as they are taking the raw materials from outside which is
nothing but misappropriation of funds now pay payroll frauds payroll frauds can also be done an employee is working
in our organization there is no employee who is actually working in our organization but that employees name is
recorded in our books of accounts and it is recorded as we have paid a salary for that particular employee that is nothing
but payroll frauds for a fictitious employee theft of inventory from a company when inventory or a main
particular asset in that particular company is become theft or misused by any management misuse of Assets in that
case also these all cases will be led to asset misappropriation which can lead to
forensic audit this is the first area where forensic audit can be commenced now second case instances of
corruption what are these corruption cases corruption can be of three kinds it can be conflict of interest it can be
extortion it can be prary what are these three cases of corruption these three are also
called as corruption how these are different from each other we'll see now conflict of interest conflict of
interest is nothing but when individual is making decisions which is against the decision of the company or which is
against the interest of that particular management they are doing that or they are taking the decision on their own
benefit for that personal interest they are taking that decision that is nothing but conflict of interest for example
there is is a manager person in that particular company or a key personal in that particular company who has to give
his opinion regarding a merger of one company with the other company for example this manager or key personal is
working in XY limited company and this companies want to take a merger with ABC limited company now for this merger the
opinion of this person is being asked by that particular company and this person is closely related to ABC limited
management he has a business relationship with them so what this person is doing even XYZ limited and ABC
limited are not in a common source of business even if they won't have any benefit with this merger this person is
saying that no when you both are merged into one business you'll have profits when he knows that this will lead to
losses he's telling that no it will be a profitable business you can go on with that this is done to deceive the person
but to get a personal benefit that is nothing but called as conflict of interest that can lead to
corruption extortion extortion is nothing but demanding money or favors through caution or threat so by
threatening someone if you are demanding them to give money to go on with any work that is called as extortion now
coming to bribery bribery is nothing called willfully giving money to any person to do that particular work so
they are asking that person to please do me this work and I'll offer you some kind of money or some kind of asset in
that particular place that is called as bribery so the are the three instances of corruption conflict of interest
extortion and prary now coming to financial statements fraud what are the cases of financial statements fraud
fraudulent financial reporting when financial reporting itself fraudulent fraud of material misstatements when
material things have to be recorded in that particular financial statements and they are willfully misstated many
material information is willfully omitted from that particular statement that can also be there deliberate
falsification or omission of any activities or any transactions or events for that from that particular statements
misapplication of standard standard itself willfully Mis applicated so all all these cases are called as financial
statements fraud so these are the three common areas where forensic audit can be comined so this is what I have given in
my material also common areas of forensic C corruption which can be conflict of interest bribery and
extortion and asset misappropriation can be due to cash theft fraudulent dispersement inventory fraud and misuse
of assets and when coming to financial statements fraud it can be Omission or Miss misapplication of accounting
standards so these are the common areas of conducting a forensic audit is it clear now getting into a concept three
which is called a scope of forensic audit what is the major scope of forensic audit as we have already
discussed forensic audit can be comined in two cases which in uh in case of financial frauds also forensic audit can
be commended which are fraud embezzlement other Financial crimes in non-financial cases also fraud can be
commenced like bankruptcy filings business closure disputes divorces where Financial assets are contested in all
these financial fraud cases and non-financial fraud cases forensic audit can be commenced which is nothing but a
scope of forensic audit that is our concept three now coming to concept four we have already discussed this
difference between Financial audit and forensic audit Financial audit is nothing but a statutory compliance
focuses on ensuring compliance with accounting regulations and provide assurance that financial statements are
accurate enough now forensic audit is nothing but focused on investigating Financial records to uncover the
evidence of fraud or mus conduct that can be presented in the court of law so that is the basic difference between
Financial audit and forens SEC audit now getting into concept five reasons for conducting forensic audit this also we
have already discussed what are the the reasons for conducting a forensic audit if they have suspected that there is any
financial fraud in that particular company they can go with forensic audit in case of legal proceedings like in
case of Court proceedings where Auditors have to serve as an expert witness in that case also they can go for forensic
auditing misappropriation of assets takes place in that particular business to uncover the assets which has
misappropriated they can go for forensic auditing business conflicts like merger acquis position or business closures
they can go for forensic auditing bankruptcy and insolvency when then compan is going into bankruptcy cases or
insolvency cases to uncover what are the hidden Assets in that particular company whether there are assets or funds which
are there in the management control to get that out also forensic audit can be conducted so
these are the reasons for conducting a forensic audit now getting into concept six investigation methodology of
forensic AIT what is the investigation methodology nothing but the process of doing this particular foric audit we
cannot see as a process but was the investigation steps which can be taken in the forensic audit we have around
five investigation steps what are those first step is nothing but accepting the investigation next is planning the
investigation third is nothing but Gathering the evidence fourth is reporting and fifth is Court proceedings
so what are all these we are going to see in detail accepting the investigation getting into our first
step accepting the investigation now for whom this forensic audit will be assigned to forensic audit will be
assigned to an independent form or group of investigators why this forensic audit have to give to an independent firm why
not to a already auditor who's working in our particular company because he already know about our company he can go
with forensic auditor no no because that particular forensic audit investigation should be free from any biased opinion
and the investigation should be in a truthful manner always the auditor who is coming to do a forensic auditor
should always suspect that there is a fraud in that particular company if already auditor who is working in our
company is coming and doing the audit he already has idea regarding our uh company so he'll not go on find any
fraud or crime he will just say that no everything is truthful enough so for that independent form or group of
investigators who doesn't know anything about our company should come for forensic
auditing what is the first step when also this forensic audit is given for an independent firm or group of
investigators what they have to do first they have to determine whether they have necessary tools skills and expertise to
go forward with that investigation first they have to check themselves whether they have that proper expertise or
skills to uncover that particular fraud or not whether they are being able to detect what is the error or crime which
is doing in that particular company or not those Auditors have to check themselves after that after determining
whether they have particular experties what they have to do they have to again train themselves to be more efficient in
conducting their work they have to do their own training and get more knowledge of fraud detection if they are
all satisfied with their expertise skills and they have done a proper training if they're satisfied enough
that yes we can go on with that particular forensic audit and we can detect what is the fraud happening in
that particular company they can go ahead and accept the investigation so this is the first investigation
methodology step which will be taking up which is called as access accepting the investigation now getting into second
step planning the investigation now they have gotten into the investigation process they have to plan the
investigation what are the planning steps first assertain the goal of audit being conducted first they have to know
what is the goal of that particular forensic audit why forensic audit is being conducted due to misappropriation
or due to corruption or due to financial statements fraud what they are going to search in the that particular forensic
audit what they are going to do uh find out in that particular forensic audit they have to fix that as their
particular goal and then determine procedures determine procedures to achieve it they have to maintain a
proper procedure so what will be the first step and what will be the last step entire procedure have to be taken
up use effective tools and techniques they have to use what are the effective tools and
techniques which can help them to uncover that particular forensic audit fraud now regarding this effective tool
we have one such tool in our syllabus which is called as fraud triangle and fraud risk what is nothing but a fraud
triangle and a fraud risk so a fraud triangle and a fraud risk is a tool which can be used in the
forensic AIT that explains regarding three interrelated Elements which are incentive altitude opportunity what are
the three elements why we are getting into these three elements and why this is called as a fraud triangle because
incentive is called as a pressure a motive that derives a person to commit fraud if he is in need of money or if he
want that particular money and he's in a financial problems in that case for wanting of that particular money he will
commit a fraud which is a pressure on that particular person which is a motive I need this money right now I want this
money if he's any person who is having a um addiction of gambling or any other drugs or something then he needs money
so to get that money what he'll do he can't go and ask his parents or something that I want to go for gambling
or I want some drugs to purchase he can't go so for that he want illegal money for that he'll commit a fraud and
he will get that money so incentive is nothing but a pleasure or motive to derive that money and coming to attitude
attitude is a realization and ability to rationalize fraudulent Behavior a attitude of that person who's committing
a fraud even after committing a particular fraud he's saying that no I have not done anything wrong because
that company owes me I am working in that particular company and I have right to take the money from that particular
company he's rationalizing it or else he's saying like I'm very closely related to the manager manager and I are
very close friends and I can have a right to take the money from that manager desk because we are very close
enough I'll just put it back when I get my payback that is a rationalization attitude which a person
will have he'll not think like it is a wrongdoing or a fraudulent activity he'll always say like this is a right of
my doing it so that is called as attitude now coming to opportunity opportunity is that enables a person to
commit fraud so there is an opportunity for that particular individual on conducting that particular fraud for
example there is an open room like this and there are crows of money which has put in an put here in an open box and
the door is open will no one come and take that money no they will come and take that money if anyone are asking
coming and asking uh Regarding why you have took this money the what that person will say this is uninspected
money no one is here so I have come here first so this will be my money so what he'll say no one is here no one is
demanding or no one is own taking the ownership of this money so I came first so this is my money I am the owner for
this money because he has the opportunity to take that money he will commit that particular fraud so these
are the three elements which leads to fraud triangle this is the fraud triangle at one side it will be
incentive attitude opportunity so these are the fraud triangle this can be used as a tool for conducting forensic
auditing so in planning of Investigation they can use an effective tool like fraud triangle to know about the
forensic audit or fraud which is happening in that particular entity so this is a planning process identify what
is the the type of fraud how long it has been operating how fraud has been concealed like it has been done how it
has been come to picture how everyone has known about that particular fraud identifying fraud sters who have
involved in that particular fraud Financial loss suffered by the client Gathering evidence to proceed in the
court and to provide that advisor to prevent reoccurrence of the fraud these all should be there in the planning
process of that particular forensic audit so this is our second step or second investigation methodology in
forensic audit now getting into third investigation methodology Gathering evidence we have certain techniques that
can be used for Gathering the evidence what are those techniques first they can go for reviewing the public documents
and conducting background investigation checks so they can uh go to the public documents they can review them they can
check them and gather the evidence they can conduct detailed interviews they can go to the least working people in that
particular organization like sleeper or a worker or any uh Watchman or something and they can go directly and conduct the
interviews they can ask regarding the explanation or management doings they can go and interview them GA information
from the trustworthy sources always when auditor is getting any evidence that should be from a trustworthy Source why
from trustworthy source so that the evidence is not also falsified if he's collecting the evidence but that
evidence is coming as a false evidence then entire forensic audit will go wrong so evidence which is collected should be
from a trustworthy source that should be reliable enough to get into the forensic audit conducting surveillance he can not
only go on and documents he can not only check the data he can directly do the surveillance of how the employees are
working how the management is working how the directors of that particular company are working is everything is in
under control or not whether the meetings are conducting or not he can surveillance that also going undercover
going undercover is not like changing everything get up and all but he can go on in detail from external environment
also and go on verify regarding the organization environment and activities analyzing financial statements he can
analyze regarding the financial statements after every gathers uh evidence is gathered he can analyze
whatever evidence gathered also so this is the third investigation methodology which can be conducted now fourth
investigation methodology is reporting after investigating and Gathering evidence investigating team will submit
a report now auditor is there auditor under auditor they will have a team a team of members A Partners who will be
called as a investigating team that investigating team after Gathering evidence after conducting forensic audit
at last they have to give a forensic audit report what will be there in that particular report findings of
Investigation whatever findings they have in that particular investigation that will be in that particular report
summary of evidence collected whatever evidence collected that will be there conclusions about loss suffered for that
particular fraud how much loss has been suffered by company by shareholders by customers by clients everyone how fraud
was planned and how it is unfolded how fraud is planned and how it is unfolded like how it has been uh committed and
how it has been got into picturization whole trail of evens the entire trail of events like from this period to this
period this step to this step part of everything how it has been made up suggestions to prevent fraud in the
future all these information will be in that particular report now coming to F fifth me investigation methodology at
last what they have to do they have to give that particular evidence in that particular court now planning is done
investigation is done evidence is collected conclusions are given findings are there everything is there now the
evidence has to be given to the court of law auditors to be called to jurisdictional court to lay down facts
and findings as easy understandable so this is nothing but fifth step so this is the investigation methodology which
is our concept six accepting the investigation planning the investigation Gathering the evidence reporting and
Court proceedings that is the investigation methodology now coming into Concept Seven need for forensic
audit in my handr notes I have given a n step method for fact finding this is not so important if investigation
methodology question is asked in your examination you can write that fifth point five points that will be more than
sufficient but here it is a nin step process of fact finding that is investigation methodology but this is
for a fact finding nothing but those Five Points adding on with four points accepting forensic AIT engagement is our
first investigation methodology now after that they will evaluate whether the suspicion is correct or not whether
the allegations which are put in that particular company are correct or not next they'll conduct due diligence
background checks next they'll complete the preliminary stage of Investigation like before getting into investigation
itself what are the matters to be dealt with next checking prediction assuming that there is a litigation which means
they will doubt everything they'll question everything after questioning they'll go on with the investigation
begin with an external investigation not not only internal checking the Records books they'll go to the external
investigation like go on to the employees and conducting interviews go on with the outside invironments going
on to the competitors and asking about that particular organization begin with the external investigation gather
evidence required and proofs required they will gather the evidence prepare report of findings and at last produce
in the court so this is a nin step process which can be followed for fact finding this is not that so important
but you can see it now getting into next concept need for forensic audit what is the need for forensic audit forensic
audit is an early warning signal for fraud so it is an early warning signal which is done to detect the fraud and to
determine organization needs so five forensic AIT is conducted to detect whether there is any fraud and
organization needs what are these organization needs nothing but whether there is an asset misappropriation to
find out corruption to find out financial statements fraud why management wants forensic audit to be
conducted that is nothing but organization needs okay now few instances occurrence of which entity
direct forensic audit check her okay now there are certain few
instances which can be occurred by which entity can die direct forensic audit what are those instances like what are
those activities which can lead company to go on with that particular forensic audit if there are any theft of business
information where Business Systems have been hacked directly business information itself have been theft it
has been hacked in that case forensic AIT can be done issues identified by whistleblower whistleblower is nothing
but an individual who is already working in that particular or organization who provides right information to the right
person that they believe evidence wrongdoing so any person who is working in that particular organization who can
be anyone it could be an employee or anyone mostly the employees will be the one who will uh come and tell about the
wrongdoings so they will be called as a whistleblower so whatever wrongdoings are happening in that particular
business with an Evidence if he is coming and giving that information to the right person that in that case that
individual will be called as a whistleblower if any issues are identified by whistleblower in that case
also that can lead to forensic audit reconciliation results is identified materially different if any
reconciliation statements are being prepared like reconciliation between finan Financial audit and cost audit or
reconciliation between cash book and bank bank book whatever reconciliation proceedings are happening in that case
there is a huge difference which can directly impact the decision making of that particular entity in that case also
forensic audit can be conducted suspicions of fraud or illegal activity when there is any fraud or illegal
activity suspicion in that particular business in that case also forensic audit can be conducted turnover and
balances are showing negative results if negatively turnover and uh balances are there not at all profits are there
everything is going under losses but activities are going in a proper way in that particular business in all these
instant cases this can lead to forensic audit that is nothing but need for forensic audit when in any organization
any of these activities are being done that can lead to forensic audit so that is our Concept Seven need
for forensic audit now getting into our concept eight forensic audit procedures what are the procedures to be followed
by a forensic audit we have four steps professional skepticism what is professional skepticism professional
skepticism is nothing but having a questioning mind or doubtful mind approach the audit with skepticism and
question the authenticity of the financial records always they have to question regarding the financial records
whether the financial records are proper or not whether the amounts are recorded correctly or not whether each and every
material information is recorded in that Financial records or not always the questioning mindset should be there for
that particular auditor that is called as professional skepticism that is one of the procedure and getting to the
second Point scientific approach what is the scientific approach for example the other entity is there in which that
particular forensic audit procedure has been followed now in our company we want to take the same procedure which has
been followed by the other entity because it has successfully done it and it has successfully uncovered the fraud
which has happened in that particular entity so we want to take the same procedure in our company also because
the both businesses or the both line of businesses are similar we can do so like that which is called a scientific
approach which means already it has been designed and it has been detected the fraud such kind of procedures we are
applying it use systematic forensic audit procedures designed to detect material misstatements and fraudulent
activities which are already designed we are using them that are called as scientific
approach now forensic data analysis what is forensic data analysis employ data analysis techniques to investigate
potential fraud and misstatements if you are getting into any data analysis techniques to uncover the fraud that is
called as forensic data analysis now what last foren fraud investigation techniques which we have already
discussed as a tool of fraud triangle address three common elements of fraud incentive attitude and opportunity or
conducting interviews or doing any surveillance or document reviews all are these techniques for fraud investigation
so these four are the forensic audit procedures which can be followed by The Entity to uncover any fraud or crime
that is our concept 8 now getting into concept nine till now we have seen regarding fraud fraud fraud what what is
this fraud fraud is nothing but a we know what is fraud fraud is nothing but to deceive others if anyone is doing
anything that is fraud but what is the actual definition which we have for fraud we are going to see that now fraud
is nothing but a deliberate act which means doing something or failure to act or re refraining to do something to
obtain an unauthorized benefit if they are doing something or restraining to do their own job to get a benefit for
oneself or for a institution by deception deception is nothing but deceiving others which means
even if they know that other person will not get any benefit if other person will be having any losses or uh uh any um
wrongdoing from that even then also they are committing that mistake that is called as deception to deceive others
false suggestion giving any false suggestion even if they know that will lead to losses suppression of Truth they
are not telling the truth about that particular activity unethical means doing any illegal means by doing all
these and not only doing this which are believed and relied upon by others by doing all these they are getting some
benefit and this benefit is believed by others that this is legal benefit then such kind of activity is called as a
fraud which is called as a deliberate act or failure to act to get an authorized benefit by following all
these which are believed and relied upon by others which is called as fraud now what are the examples of fraudulent
activities these are the examples which we have for fraudulent activities which is called as embezzlement forgery or
alteration of documents fraudulent financial reporting unauthorized alteration or manipulation of computer
files digital documents alteration misappropriation or misuse of resources authorization or receipt of payment of
goods not received or services not performed as we have seen fictitious suppliers even there is no not at all
supplier but the authorization for doing the payment for that particular supplier is given by the management which means
management didn't check on that particular supplier so authorization or receipt of payment also leads to
fraudulent act authorization or receipt of unearned wages or benefit which is payroll fraud conflict of interest or
violation of Ethics if they are having any conflict of interest with the company or doing any violation of Ethics
all these are the examples of fraudulent activities so that is our concept nine this is the definition of Fraud and
these are the examples of fraudulent activities which we have discussed now getting into a concept in business
fraud what is business fraud now we know fora fraud we know regarding forensic audit now what is business fraud
business fraud is nothing but which can be also called as corporate fraud which involves illegal unethical or deceptive
actions committed by a company or an individual in their capacity as an employee for this committing a fraud he
need not be an EMP employee or a person working in the organization anyone if he is doing any
act to deceive the company that will be called as a fraud but the person in their own capacity as working in that
particular entity if he is committing any illegal or deceptive actions that will be called as corporate fraud the
individual who's working in that particular business is conducting fraudulent activities those will be
corporate frauds so this is business fraud or corporate fraud illegal unethical and
deceptive actions committed by a company or individual acting in their capacity as employee of the
company often extremely complicated and difficult to identify usually this type of business frauds are very much uh
difficult to identify they'll not come to picture because they will do they will be doing that particular fraud in
such a way that no one will be able to detect it no one will be able to suspect that particular fraud usually takes
months to unravel so coming to complexity corporate fraud schemes are often highly
complex which means that will be in a huge number and difficult to uh uncover challenging to detect sometimes taking
months for forensic accountants to unre scale of fraud large scale corporate FS perpetrated by top Executives can EXT to
billions of dollars mostly this business fraud will not be done by any small uh person like Watchman or any sweeper or
any employee who's having a less salary but who have the entire authorization in that particular company like top
Executives will do such kind of corporate frauds which can go extended up to billions of dollars now who will
be the victims for this particular business fraud consumers clients creditors investors other businesses and
even the company itself and its employees can also be the victims of that particular corporate fraud and
coming to consequences what can be the consequence it can led the company to May phas severe Financial Rune which can
lead to bankruptcy so by conducting this for corporate fraud or by happening of this
business fraud the company will lead to bankruptcy or insolvency so this is our concept 10 which is called as business
fraud and coming to the last Point recovery challenges for example there is a business fraud happened in that
particular company in which manager is involved and he Tak and he had the benefit of100 billion doar of
cash and this fraud has been uncovered after 10 years of period now the forensic accountant or the fraud
examiner is going to that particular manager's place for example his home or his office and going and checking for
that1 10 billion cash will they find out no till now what what it could have happened the manager could have invested
it in some other place he could have done anything with that amount so majorly money obtained through corporate
fraud is often irrecoverable but any kind of immobile property if he has taken or any asset M appropriation has
happened they can again take that asset back they can again take that immovable property back but money involved cannot
be taken back that cannot be recovered back in cases of business fraud so that is our concept 10 now coming to concept
11 reasons for corporate fraud what are the reasons for corporate fraud why corporate fraud happens the
desire or perceived need to attract or retain investors which means they are telling the investors that my company is
a very short enough our products are the best products in the entire world just come and invest in our particular entity
and you will get profits in no time they're trying to get the investors attention to invest most of money in
their particular company or whatever investors who have already invested they're trying to retain them they're
trying uh they are telling that investors like no our company is performing very well our company is in
profits and you will get your interest back so to desire to perceive the need to attract the investors or to retain
the investors who have already invested in our particular company for that the fraud can happen problems or defects
with company's products that they want to hide if there are any problems with any particular uh product if there are
any defect in that particular product will company tell regarding the defects no they will not tell the regarding
defects or comp applications by taking that particular product they will always tell like my product is the best product
in this world you have to buy it and you will be most healthiest person in this world if you take our particular product
so this kind of defects will be done by pharmaceutical companies they will only tell regarding the tablet uses they'll
not regard they'll not tell regarding the complications or Side Effects by taking that particular
medication so desire to attract retain investors problems with the company's product these are the two reasons for
committing any corporate fraud now what are the regulatory challenges which we have regulatory authorities like sebi
can attempt to prevent and punish the corporate fraud so sebbi what they'll do if they find out any corporate fraud has
happened in any business they'll try to prevent and punish the persons who have involved in that particular corporate
fraud but detection can be delayed because corporate frauds will be in a huge amount and will be conducted by
home top Executives in particular entity this will be taken lot of time to be detected especially in private companies
not required to disclose financials at all there are certain private companies which are not at all required to give
financials we could be able to detect the fraud which has done in the particular company only if we examine
the financial records or financial statements now the sebi does not have any Financial records about that
particular entity how they will try to detect it they will not have any source to find out the fraud in that particular
company so this is nothing but regulatory challenges the detection can be delayed and when the private
companies does not disclose the financials the sebi also cannot take any preventive
actions now coming to Major for corporate fraud cases these are the examples of the cases which has been
happened in in life like in Practical cases these are the practical cases in which fraud
has been committed you can write these as examples in your Examination for any question which has been asked in the
forensic audit whatever question which could be asked in the fory CIT you can write these as
examples now what are the major corporate fraud cases Enron company what does this andron company do the
executives H financial troubles through massive accounting fraud they have done a massive accounting fraud and they have
hid all the financial troubles which they have even that company's learning losses they have showed it as profits
resulted in bankruptcy and the sarbas Oxley act has been introduced for greater transparency only after this
Enron company case we had bought a new act which is called as sarbanes Oxley act in
2002 now Waste Management Company what did happen in this particular Waste Management Company Waste Management
Company the previous owner who is there in that particular waste management company had done a lots of fraud he
has misstated all the financial records now that particular owner has been exchanged with the new owner the new
owner has been introduced for that particular business now what when this new owner has entered in that business
he has found out that all the financial statements are in wrongdoing that is fraud happening in this particular
company now this new owner had gone to the authorities and given all the proofs regarding the fraud and told that till
now there has been fraud happening in this particular company now I am the new owner and I will pay the penality for
happening till now and I will run the business correctly from now so previously perpetrated a multi-billion
dollar accounting fraud survived the Scandal under new leadership but faced penality there was new leadership but
after paying penalities it was running correctly that is regarding waste management and for at best company
founder Barry MCO engaged in Ponzi scheme fabricating customers he tried he uh entirely deceived the customers he
told that customers will get the product he had collected all the amounts from them but the products weren't given to
the customers the company collapsed shortly after going public so that is with
regarding the foret bestest company now wireart company discovered a two doll2 billion discrepancy between its books
and actual cash in books everything is recorded as we have purchased raw materials from them or we have made the
sales of this amount but no cash amount was recorded every entry was recorded as we have done purchases we have done
sales we have done investment we have this much of income we have this much of profit everything is recorded by but in
cash it was zero balance led to bankruptcy and the arrest of CEO Wells forgo and Company high
pressure sales Kota led to employees opening fake accounts when higher sales pressure is there employees usually
taken more fake accounts resulted in billion dollars in fines and loss of clients when uncovered so entire fake
accounts has been created in this particular Wells Fargo company so these are the cases or examples of the
corporate frauds which had happened in the Practical life so this is regarding our concept
11 this is what I have given here why corporate fraud happens and these are the examples of major corporate
fraud yes now we're going to start our next concept fraud triangle fraud triangle has three elements in it
opportunity rationalization pressure what is opportunity if there are any weaknesses in internal controls like
there is a inadequate supervision or review for The Works of employees or Works regarding the management or Works
regarding directors there is no supervision and reviewing at all then it is weakness of internal control when
there is no proper separation of duties when employee is not given uh saying that this is only up to your duty you're
only allowed till this you have only access till this work if there is a proper separation of Duties he know
about his duties he'll only do up to that he'll not go beyond the powers he'll not go beyond the rights which he
have but if there is no proper separation of Duties he'll tell that no one will no one will question me because
no one told me that this is my duty I'll go and do that I'll go and uh I'll go to direct CEO room if there is no
unrestricted access you'll go inside any room so there should be be a separation of Duties management approval for each
and everything which is done in the company needs a management approval if there is no management approval then
everyone will do whatever they want but if there is a management approval they'll properly come for the approval
from the management management will verify regarding the work if approval is given they'll perform that particular
work system controls if controls are proper in that particular system if internal controls are very proper there
will be proper uh way of doing any particular thing the Departments will work under that particular internal
controls only the workers will work in that particular internal controls only so there needs to be everything if any
of these things are not proper then that leads to opportunity for committing any fraud so that is the first fraud
triangle now coming to the second pleasure it is a motive due to personal financial problems due to any unforeseen
expenses due to personal addiction such as gambling drugs unrealistic deadlines performance goals this all leads to
pressure for gambling for drugs they need money and for money what they'll do they'll go for fraud to earn that money
in a fraudulent manner that is nothing but pressure rationalization I need this money I'll pay it back when I get it
back I didn't get the rise the company owes me these are the two cases where the attitude of that particular person
will deal with rationalization so these are the three elements which cause an fraud triangle breaking the fraud
triangle when the fraud triangle can be breaked fraud triangle can be breaked only in one element which is opportunity
opportunity is given by the company to that particular individual who is committing the fraud so we can eliminate
the opportunity from the fraud triangle by by implementing better internal controls by keeping very string and
rules in that particular entity or organization we can break the opportunity removing one of the to
reduce fraudulent activities they can remove the opportunity because it provides more actionable route to be to
do fraud so we can eliminate the opportunity and break the fraud triangle so that is but nothing but
fraud triangle which I have given this is fraud deterence fraud deterence is nothing but breaking the fraud triangle
now we have concept 13 red flax of fraud we have red flax these red flags are in two two cases employees red flag and
management red flag okay red flags are nothing but warning signals that fraud risk is higher
without any evidence of fraud occurring red flags of fraud is nothing but there is a fraud happening in that particular
company but there is a no evidence of occurrence of that particular fraud so these are warning signals that fraud is
being occurred occurred these are nothing but red flags of fraud which has to be always analyzed by the management
and the company if only one or two flags are there in that particular entity then that is not a very big thing to be
overly concerned about they can only be less concerned about just take the proper steps and that will be resolved
but if there are multiple Flags then that should be directly reported to the internal audit Department they will take
the properly measures okay now what are the red flags employee red flags and management red flx sudden
lifestyle changes for employee red flx sudden Lifestyle Changes till now he used to come by walk but today he comes
in Ben's car sudden lifestyle changes if he ask he'll tell that this is my own car he's doing buildup coming to the
office late at 10:00 and saying that I'll buy this entire company in just 10 days if anyone is asking he's saying
that I'll buy this entire company in 10 days and you will be worker working under me total lifestyle changes are
changing suddenly significant personal debt and credit problems till now when he comes to office he used to be very
much stressed with his debt problems he used to always complain about the debt which he's having I have lots of debt
what to do how to do it the the salary which I'm getting is not sufficient to pay by debts he used to complaint but
suddenly he's coming to the office and saying that all my debts are clear enough I'm free from all my debts I
don't have any personal debt I'm trying to take a new house not in debt by in full payment so these are employees red
FL behavioral changes till now he used to not have addiction even for a cigarette but suddenly he's going to
gambling he's going to casinos he's investing lots of money he's taking lot of money he's putting lot of money in
those gambling and casinos and that is sudden behavioral changes fear of losing job always is thinking that if manager
is calling if someone is coming and telling manager is calling you he's fearing that why manager is calling me
what is he going to talk to me what is he going to ask about his having a fear of losing job refusal to take vacations
or leaves even if the head of the company is coming and asking him to Babu take leave for two days because you are
overly stressed go and take leave go and enjoy with your family he's saying no no no sir I have very much work to do I'm
very concerned about the profits of company I'll work my hard I'll give my 100% to the company that is refusal to
take vacations or leaves these are all employees red flx now coming to management red flux overriding internal
controls whatever internal controls are there in that particular entity they're trying to override it the internal inter
controls are created by the management management they himself are not following the internal controls
decisions are dominated by individual or group one individual or one group are manipulating the decisions which are
being taken in that particular company shows disrespect to the regulatory bodies when any regulatory bodies coming
to that particular entity and asking about any information they're not giving the information that is nothing but
disrespect the regulatory bodies policies and procedures are not documented when any policies and
procedures are not documented that leads to management red flag no monitoring lack of experience There Is No Lack
there is no experience for that particular manager at all but he has become manager no monitoring frequent
changes in bank accounts when bank accounts are being frequently changed excessive and unnecessary ear
and transaction the year and transaction is not at all required at all but they are doing year and transaction to show
lesser cost to to do the cost higher photocopied or missing documents documents are photocopied or missing at
all reluctant to provide records to the Auditors if auditor is coming and asking about the records to do the auditing
they are reluctant to give means they're not giving the records to be audited sold company's assets below market value
when management sales the assets of the business in the below market value these are the red flags of the management so
these are the red flags of employees and management red flags are nothing but early warning signals to detect that
there is a fraud happening in the particular company but there is no evidence of that fraud occurrence so
these are the points which I've given I've only given five and five points just learn five and five that's enough
okay reporting suspected fraud or misconduct if any employee is suspecting any fraud which is happening in that
particular entity he should not directly go and report it what he have to do he have to do his own investigation first
he have to know about the fraudsters who have involved in that particular fraud why for doing it to avoid suspected
individuals alerting so that he will not go and alert the the suspected individual or to avoid false
Acquisitions he's doubting that manager is involved in any fraud but it is not short short enough if he is directly
going and complaining about the manager what will happen if manager is not at all involved the job of that particular
employee may go so what he have to do he have to first do the background check whether the manager is actually involved
or not to avoid the false acquisition to not to alter suspected individual to report suspicions to the appropriate
Authority instead he can do the background checks or he can directly go and report it to the appropriate
Authority clear till enough concept 13 now Financial forensics Financial forenses is nothing
but a field that combines both accounting and investigation if both accounting and investigation is combined
that is called as Financial forensics the main purpose is to discover and gather evidence of criminal activity
involving money forensic auditing is done to know whether there is any crime whether there is any fraud not it is
related only to money but Financial forensics is to discover and gather evidence of criminal activity involving
money financing Financial forensics professionals who will be Financial forensics professionals investigate
individuals and organizational financials determine how they manage them so these professionals what they
will do they will investigate individuals and organization financials and determine how they manage them and
also they help to prevent Financial crimes and recover lost assets researchers other businesses to
determine their true value so these are the work which be done by the financial forensics
professionals why they are doing this to discover whether there is any criminal activity involving in
money common areas of financial forensics we have seen forensic auditing common areas now what are the common
areas of financial forensics Financial theft customer employee or individual is stealing money from the organization
that is financial theft Securities fraud types of white collar crime sometime presents false information to the
investors the individual who is working in that particular company itself they are giving false information to the
investors that is called as Securities fraud money laundering process of making money earned through illegal methods
look look legal you know what is moneya laundering corporate valuation disputes finding true value of organization done
when done when one business is acquiring other business to know about the merger amalgamation or something when one
business is acquiring about the other business to know about the corporate valuation they can go for financial
forensics tax evation to know whether there is any tax evation in that particular company whether they are
paying their tax properly or not whether they are avoiding iding their taxes or not to know about that Financial
forensics can be done now what are the qualities of forensic accountants or professional
professional is nothing but Financial forensics professional so now we have forensic auditing we have Financial
forensics for forensic auditing we'll have forensic accountants for financial forensics we'll have Financial forensics
professionals what are the qualities which has to be maintained by both they should have a logical mindset they
should have a mindset which is logical way to detect and correct the errors give attention to details for each and
every minute detail also attention should be given be spontaneous they have to be very spontaneous to know about the
each information they have to analyze that information right after it is in their hands they should be very
spontaneous give value to moral principles they should give value to the moral principles of that particular
organization which they are working for question everything or inquisitiveness nothing
but professional skepticism good understanding of accounting transactions and impacts they
should have a good understanding of accounting transactions and their impacts on the financials so these are
the qualities of forensic accountants or professional this is regarding Financial forensics
common areas and financial essential qualities of forensic accountants now coming to concept 17
investigation techniques for forensic accounting we have seen investigation methodology now coming to investigation
techniques for forensic accounting while doing the accounting of forensic what all the investigation
techniques can be done they can review public documents conduct background checks conduct
detailed interviews gather information from trustworthy sources analyze evidence gathered conduct surveillance
going undercover analyzing financial statements the same step which we have seen in gathering evidence in that
methodology investigation methodology we have seen Gathering evidence point which is third in this in that everything
thing is there so that is nothing but techniques which can be followed while investigating the forensic
accounting so this is investigation techniques ethical issues in business so there are some fundamental
ethical issues that organizations will face to maintain the integrity Integrity is nothing but being very honest due to
these issues organization loses the Integrity what are the business issues which entity have to
face understanding ethical standards the ethical standards are nothing but integrity and Trust diversity and
inclusions compliance and governance these are the ethical standards due to which it has
a see understanding ethical standards integrity and Trust businesses must promote conduct rooted in integrity and
build trust among employees customers and stakeholders they have to build the trust they have to maintain the trust
which that customers or employees have on that particular entity due to which there will be a ethical issue will
everyone trust in our business no will everyone believe what is telling by the business no they will not believe it so
they would be a issues in that particular business diversity and inclusion accommodating diverse
perspectives and backgrounds is vital before getting into any business before getting into any
product or something the background checks has to be done what is the diverse perspectives if we are entering
into this project what are the complications we can get what are the benefits we can get everything has to be
analyzed as is EMP hypothetic decision making that aligns with core values because any new product or any new
project will directly Implement in the decision making of the entire company so diversity and inclusion should be
considered compliance and governance organization should ensure that their governance structures reflect ethical
standards and compliance requirements they have to comply with the ethical standards and requirements which they
have so this is regarding understand ing ethical standards now harassment and discrimination in
workplace harassment and discrimination can lead to severe financial and reputational damage when company is
running then they have to mainly focus on these harassment and discrimination rules which we have like if there is
any age any uh person who is working in our organization who is in a 40 plus years age so the requirements of that
person has to be fulfilled by that particular entity they have to keep very keen on that they have to not give more
pressure on that particular person because he is so aged these are Under rules not in real life
okay disability physical or mental disabilities if there there are any physical or mental disabilities under
that circumstances they have to provide some uh requirements to that particular person equal pay for boys for girls for
ladies gents uh on on the basis of not uh following any religion race or anything
everyone should have a equal p pregnancy due to pregnancy they should give certain uh requirements or certain uh
what we say uh leave or some facilities to be provided for the pregnant ladies race
and E ethnicity without following any religion race ethnicity every everyone should be treated equally if anyone is
following religion no compromises everyone should be treated equally sex and gend gender identity whatever they
say male female or any other transgender equally should be respected so that is nothing but anti-discrimination law
which has to be followed by the company or that business harassment and discrimination in the workplace they
have to mainly focus on this even a minute mistake in this can lead on entire reput reputation of that
particular business that will affect the entire reputation of that particular business now health and safety in
workplace always the company have to focus on the health and safety if it is mainly Industrial compan companies
chemical sectors then they have to mainly focus on the safety measures employee rights under occupational
safety and health administration regulations employees have the right to have a safe working
conditions tops sited violations fall protection if they are working under any construction then they should have a
fall protection Hazard communication if they are working under any chemicals or any other gases then Hazard prodection
should be given scaffolding respiratory production if scaffolding is nothing but if there is
any uh kind of um in any entity there is any uh thing which is affecting the employees like in respect of their work
conditions or in respect of the work done by them that is nothing but scaffolding that should not be in an
affecting way that is scaffolding respiratory if they're working under any chemical Industries or something they
should give that respiratory Productions lockout tagout procedures power industrial trucks
ladders safety standards electric wiring methods machine guarding General electricity requirements these are all
nothing but what health and safety in workplace they have to comply with all
the requirements psych psychosocial risks and mental health not only physical health also so mental health
should be taken care with the business health and safety concerns extend beyond physical Insurance the
international labor organization reports increasing psychological risk linked to work related stress and mental health so
not only related to physical inurance regarding mental health also should be taken care not lots of pressure should
be given to that particular employee factors contributing to mental health issues job
insecurity High job demands effort reward imbalance low autonomy so these are the cases of or the factors of
mental health imbalance Wizzle blowing and social media content we have seen as a visle
blowing that if any individual is coming in telling regarding the entities frauds or entities uh non-compliance with any
laws and regulations if he is coming and disclosing it he is called as V visil blower a visil blower is a person often
an employee who reveals information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed
illegal immoral illicit unsafe or fraudulent a whistleblowing means calling attention to wrongdoing that is
occurring within the organization the government accountability projects list four ways to blow the whistle what are
the four ways reporting wrongdoing can be one case or violation of law second case to proper Authority such as
supervisor a HTI hotline hotline is nothing but which is majorly being done in that particular entity like if it is
getting into merger or something or if it is not uh disclosing any uh material information to the
Securities board which is very hotly done that is a hotline even a Inspector General so these are the four ways of
blowing the whistle blowing the Wizzle is more formally known as a making a disclosure in the public interest to to
so to safeguard the public if any disclosure is being made that business is not running properly that is called
as a Wizzle blowing it's important you can do so knowing that you are protected from losing your job if anyone is coming
and disclosing any vital information regarding the fraudulent activities then he's sorry then he is protected from
losing his job or being victimized as a result of what you have uncovered and made public so whatever has been
uncovered by him or whatever made public by him he will be protected by law ethics of online conduct employment
status employee conduct on social media can influence their employment status now if he's being a manager and and he
is going in the online any social media website and telling bad about the company that will affect us employment
status disloyalty the ethical dilemma often arises when employees post content that could be seen as a disloyal to
their employer in today what happened is in that
particular organization manager come came and scolded that employee what is doing is
directly going to his Instagram putting a re regarding his manager stating that this is my manager name he has scolded
me like this this is the doings of this the manager is like that manager is like this he's being disloyal to not entirely
to the company to the manager or his employer ambiguity the complexity of determining whether a post is
whistleblowing or disloyal ambiguity is between both whistleblowing and disloyal whistleblowing is if there is any crime
happening in that they disclosing it disloyal even if good is happening they are stating it as bad and giving in
social media so the middle line between Wizzle blowing and disloyal Necessities will be
ambiguity clear social media policies within the organization whistleblowing protection how this can be protected
encourage reporting employees should feel encouraged to report workplace violations with without fear of
punishment whether through regulatory channels or social media so that should be very clear to them the employees who
are working in that particular organization whether it is disloyal or whether is it visle blowing the contents
of that particular visil blowing should be given like if really fraud is happening then you can directly go on
telling the social media but if there is not nothing much you are only showing your anger on that particular employ
employer then don't go to social media so they have to be very clear with the employees they have to discuss them
discuss it with the employees now coming to the sixth Point ethics in accounting practices what are
the ethics which we have accurate bookkeeping maintain accurate and ethical accounting practices is crucial
for the organization they have to maintain proper books cooking the books cooking the books is nothing but even if
nothing is there they are making the books even if there are not not no profits they are cooking the books
engaging in unethical accounting practices can leads to Serious consequences impact on stakeholders The
Fallout from such scandals often affects thousands of jobs and can erode public interest in financial markets which will
impact the stakeholders stakeholders are nothing but customers or investors which will directly affect whom
stakeholders This legal response is nothing but till now whatever has been taken care of like all these ethical
issues in the business are taken care off with a legislative response what is the legislative response a sarbus CH
sarbus oxil Act of 2002 has been brought into picture why to impose stringent financial reporting requirements to
protect consumers and investors because of these ethical issues there were certain cases which are being happening
in that particular businesses so a stringing financial reporting requirements has been bought by which
sbas Oxley Act of 2002 and in all companies they bought maintenance of accurate Financial records not only
complying with tax laws but also to attract investment and Foster business relationships even it is a small
privately held company they have to required maintain accurate Financial records the mandatory requirement has
been bought so these are the legislative responses because of the ethical issues and non-disclosure on corporate espon
what is corporate espon corporate espon is nothing but involves a theft of confidential information such as
intellectual property client data by current or former employees so whoever working under our employment now
or past employees are trying to take the confidential information and disclose it in the public that is called as
corporate espon this unethical Behavior can significantly harm the organizations
especially those in competitive Industries because directly the reputation will be damaged to mitigate
these risk companies often Implement mandatory non-disclosure agreement so the
companies will get into a non-disclosure agreement ment to avoid this corporate espan they impose strict Financial
penalities for violation if they are going and disclosing any unpublished price sensitive information to the
outside then there will be a penality which will be imposed on that particular individual technology and privacy
practices monitoring employee activities while advancement in technology always the employees activities will be
monitored we'll have CCTV cameras and all employers have increased their ability to monitor employee activities
on company provided devices while their surveillance aims to enhance the productivity and efficiency it raises
significant privacy concerns ethical use of surveillance it will be transparent and employee
awareness will be given that you are monitored you are surveillanced so these are nothing but ethical B issues in the
businesses clear is it so important for examination no but yes can be questioned okay just
refer it what is there in that particular thing because we have only minimal syllabus from the forensic AIT
we can't skip because it can be questioned okay we have concept 9 concept 19 20 21 and 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 so yes till now we have discussed regarding the fundamental ethical issues
that organization have to maintain Integrity so to be enough of honest they they have some ethical issues
fundamental ethical issues what we what did we see understanding ethical standards har ment and discrimination in
the workplace health and safety in workplace psychological risk and mental health Wizzle blowing and social media
content the difference between Wizzle blowing and social media content ethics in accounting practices legislative
responses regarding all these ethical issues we have legislative response of two one is sarbanes
Ole Act of 2002 and companies have bought a mandatory comp compliance with the laws and regulations non-disclosure
and corporate expage what is corporate expage and what is non-disclosure agreement regarding all this we have
seen technology and privacy practices these are nothing but ethical issues which we have in the business now coming
into the next concept ethical responsibilities of the auditor what the forensic auditor has to do or not a
forensic auditor what auditor has to do what are the e ecal responsibilities these are the fundamental ethical
principles which we already know whoever the auditor could be it could be a cost auditor it could be an internal auditor
it could be a statutory auditor or it could be a forensic auditor the fundamental principles are similar
Integrity objectivity professional competence confidentiality and professional behavior these are the five
fundamental principles which has to be complied with them okay so these are the ethical
responsibilities of the auditor just go through with that same similar to the one which we have discussed already now
coming to the next concept when anyone is getting into the auditing profession there are major threats what are major
threats in the auditing profession we have five threats self-interest threat self- review threat advocacy threat
familiarity threat intimidation threat what are these threats of we'll see now what is self-interest thre when auditor
has a financial interest in the auditing company if he has bued any Securities from that particular company if he is
having any stake in that particular company or directly or indirectly which means their related persons or their
relatives are having any financial interest in that particular company firm is reliant on client fees
out standing fees are due for example the auditor has already worked in that particular company as a auditor before
itself but for the past term auditing they didn't pay him appropriate fees the outstanding fees are still pending even
for this term also under all these cases there will be a self-interest threat so threat is nothing but auditor will not
be able to give his effectiveness that particular audit there will be any some barrier between his auditing work self
review threat self-review threat is when auditor performs non auditing services like specialized Services if any auditor
is work is giving any uh investment advisory services or bookkeeping services for that particular entity or
preparing the financial statements of that particular entity he himself is preparing the financial statements and
he himself is coming and doing the auditing of that particular financial statements that will be taken as a self
review threat whatever work done by him he's reviewing it that is nothing but self review threat now coming to
advocacy threat auditor promotes or Advocates on behalf of the client which compromises their ability to remain
impartial so the cost auditor is being very partial to the work of that particular entity even if entity is not
doing the work properly even if they are doing any fraudulent activities he's being partial and supporting and
compromising all the things which are done he's advocating which means he's telling that uh every work which is done
by that particular compan is correct he's trying to oppose everyone if anyone is coming and asking what is the
management work this is the wrongdoing by that particular management he's doing as a Advocate like he's trying to oppose
that particular person against the company familiarity threat when auditor becomes too close or familiar with
clients management or personal leading to biased decisions and that will be called as familiarity threat he's
becoming too close to the management intimidation threat auditor covered auditor is covered threatened by
clients management directors and other individual influence so his doing his work Under the Influence under the
management threats if he are doing if he is conducting any work then that is called as intimidation threat under all
these threat cases the work done by the cost auditor is not true and fair he is doing it on the partiality basis or
doing any on biased basis or through any threat or something because if he is having any interest on that particular
entity overall the auditing is not done properly it is based on some influential thing it is not independent so these are
nothing but the threats which we have this can be asked as a question okay major threats in the auditing profession
self-interest that self review threat advocacy threat familiarity threat and intimidation
threat now coming to the next to minimize risk of ethical violation Auditors and organization must take some
proactive steps steps to uphold these principles we have certain ethical principles which has to be followed by
the cost auditor now to avoid that the ethical violations are there to avoid the violations from that principles
auditor and organization both combinely have to take some proper steps so that organization will work properly and
auditor will do the ethical requirements properly what are the steps step are of five honestly assess the needs and
resources what is the basic need of that particular organization what are the optimum utilization of resources he have
to honestly assess it conduct honest evaluation of ethical risks that organization might face and ensure that
these are sufficient resources to address the risk first he has to identify what are the ethical risks are
there and how much resource will be consumed to overcome those risk that is honestly assess the needs and resources
next establish a strong Foundation there needs to have a written standards of ethical workplace conduct what all
should be done by the employees what is the ethical workplace conduct on that there should be having a written
standards training on standards regarding standards the proper training should be given to the employees who are
working company's resources for advice on ethics what are the available resources which are there for the
employees to be work on regarding that information also should be guided to the employees performance evaluation based
on ethical conduct frequent performance evaluations like what is the performance levels of that particular employee that
also should be given to them disciplinary system a proper disciplinary system has to be
maintained now next build a culture of Integrity from top down which means if management is in honest and integrity
the employees also will be honest ethical leadership talk about importance of Ethics regularly they
should always communicate with the employees that you have to be very ethical enough you have to be honest you
have to come to us if you have any trouble they have to frequently communicate inform employees about the
decisions and actions that impact them if there is any impact of the decisions and actions which is taken by the
management on the employees that actions have to be disclosed to them that have to be communicated with them yes you
have threat or you have any effect on this particular decision but the effect will be rectified by us we will handle
about that effect you don't have to worry about that that Assurance should be given by the management to the
employees uphold promises and commitments to stakeholders and employ employes if they gave any promises
regarding we'll give bonuses if we have a 30% of increase in our profits if we have any 20% hike of our profits we'll
provide you bonuses if they're promising it after getting off that 30% profits rise the bonuses should be given the
promises which are given for the stakeholders and employees should be uphold which means to be maintained
acknowledge and reward the ethical conduct if any employee is properly maintaining the ethical conduct that
should be rewarded that should be appreciated by the management and upper level authorities hold violators
accountable especially leadership positions if anyone are doing any wrongful things or doing any
violations to the ethical principles and if they are in the leadership positions they have to be held accountable which
means they have to take the responsibility for their liability that is nothing but
having the Integrity from top down approach that means management have to take care of the entire thing now keep a
value focus in movements of big and small like what will be the value focus in the big
events and the small events HR policies fairness and integrity when the HR policies are being implemented those
policies should be fair enough and to be integrated re system and reward ethical Behavior as we have discussed if any
employee or any person individual working in the organization is conducting with the ethical behavior
that should be rewarded hiring and retention prioritize candidates with strong ethical behavior from when hiring
itself they have to hire the persons who has a strong ethical Behavior Performance Management integrate ethical
conduct into performance evaluations not only being honest enough with the work done by them even in their work also
they have to be honest enough they have to conduct their work in a proper way promotion decisions promote individuals
who continuously demonstrate Integrity who are all continuously following the ethical principles those kind of
candidates should be promoted which means the boost up confidence or uh they should be motivated from time to time
that you are way more giving to our organization like you are the uh major uh you are playing the major role in our
organization this year's profits are only because of you like the company's managers will usually do that the
employees who are working from day and night they'll usually uh keep them on their heads they'll usually praise them
like you because only because of you we got our bonuses only because of you we got this project you have worked so hard
regarding this project everyone will praise them timely timely they have to be
motivated so that is regarding keep a value focus and at last we have to re-evaluate and revise as needed if
anything to be re reevaluated or revised again that that has to be done conduct risk assessments survey employees hold
focus groups and measure the progress everything should be revised and re-evaluated so these are the steps
which can be done to minimize the risk of ethical violation okay honestly assess needs and resources establish a
strong Foundation build a culture of Integrity from top down keep a focus in moments like big and small re-evaluate
and revise as needed now the next in the steps we have seen for
minimizing the risk there needs to be a effective Ethics program we have seen that there are certain code of ethics
principles of conduct principles of standards and that has to be having some characteristics what are the
characteristics to Beav to have a effective Ethics program freedom to question management without Feer if any
employee needs to be honest enough or has to work with an Integrity then he shouldn't have a uh fear of questioning
the management the employee should be given assurance that he has a freedom to question management without fear reward
for ethical conduct he should be rewarded for ethical conduct no rewards for questionable
practices like if there is any management is doing any wrong or management work is affecting the
employees then they can go and question it but whenever the management is doing any work which is not related to
employee but related to decision making part will employee have any right to question the management no regarding
that management practices cannot be questioned by the employee so no rewards for questionable practices management
practices cannot be questioned by the employee positive feedback for ethical Behavior if is complying with the
ethical Behavior positive feedback should be given preparedness to address Miss conduct if any misconduct has been
occurred unwillfully then they the employees have to prepared enough to address that particular misconduct
willingness to seek ethics advice if they want any advice from the management or higher authorities they should be in
a condition to seek advice easily so these are the characteristics of having a effective Ethics program clear till
enough now now we have seen regarding ethics code of conduct principles of standards that
employees have to follow it management have to follow it and we have seen what are the ethical issues will be there in
the business till now is it clear now the next point is challenges in implementing these effective ethics
policies within the company we have seen that there are certain critic characteristics of Ethics policies now
if these ethics policies have to be implemented in company there will be certain challenges what are those
challenges resistance from employees if any new system has bought into the management or bought into the company
employees will not easily adopt with that particular circumstances they will question it why if for example till now
no review system has been there in that particular company now management is coming and telling that we are going to
implement effective ethics policy so what we are going to do is we are going to frequently review your performance
and going to reward your performance now the employees what will they think so you don't have trust on us so you're
going to uh review about our work the employees will try to defend themselves so you're trying to say that you don't
trust our work so you want to review our work employees will take it in a wrong way so there could be a resistant from
the EMP employees they'll not be able to in a position to easily accept that Ethics program cost of training and
implementation even employees accepting it they have to be properly trained to get about that Ethics program so
training cost can be higher inability to determine Roi of Ethics policies even if this effective ethics policies is B into
the organization the return on income from that particular effective Ethics program cannot be identified by The
Entity because these is a factor which will be there in the employees management these are about the personal
behaviors will that be having the direct effect on the profit no will that we have a for example this particular year
on this day I'm implementing the effective ethics policy in my company will I be guarantee will I can give a
guarantee that the month and results will be higher will I get profit no because effective ethics policy is only
bringing now it has to be properly implemented everyone has to be cope up with it everyone has to understand it
everyone has to properly follow it only then in a quiet period like in 6 months or after one year we can get a return on
income from it but right after implementation we cannot expect any return on income so these three could be
challenges in implementing the effective ethics policy into the company clear now we have code of conduct in
forensic audit till now we have seen forensic audit we have seen Financial forensics we have seen regarding the
ethical issues in business now we have come to the forensic audit code of conduct what is the code of conduct of
forensic audit we have a code for it like we have insolvency and bankruptcy code we have forensic audit code this
code is applicable to two persons certified fraud examiners and Associate Auditors these certified fraud examiners
are nothing but the individuals who are qualified with the examination of certified fraud examination which has
been conducted by The Institute like we are cost and management accountants because we are writing CMA exam and we
are getting that qual qu ification similarly certified fraud examiners will have a proper exam after qualification
they can be CFS okay certified fraud examiners so this code of forensic audit will be applicable to the certified
fraud examiners nothing but forensic audit can be done by whom certified fraud examiners or Els can be done by
associate Auditors the Auditors who had been appointed by the board appointed by that particular entity those will be
associate Auditors so auditing forensic auditing can be done by certified fraud examiners or associate Auditors we have
certain standards on uh certified fraud examiners code of ethics which has to be followed by certified fraud examiners
and role of certified fraud examiners and also the code of conduct in forensic audit the same thing which we already no
Integrity professionalism responsibility to clients and public and commit commitment to Excellence these are the
code of conduct in forensic audit and this code is applicable to certified fraud examiners and Associate Auditors
we have certain standards for certified fraud examiners as we have standards for financial Auditors for cost Auditors for
certified fraud examiners who are going to conduct the forensic audit also we have certain standards standards on on
professional conduct standards on examination standards on reporting we have three standards for certified fraud
examiners what are those standards we are going to see now major threats we have covered steps
in reducing ethical risk covered characteristics of effective ethics ethics policy covered challenges in
implementing ethics policy covered code of conduct in forensic audit now we have come to the concept 24 clear till now
right having any doubts did I skip any concept no now the associate of certified fraud
examiners sets ethical standards for professionals involved in the forensic auditing ensuring that they perform at
the highest levels of integrity and professionalism so we have certain standards for certified fraud examiners
who are going to conduct the forensic audit so that the work work done by them is integrity and with professionalism
these standards guide the Auditors in conducting forensic audits ethically and responsibly emphasizing their duties to
the clients public and their peers peers are nothing but under them who they are working for so forensic audit is
conducted why to have the ethically and responsibility towards their clients and public what are those things key ethical
principles in forensic audit Integrity professionalism responsibility to clients and Publican commitment to
Excellence these are the key ethical principles in forensic audit applicability of code it is applicable
to certified fraud examiners cfes are nothing but Professional Standards is mandatory for all cfes CFS are required
to other to the standards in all professional activities failure to comply can result in disciplinary
actions so they have to comply with these standards associate Auditors while associate Auditors of associate CFS like
certified fraud examiners are not legally Bound by the code of Professional Standards those see these
standards are only applicable to the certified fraud examiners not to associate
Auditors they are encouraged to follow them these are not mandatory compliance but if associate Auditors want to comply
they can compliant striving to uphold these standards demonstrate a commitment to
the professional growth and ethical conduct what are the standards for to have a professional growth and ethical
conduct so getting into the standards of professional conduct what are the standards which we
have standards of professional conduct is the first standard standards of Examination for
certified fraud examiners is the second standard and standards of reporting for certified
fraud examiners is the third standard we have three standards clear now we going to go with the first standard standard
of professional conduct for certified fraud examiners integrity and objectivity what is integrity to
recognize that public trust is built on this so whatever work done by him on that work only public trust will be
built on conflict of interest any conflict must be disclosed to the client or employer before getting into
engagement if he's having any direct or indirect interest on that particular entity he have to disclose regarding
that interest objectivity ensuring unbiased judgment within the scope of their work to give an unbiased judgment
is a objectivity reputation they must always act in a way that Preserve deserves the
reputation of the profession legal compliance they must comply with the court orders dispute resolution bodies
criminal behavior and should not encourage others to engage in illegal activities so these all are integrity
and objectivity now coming to the next professional competence competence and assignments when working under that
particular assignment he has to make sure that he is competent enough which means no unqualified Behavior should be
done if he is not qualified to act under that particular assignment he should not handle it whatever work is qualified to
be handled by that particular certified fraud examiner he should only take that if he is not competent enough he should
not work on that now continuing education CFS must fulfill the continuing professional education
requirement set by the associate certified fraud examiners so whatever the ACF Institute is having like
whatever professional educations go on degrees they have to have go on certifications they have to have that
should be obtained by them due Professional Care the work done by them should be diligence should not be
negligent always there should be skepticism evidence-based conclusions plan for fraud examinations supervision
everything is coming under due Professional Care understanding with clients and
employer initial understanding as we have seen in the cost auditor case like the appointment of CF is done with a
proper care or not those are the initial understanding changes in scope whether there are any changes in scope after the
appointment or not now e point is compan ation with the clients and employer cfes are obligated
to communicate any significant findings discovered during the fraud examination if they have discovered any significant
findings that have to be communicated with whom with the client or employer under who they are working with
confidentiality cfes must not disclose any confidential or privileged information obtained during the fraud
examination unless is given explicit permission by proper Authority by lawful or by court order so these are the
standards on professional conduct professional conduct is nothing but Integrity objectivity professional
competence due Professional Care understanding with client and employer communication with client or employer
and maintaining confidentiality clear with the standard now getting into the next standard standard of Examination
for certified fraud examiners like how the examination should be done by them fraud examination how fraud examination
should be conducted conduct of examination the primary objective is to gather the evidence and information that
is complete reliable and relevant to the case at hand so how they have to do the examination to collect evidence they are
doing the examination that is the major objective and whatever evidence is collected is reliable is accurate enough
and it is relevant to the case if it is unrelevant it is not needed to be collected as evidence the evidence
should be relevant for that particular case in that way they have to do the examination prediction and scope these
priorities should be continuously reviewed and adjusted as the examination progress to ensure the examination
remains efficient and focused if there are any predictions done before like for example if they have predicted
or suspected regarding any fraud in the material thing or regarding financial statements that should be analyzed again
and again because they are not sure of it there should be a skepticism mind isn't it so there should be a continuous
review according to that prediction and scope if there are any susp suspects which they have uh put on at that
starting of audit engagement that should be prioritized first and that should be reviewed continuously till that final
opinion objective and awareness CFS must remain alert to the possibility of conjecture whether there are any UNS
unsuspected things which are already coming into audit like during the audit till now they haven't suspected anything
but now they are suspecting it so they should be very much aware remain alert about the things like At first planning
they have suspected about something but during the audit they shouldn't only focus on that thing they should focus on
many other things that is nothing but possibility of conjecture there could be any possibility of fraud
anywhere starting the goal was different but during the audit the goal can change UNS unsubed opinions and bias
from Witnesses and others involved so it shouldn't be any influence it should be not biased or it should not be on the
unsubstantiated opinion without any evidence the opinion should not be given without any proper records the opinion
should not be given so this is nothing but a fraud examination this is how examination should be done by the cost
auditor sorry uh certified fraud examiner now evidence the evidence to be collected by that audit uh examinator
how kind of evidence will be collected control and management CFA must establish effective control and
management procedures for handling documents data other evidence obtained during the examination not only
collecting is important preserving it is also important that should be maintained in a confidential manner it should not
be in a such a way that everyone are easily accessible to it extent of documentation CFA should adjust the
depth of documentation according to the specific needs and objectives of the clients and employer so whatever
documentation or evidence prepared by that particular uh CF should be in such a way regarding the client and employer
objectives like how the client wants about that report how the uh object what is the objective of main of this
forensic is conducted according to that the evidence should be maintained if for example the forensic audit has started
to know about the material misstatements but during the audit the forensic auditor has got to know that
there is a corruption also now the first objective should be regarding the material misstatements and the next
should be regarding the corruption so whatever the main objective of client and employer should be the main basis
for the evidence collected and after that what are all the external evidences collected that should also be included
clear so that is regarding the evidence and fraud examination standard of Examination for certified fraud
examiners clear with the second standard now coming to the third standards of reporting for certified fraud examiners
now they have collected the evidence they have done all the work now regarding the
reporting General reporting guidelines flexibility of report format CFS report can be delivered orally or in writing
may include both fact witness and expert witness testimony the report can be oral or in
writing and can include the actual fact witness like who is the witness for the actual fact or expert witness also like
there is a expert who have already worked in that particular field and he knows what could have happened so he can
be also taken as a witness because he's so expert enough so certified fraud examiners report can be oral or written
what all should be the written contents evidence-based reporting should be there neutrality on legal guilt or innocence
he should not be sure enough that the the company is in guilt the compan is innocent it should be equal he should
only give his opinion and evidences he should not conclude anything okay always the report should be based
on the neutrality he should not be on the innocent side he should not be on the guilt side also so that is regarding
the reporting for certified fraud examiners clear with the standards so what are the three standards first is
professional conduct second is examination third is reporting so these are the standards which we have for
certified fraud examiners now after standards we have certain code of
ethics what are this code of ethics code of ethics for certified fraud examiners for professionalism and
due diligence should not be digent and the work should be in a professional manner avoidance of illegal or unethical
conduct they should not get into any illegal actions integrity and competent enough only the work which is competent
and which will be done by them they have to do it any work should be done in a honest and
a fair manner compliance with court orders impartial testimony they have to comply with the court orders if there
are any evidence-based opinions should be there confidentiality should be maintained full disclosure of material
matters should be given continual Improvement should be there throughout his audit proceedings so these are the
code of ethics which are there for certified fraud examiners clear now coming to the next what is the role
of certified fraud examiners why they are being appointed to identify fraud so identifying evidence of fraud is the
main role conducting interviews and writing reports proactively evaluating fraud risk so these are the three roles
which will be done by the certified fraud examiners while conducting The Forum audit clear now regarding
professional opportunities this is not so much important like how forensic auditing is getting uh being implemented
in the world in today's world like what are the opportunities which we have this is nothing but our Institute itself is
having a forensic auditing course which can be studied and you can become a forensic Auditors this is just a
opportunities which we have in the outside well this is not uh relevant for the examination okay so that is
regarding the forensic auditing forensic audit C clear regarding foric audit having any
doubts no clear so what is important in forensic audit examination
perspective regarding forensic audit what I would suggest is go with the handwritten
okay go with the handwritten notes for quick revision even in this material how many
pages it is it is like 15 pages or something in handwritten notes it is 15 but handwritten notes is much simpler
you'll not have much in detail you'll just have headings so just by revising headings it will be more than enough for
you to revise the entire concepts of forensic auditing so go through with the handwritten notes majorly you have to
remember the fraud triangle and fraud the question from for triangle will be asked common areas of forensic audit can
be asked as a question investigation methodology can be asked as a question and uh regarding business fraud
corporate fraud regarding business fraud a question can be asked from Concept 10 fraud triangle concept 12 concept 13
red flags for fraud what are the red flags for fraud question can be asked regarding Financial forensics question
can be asked and regarding essential qualities of forensic accountants question can be
asked and regarding all these ethical issues in business just go through with them okay this ethical responsibilities
even if you're not learning it you'll be frequently learning it so you can attempt it okay so don't Focus Fus it in
forensic auditing as you are already learning it in cost auditing just keep it simple okay and major threats in
auditing profession what are the five threats the question can be asked self-interest thre self-review threat
advocacy familiarity intimation and uh the next you can directly go to
the code of conduct and forensic audit you can directly skip into the certified fraud examiners like what are the roles
which they have what are the standards which they have what are the code of ethics of certified fraud examiners
majorly Focus regarding the forensic audit basics of forensic audit business UHA business fraud or corporate fraud
Financial forensic because these are the main three concepts which we have and you can go to the certified fraud
examiners so majorly focus on these four Concepts in the forensic audit clear so that is regarding forensic
audit only three question papers are there for new syllabus and this has been asked as a new question like this is a
new syllabus in new syllabus only this has been bought us so we don't have more frequent questions like we can expect
any question in the coming examination we cannot only stick with the past three attemps question paper so you have to
learn everything learn everything but majorly focus on the things which I have given you
okay yes so yes now we are going to start with our next unit in section D which deals
with anti money launching so from this we can get around seven marks question we can get mcqs so for seven marks
question this is important now what is anti-money laundering and what we going to see in this particular these are the
concepts which we are going to in this particular unit what is money laundering first next what is anti-money
laundering what is money laundering and the prevention of money laundering is nothing but anti-money launching why we
have to understand Regarding antiy lach why companies have to in in their system the procedures or practices of anti
money laundering connection with terrorism financing how this anti-money laundering or money laundering is
connected with terrorism financing how this money laundering ter inter collect inter related that we
will see cycle of money laundering what is cycle of money laundering you have already know by law placement layering
integration now these are the sections which we have in this particular unit which you have to remember okay section
two deals with definitions in which we will see regarding definitions of we have around three definitions we are
going to see regarding that and section three talks about money laundering definition what is the money laundering
definition will be seen in section three and section four is regarding punishment of money laundering section five
attachment of property if any property is related to money laundering then how will that property be attached to that
deals with Section Five Section six deals with adjudicating authority who is the adjudicating authority related to
money laundering Concepts section 16 deals with power of survey what is the power of survey in
relation to money laundering section 17 deals with power of search andure section 18 talks with power of
search a person so how a person can be searched to and what are the powers that they have to go on search a person
section 19 talks with arrest section 21 retention of Records if any records uh are being like an Evidence or proof of
money laundering can that be r with the authority people how many days that can be retain that we are going to see in
section 21 and section 23 talks about interconnected transactions so how any transaction if one transaction is
related to money Laing another transaction will that be related to it will it is inter collected inter related
interconnected regarding that details we are going to see in section 2 and section 24 talks with presumption and
owner of grou for example in this circumstances or in this particular uh environment this particular area if I
have found out any documents related to money laundering or any uh money related to money laundering and if any person is
in that particular area will that person be also involved in money laundering case will he be having a presumption of
something and how he have to himself prove that he out of the Mone regarding that that topic we going to be in
section 24 and other than these sections we have certain things who are the legal and Regulatory authorities under this
particular money laer Financial intelligence unit of India enforcement directorate RBI SEI other regulatory
authorities so all these are the legal and Regulatory framework authorities which work under the money laundering so
what they are going to do what are the functions of financial intelligence unit in working about the money laundering
cases all these we are going to see and regarding the reporting entities who are the reporting entities banks financial
institutions what type of reporting they have to do to these legal and Regulatory authorities to bring the principles of
anti-money laundering regarding that we are going to see and at last we are going to see Financial action task force
how this financial action task force has been bought and what are the recommendations which are given to the
accountants by Financial action Tas this is the concept which we are going to do in the money
laundering clear now so this is the introduction of anti- money Laing now getting into the concepts of anti- money
launching starting with introduction what is money Laing money launching is a process of taking money earned from
illegal activities not only taking but also dising it as a money from a legitimate source so the money is
derived from an illegal activity but they're trying to convey or show it as a legal money that is nothing but money
laundering how this activities or illegal activities can be known as drug trafficking emment or any kind of theft
doing or any kind of um doing any uh related to illegal activities like selling of drugs or do human trafficking
any of the things any kind of illegal activities through which that deriving money all those activities if they
deriving that money and showing that money as a legal legitimate money that will be nothing but called as
money the aim is to make it appear as if the Dirty Money whatever the dirty money they have eared they are trying to show
it as a leave money black money is being converted into white money how the process that converting of black money
into white money we going to thatly money so it can be used without raising suspicion this act is a serious CBE so
any person involving in antiy will be a criminal and he will be against the criminal person okay now what is money
laundering we have understood what is anti-money laundering anti-money laundering refers to the procedures and
laws set up by the financial institutions to prevent and detect the money laundry so we have certain laws we
have certain procedures regarding to the prevention of money Laing which are called as anti money La financial
institutions are required to monitor customer transactions report suspicion activities to the authority who are
these financial institutions nothing Banks insurance companies those what they have to do they have to always
Monitor and verify regarding the customer transactions whether there are any huge amounts of money uh getting
into any accounts only once in a while or once in a year and the amount is a lome payment like 10 CR has been
suddenly come into one account first what the banks have to do they have to try to ask the justification from that
particular person like how you have derived this money if the justification Is Not So Satisfied from uh that
particular individual what that financial institution have to do directly go and report it to the
authorities and they will get into the Mone launching they will try to investigate what is the reason for that
particular amount involved in that particular account so they have to monitor the customer transaction and if
any suspicious activities have been coming to the view of that particular institution they have to report
regarding stion transactions so that is the procedure or law to prevent money laundering will be called as anti-money
laundering now getting into important anti- money laundering legislation like how this has been brought up everything
the United States was first among the countries to address money laundering so this money laundering concept has been
first introduced by United States through which through an act which is called as the bank secrecy act in 197 so
they bought this act regarding money laundering concept and first has been introduced in United States this law
required financial institutions to keep records of transactions and report suspicious activities so what this Bank
secrecy act done they have told Banks to maintain proper records of all customer transactions the entire record of
customer transactions will be maintained by them and if they have got any suspicion regarding any transaction that
should be reported to The Entity those are the concepts which are there in this particular Bank secrecy act which has
been got in 1970 over the years this act has been stringed to improve enforcement so they
have strengthened all the rules they have made every rule as a punishable rule or
very uh stringent rule so that no Bank can avoid uh following that particular laws and regulations the financial crime
enforcement network is the agency responsible for enforcing BSA in the US so this Bank secrecy act will be done
through a network called as Financial crimes enforcement Network it missions to the protect the financial system from
abuses such as moneya laundering and terrorism financing so this network will help pansas act to get the information
regarding money laundering and terrorism financing so this is regarding the history of AML like when did it start in
1970 in United States this anti-money laundering concept has what now after in 1989 the financial action task force was
created as an international body to establish Global standards for combating money laundering and counter terrorism
financing so even in 1970 the United States have start after all the countries have known the importance of
this money laundering maret so everyone wanted a international body which will give the guidance regarding this money
laundering principle so in 1989 a financial action task force has been brought up which talks about the
combating money laundering and counter terrorism of financing and also this financial action task force has brought
up an international monetary Fund in which 9 member countries also play a crucial role by ensuring the stability
of Global Financial system and addressing the risk posed by money laundering so there was a monetary fund
international monetary Fund in which all the countries have been involved in that particular fund why to compete whether
there is any money involved in money laundering whether there are any transactions of money laundering which
are helping the terrorism do so to know everything all this we have one Bank secy act
International uh this financial crimes enforcement Network Financial action task force and international monetary
fund all these are working for preventing the money laundering and for counter financing of terrorism here the
history of money laundering now why the money laundering has to be understood because globally it is estimated that 2%
to 5 % of world's GDP or approximately US Dollars 800 billion to US dollars to trillion annually is through Mone so
through a survey TX they have got to know that amount 2% to 5% of world's GDP is involved in money Laing so the the
illegal activities or the crying networks are becoming more and more and what they are doing they are taking that
illegal money and putting into the GDP into the society as it is a money so no one is knowing about that illegal money
everyone thinking that this is a white money no one is knowing about that black money through what through smuggling
through illegal arms SC through embezzlement Insider training of information bribery organized crime like
human trafficking drug trafficking prostitution by doing all these activities what they are they are
procuring the illegal funds and putting into the market as it is of legal fund So to avoid this entire network to be
happened in the society what we want anti money Laing to first to we we want to understand what is anti money laun so
that is the importance of AML now what is the connection of money laundering with terrorism financing money
laundering is closely titled to counter financing of terrorism how is it linked well AML deals with the source of funds
of Dirty Money counter financing of terrorism focuses on destination of funds into terrorism and now there are
many of terrorists who are trying to uh destroy the country or do the illegal activi how the funds are getting to them
who are giving money to them that is nothing but black money so someone is doing any activities through legal
sources if they aren't able to put it into legal fund what they are doing they are funding into terrorism so terrorism
are growing day by day how they are getting that arms and ammuntion which they are converting into terrorism
equipment those are nothing but through money laundering funds both AML and CF are critical for preventing illegal
money flow in the global Finance so is it through any activities done by uh terrorism financing or it through legal
money to uh illegal money to Legal money both are dying to do the same thing to the society they are trying to destroy
the society so both are easily interconnected why financial institutions should understand AML
Regulatory Compliance because it is a Regulatory Compliance financial institutions must comply with AML
regulations to monitor the transactions and Report suspicion activities so financial institutions have to follow
AML regulations because it is a compliance tool for them and reputation and shareholders value implementing
robust AML measures help institutions protect their brand reputation if any bank is into AML regulations what they
can tell the public and invested they can tell them my bank or our bank is involved in anti-money lach regulation
so you can be reliable on us you can directly invest your money into us because that funds are very safe in our
hand no money will be involved in money laundering cases even if you want your money back we will be able to give it
back so they can give a confidence or they can build a trust into the society that could be a case avoidance of
penality because it is a compliance tool they have to comply if they are not complying it that will lead to penality
so they can avoid penalities because of getting into AML regulations cost reduction effective AML system reduces
cost associated with what kind of cost can be reduced they will not be able to give any F penalties will not be paid
regulatory finds will not be imposed employee and it cost needed for manual transaction reviews if they getting into
AML regulations Banks and financial institutions will help them in customer transaction r they need not to employ
any other person to do that customer review and so they will get the help of financial institutions so in that case
they need not to do the recruitment separately for that particular region so that could be done capital reserve set
aside to manage risk exposure if AML regulations are already in that particular entity the risk is lower for
that particular entity so they not need not to aside a separate capital for controlling the
so this all will be the utilities and advantages by which AML regulations can be done in that particular entity or
company company following AML regulations these are the advantages which they can
get now getting into the definition so this is the basic introduction regarding AML and uh terrorism counter financing
of terrorism is it clear introduction is clear so why we are learning it what is it about everything is clear now get
into the definitions part section two talks about definition in which we have three definitions one is what is
proceeds of crime what is property and what is scheduled offense regarding scheduled offense question can be asked
which has been asked in the previous attempt now getting into the first definition proceeds of crime what is
proceeds of crime don't I to remember the subsection and Clause you can just remember section two okay now proceeds
of crime it means any property derived or obtained directly or indirectly by any person as a result of criminal
activities relating to scheduled offense what is scheduled offense we'll see now or the value of any such property so any
money directly or indirectly derived through property or derived through scheduled of is nothing but a proceeds
of sign now you have understood it now get into what is property property is nothing but property or asset of every
description whether corporeal or incorporeal which means corporate asset or incorporate asset movable or movable
tangible or in tangible includes Deeds instruments evidencing title to or interest in such property or assets
whereever located so wherever it could be located in India or outside India it could be it could be shares it could be
instruments it could be documents whatever it could be is movable immovable whatever it is everything is
called as a proper so if any property derived from value of any such property so any person is selling this
property and getting the property it could be a proceeds of crime scheduled offense what is scheduled offense
scheduled offense means the offense is specified under part A of scheduled are the offenses specified under Part B of
schedule the total value involved in such offenses is one CR or more in part A of schedule what is there normal cases
like um any uh human trafficking or drug trafficking those are the cases in part A which is not very stringent or which
does not uh the the offenses which does not lead to major penality or major imprisonment those are the offenses
which are there in part A but part B cases are like uh if it is related to narcotic drugs cases or Military Arms
and ammuntion cases in those kinds of offenses are in part which will have a major offense or which will have a more
punishment and which will have more imprisonment ises so those are the part A and Part B so Part B offenses as less
offensive Part B are major offenses the offenses specified under part C of the schedule part C is also there which is
not so important okay so we have part A and Part B and part C of scheduled offenses and Part B offenses involving
one CR or more the amount will be one CR or more so that is regarding scheduled offense so these are the three
definitions which we have under section two of anti money La now getting into section three this is the definition of
money laundering whatever question is being asked in your examination some anti- money laundering unit first point
should be your money Laing definition okay now whosoever directly or indirectly attempt to indulge or
knowingly assist or knowingly the party or in actually involved in any process or activities connected with the
proceeds of crime and projecting it as untainted property or claiming it as untainted property shall be guilty of
offense of money laundering untainted which means it is not illegal they're showing it as legal so projecting it as
legal property or claiming it as legal property when they have derived that particular proceeds of crime whether by
attempting or whether by knowingly assisting it or by knowingly being partially involved in it or actually
being involvement whatever it could be if if it just no and being silent they are into money Laing if they're actually
involving it they are into money laundering if they are assisting someone to you can do it I I'll be supporting to
you that is also involvement in money laundering whatever the case would be if they are getting any benefit directly or
indirectly through that particular procedure that are nothing but money loss so this is the actual definition
you have to remember it without missing any one word also so the same words you have to write attempts to inel knowingly
assess the same words you have to write because a definition okay now getting into the cycle of money launching what
is the cycle of money launching you already know we have three stages placation
Ling now the entire process can be break down into three stages placement layering and integration first stage is
placement the initial stage where illegally obtained money or black money is introduced into the formal Financial
system so this is the case where illegal money will be bought into the market criminals use various methods to place
this money without drawing attention without knowing by others they'll bring this illegal money into the
market by doing what payments to the cash based transaction not go any online transaction every transaction will be
done Cash basis criminals use businesses that deals with lots of cash such as restaurants retail stores deposit
illegal money along legitimate so they are doing legal sales but the amount which they are getting
for that sales that illegal money payments for call invoices by doing false invoices generating false invoices
they are making a payment to it creating fake transactions through invoices to move illegal funds mfing m mfing means
depositing small amounts of money across multiple accounts so small small amounts are being deposit into multiple accounts
to avoid detection by am system like from where do this money actually start from from which bank account this money
actually derived from to not to know about the legal source of that particular bank account what they'll do
they'll try to ship that money to various accounts the amounts are kept below threshold limits that would
trigger it would be like just 10,000 rupes in one account or 5,000 rupes in one account small amount not going into
LHS or something or something that is called as M moving money into trust and offshore accounts they'll move money to
trust accounts and offshore accounts aborted uh transactions transferring money to a lawyer
accountant Financial intermediary then canceling the transaction shortly after they'll book the lawyer that we have a
big case you have to assist a assistance in particular case and we will be paying you Fe LS or something and he will check
everything and he'll say say that yes I'll be do this Cas the amount will be transferred after that he'll not take
this cost so like that no one will suspect the lawyer isn't it no one will question the lawyer because they are in
the higher position so whoever they in higher positions they will Target them they will send the money to them so that
that will not be treated as illegal money because that will be as a legal sour because they are in the higher
position so in all these cases illegal money can brought into the market of society now second stage layering stage
once the money is placed the layering St stage now the money has been B to the market through any of the sources now
what is the next thing this stage involves up curing the origins of the funds by
moving the money through multiple complex transactions across different accounts and jurisdiction so from where
this money has been first started to not to know about that or even if suspicion has been arised they will not have any
evidence to know where this has been started from who is the major hand behind it to not to know about it
they'll start layering procedur transferring money between accounts or across borders this account to
International account they'll try to transfer it converting the money into various financial instruments like
they'll try to invest in stock markets buying stocks bonds different currencies they'll try to change to the currency
using shell companies are offshore companies shell companies are nothing but bogus companies they'll try to
invest everything into a bogus company which is not having any transactions offshore accounts they'll try to invest
in the offshore accounts the purpose of layering is to serve the link between the money and it illegal origin from
illegal origin to money they'll try to break the link between the origin and the money making it hard for
investigators to follow the so that is the process of process of layering now coming into integration the final stage
in the third and final stage the laundered money is reintroduced into economy in a way that makes it look
legitimate by investing it into real estate luxury goods legal businesses purchasing assets like cars yachs art
giving the appearance of legitimate weal and creating legitimate business revenues to explain the origin of f so
they'll convert entire illegal money into legal money so that is a third process of money Laing even it is a
frequently as question law it could be as in a also okay now getting into are section four we have SE two section
section two one section section two definition section three money laundering definition now coming into
section four punishment of money laundering what is the punishment the penalties include both rigorous
imprisonment and fine depending on the nature of crime and law involed as we have seen scheduled
offenses that in that case General punishment for money laundering any person found guilty of money laundering
is punishable with rigorous imprison for a term of 3 to 7 years along with a F this is a general punishment punishment
for money laundering related to narcotics which is guilt in part two of schedule for part one the punishment is
only for 3 to 7 years for part two if the proceeds of crime involved in money laundering are related to offenses under
narcotic drugs and Psychopaths suban act 1985 the punishment becomes more sever on such a cas it could go up to 10 years
also the offender shall also be liable to a fine which could Al which could be a which could be almost three times of
that particular amount involed so this is a punishment regarding anti-money laundering or money laundering cases
which deals with section four now coming into section five attachment of property involved in money
laundering what is the provision procedure for provisional attachment of property how the property related to
money laundering will be attached to the procedures now any Authority who is the authority director or deputy director
has the authority to provisionally attach property suspected of being involved in money laundering if director
or deputy director is suspecting that this property is derived through a money laundering fund this property has been
bought by that particular IND ual through illegal money or dirty money black money in that case they can put
that property as a money Laing property they can put anation on that as a money laundered property conditions for
attachment for attaching what are the conditions that deputy director and director have to follow to exercise his
power the concerned officer must show that the that based on material in his position there is the reason to believe
recorded in writing should keep in writing what are the reasons that they believed this property into money Laing
property the proceeds of crime a person is in possession of proceeds derived from criminal activity risk of
concealment or transfer there is a risk that these proceeds of crime may be concealed transferred or dealt with in
any way that could interfere with any proceeds or investigation related to conservation of of which means it could
also be a transferred property why you think that this person is involved in money laundering someone is
involved in money laundering they could have transferred it to this particular individual this particular individual
could be non guilty of fraud also it could be inocent also how you saying that this person is actually involved in
that particular property dealing it could be a transferred property it could be a concealed property that could be
any other property it could be just a bami of that particular property it could be a sealed property also so that
reason that why he is believing that that individual or that property is involved in money Laing has to be given
a writing prohibition of transfer or property after that the officer can
issue an order to prohibit the transfer conversion disposal or movement of such proceeds or property if that property is
taken into money laundered property then he can order not to transfer it not to make a movement profit not to convert it
or not to do any deposition of that particular property he should not have any right to do anything of that
property duration of attachment till when they can give the attachment order remains value till 1 from the date of
stting to put the attachment for that particular property as a money laed property up to 180 days that can be wor
after 180 days that will not be Val in this period of 180 days they have to uh keep their opinion or they they have to
uh what it they have to make sure that this is moneya laundering property that has to
be set by the court of law if it is uh confirmed that it is money laundering property that will be confiscated by The
Authority if it is not proven that should be left off after 18 submission to adjudicating Authority after issuing
the attachment order the officer must forward the order and the supporting material to the adjudicating authority
regarding adjudicating Authority will section which will further evaluate the casa when director or deputy director is
sure that this has been money laundered property and they have attached it as money laundered property and they have
got a St for 180 during this period of 18 180 days what they have to do they have to forward the case to adjudicating
authority adjudicating authority will investigate regarding that particular now coming to adjudicating
Authority Section six section of law outlines the establishment composition qualifications functions and the terms
of adjudicating authority everything regarding adjudicating Authority is section now what is the composition of
adjudicating authority what is the members who are there in that particular adjudicating Authority a chairman two
other members can be there in that particular adjudicating Authority what are those two members out of two members
one member must have experience in the field of Law and one one member should have experience in finance accountancy
and administration the central government appoints the chairman of adjudicating
authority so that is the composition of adjudicating authority now what should be the qualification of
members member with expertise in law one member should be having expertise in law that member should have a
qualification the person must be qualified to be appointed as a district church or the person must be a member of
Indian legal service and should have held a post in grade one of that service if he qualified in any of these cases he
will be considered as an expertise in law and can become a member of adjudicating authority now member with
expertise in finance accountancy and administration the other member expertise how that will be decided if is
having a qualification as a member as specified to the rules based on experience in finance account account
and administration like we have courses uh like uh higher PG courses for finance accountancy and administration if he's
qualified in that particular uh degree then he can be a expertise in that and he can become a member of adjudicating
authority so this is the qualification now functions of adjudicating authority what are the
functions which they will jurisdiction by inspection the jurisdiction of adjudicating authori is exercise by vur
there will be adjudicating authority adjudicating authority will separate the ventures based on the jurisdictional
area like adjud Authority will be common for one area like for this Roa there will be one bench for next IND something
there will be other bench for next something there will be other bench there will be different benches to
conduct the money laundering uh cases notification by central government the central government will specify by
notification the areas where each bench of adjudicating authority will exercise jurisdiction so where the power of the
jurisdiction will be there the central government will give the notification uh according to that the
benches uh on that particular jurisdiction they will work on that now coming to the duration of office and
terms of condition till how much uh years the chairman can work till how many years the members can work the
chairman and every member of adjudicating authority will hold office for a term of 5 Years From the date the
assume that from the date of appointment up to 5 years there can be appointment no chairman or member is allowed to hold
off uh office after reaching the age of 65 years so the retirement AG will be 65 years salary and allowances the salary
allowances and other terms and conditions of service for the members shall not be altered that disadvantage
after that appointment so once the appointment is fixed they have accepted the payment they have accepted the uh
scope of work after appointment there shouldn't be any changes which will affect that particular chairman or
member if they're trying to increase the salary they can do it but they cannot decrease the salary which would not
affect that particular chairman or number so this is regarding adjudicating auth this
section now coming directly into section 16 we don't have uh between sections okay we have directly section 16 power
of survey now section 16 is the power to survey grants certain officers in the
power of survey who are those officers will this power enables an officer to enter and Survey a property or premises
so what they can do they can do the inspecting necessary records available on that particular whatever records are
there they can investigate on that verifying proceeds of crime linked to money Laing if they think any of the
money in there or any of the jewels in there or that property s related to money they can verify examining any
transaction related to the proceeds of crime that might be discovered on the if on that prises there are some invoices
regarding transaction they can do Examination for that particular invoice assisting with any other proceedings or
investigation under the pmla ACT if they have any other proceedings or investigation things which they want to
do it they can do it according to pmla the officer must record reasons for conducting the survey and document any
findings obtained during the survey but before getting into survey itself what is the reason for doing survey has to be
given a writing format by that particular officer this helps maintain transparency and ensur the officers
actions are Justified so before getting into survey itself they have to give a written document Regarding why survey is
being conducted so that is regarding section 16 now surve is cleared Now search and procedure section 17 power of
search and procedure this section grants the director or officer authorized by director not below the rank of deputy
director so the director or the officer or the deputy director will have powers up to search and seizure records or
property based on the belief that money laundering activities are so they can go for search and seure what are the
conditions suspected money laundering they should have a believe that the money laundering has been committed
there is a cases of money laundry but that should be a suspicion then posession of proceeds of crime the
officer suspect that the person is in possession of proceeds related to Crime that that particular individual is
related to possession of relevant records the officer suspects that the person holds the records relating to
money laundering Poss of crime related property that is having any property related to crime in any of these cases
the search and fature can be conducted authori is granted for search and fure who can go for
like what are the uh authorities or what are the powers given for search and de the officer can enter and search
buildings places Vehicles vessels aircraft where they believe such record that if address is restricted like
locked doors and St the officer can break the locks and push the
door meure any records of property found related to the proceeds of C marking identification if any records
are there and those records can can't be taken from that particular entity they can mark the identifications where they
think it is related to money laundering inventory if any inventory is there can make an inventory or note of
items or records they can make note of it like what are the inventories they are trying to it or what are the records
They want to see they can directly take with them or they can make a record and they can say that this should not be
touched because this is examine on the officer May examine any person found in possession of
relevant records or property and oath in matters related to investigation oath is nothing but whatever I'm saying is Truth
uh when in court cases we'll see in bhagat Gita they'll put the promise like everything which has been told by me
under this area is through that is the O so they can examine any person on o by getting the promise they can examine so
these are the powers which any officer who is going to search and seizure can have clear so that is regarding section
17 now section 18 this is regarding premises this is regarding uh Records Now power to sub
person section eight section 18 of prevention of money laundering Act Grant The Authority the power to search a
person even searching a person they have a power if the authority has a reason to
believe with the reasons are recorded in writing that the person has entered secreted hidden something or on their
person like they have any hidden aths or hidden information regarding that any other things they can go and directly
investigate that particular person or has possession ownership control over any records or proceeds of crime they
think that that particular person is holding anything they can go on search that particular person which might be
useful or relevant to the proceeds under pmla then the authority can search the person see such records or property that
could be useful for the prop if that person is holding any records or property they can that
also now section 19 arrest they have searched they have seized they have done the SE they have understood whether
there is any uh person involved in that particular thing or not now after that person has been done with the
investigation regarding arrest under section 19 certain officers The Authority has
granted the power of arrest who can arrest deputy director assistant director or any other officer
authorized by the central government through general of special off any of this officer can go
to arrest person what are the conditions for arrest has to have a reason to believe that the person has committed an
offense and punishable under P records the reasons for belief and writing if all two conditions are satisfied they
can arrest a person post arrest obligation after arresting what are the obligations that has to be followed by
these authorities once the person is arrested the arresting Authority must inform the
arrested person of ground for their arrest not to do like asking why you have why you have
bring me [Music] here inform the arrested person of the
grounds for that arrest what is the reason for arresting them should be formed to them forward copy of arrest
order along with supporting material to the adjudicating authori even the power is given to the deputy director or
director they have to send a copy to the adjudicating authority produce the arrested person before The Supreme Court
judicial magistrate or Metropolitan magist within 24 hours of arrest within 24 hours of arrest they have to send it
to the so these are the obligations which arresting Authority has after the arrest
C regarding the arrest that is section 18 sorry section 19 now coming to section 21 retention of record can they
retain the records uh after the search and seizure or
survey procedures and conditions under which records seized or frozen during the investigation can be retained yes
the records can be retained but for how many how much time and what are the conditions for retain conditions for
retention of Records if records have been seized under Section 17 section 18 search through a search seizure or
through survey if any records have been found out frozen under Section 17 if the investigation officer or any officer
authorized by director has reason to believe that these records are needed for inquiry if through any of the
reasons they have bought the records such records can be retained for up to 180 days from the date of teure
oring rights of the person there are some rights of the person like if the person to whom that records belong to
want to take copy of that record they can take copy of that record or they want to take the rocks of that record
they can take the rocks of that record also the person from whom the records were seized or Frozen is entitled to
obtain the copies of retain orders if they want they can take copies of that so that they'll not be telling like you
have changed or you have manipulated it why records were actually proper you have changed my records do not to tell
that that they can also keep records off it that own person can also keep records off after 180 what will happen after 180
days after 180 days the records must be written to the person unless otherwise they granted the permission from the
adjudicating authority if after one completion of 180 days also the deputy director or the director who is
investigating has not come with the evidence regarding the records but they have still the suspicion that this
records are holding something then they can go to adjudicating Authority and get the permission for extra 180 days to do
the investigation by giving the reasons Regarding why till now it hasn't been found and what is the reason that they
believe that within 180 days they will be able to find it out they have to give the proper details regarding that and
can get the permission from The adjudicating Authority for additional 180 the records must be returned to the
person unless the adting authority grants permission to retain or continue freezing the records Beyond 180 days
period before extending the retention or froing freezing period The adting Authority must be satisfied that the
records are Prim fa involved in the money laundering that these are the reason for money laundering if it is so
then they can give the permission for retaining it the records are necessary for adjudication under section8 of pmla
to find out regarding pmla or money laundering these are the main records these are the main proofs in that case
they can give the permission additional to the 180 now getting into next concept
section 23 interconnected transactions when money laundering involves two or more transactions and
one of one or more of these transactions is proven to involve money Laing see one person has involved in two transactions
at the same time one is the transaction with illegal money one is the transaction with legal money now what
the authorities will think us the authorities will presume that all the trans transactions are of money Laing
unless otherwise that particular individual proves that this transaction is not involved into money Laing only
this transaction is involved into money La if he's able to prove that then that uh particular transaction will be taken
out from the money Laing but he is unable to prove it then both the transactions will be considered as money
laundering even if the other transaction is not involved into money La clear so that is interconnected transaction when
money laundering involves two or more transactions and one or more of these transactions is proven to involve money
laundering then for the purpose of this adjudication or confiscation under Section 8 or the trial of offense for
the money laundering it will be presumed that the remaining transactions are also part of interconnected transactions
related to money laundering unless proven otherwise meaning if one transaction in a series
of related transaction is proven to be linked to money laundering the law assumes that the other transactions are
also involved unless evidence is provided to disprove their connection clear now section 24 presumption and
bonus of proof this is also same regarding interconnect interconnected transactions only the owners of proof
shift to the accused in the money laundering uses now we have told that he have to prove himself what is the owners
of the responsibility of proving that under whom was there the accused person he himself has to prove that he is not
involved in money laundering if his friend is coming and proving that he's not involved in money laundering that
will not be taken okay he himself has to be the owners of presumption of guilt if a person is
accused of money la it is presumed that the proceeds of crime for involving money laundering unless accused do
otherwise if any person or that individual is proven as money laundered like he is involved in any cases of
money laundering then whatever uh things that he hold the property which is having the gold which is having the
money which is having everyone will think that all the properties all the money which is holding is from money
laundering no one will think that half of the money is from truthful and half of the money is from illegal everyone
will think that all the properties holding his is money laundering this provision makes it
easier for the prosecution by Shifting the burden of Truth to the accused so the authority is having the power of uh
investigating that particular person what they can think they can think that everything is money laundered I don't
have to think what is legal and illegal I am thinking that everything is illegal if you want you can prove it if it is
not illegal you prove it as yourself though the responsibility or the burden of proof showing is on your side not on
my side I'll not investigate what is legal and illegal I'll think that everything is illegal if you want you
can prove it who must prove their innocent and the property in question is not linked to money laundering so the
owners of proof the responsibility of getting the proof the burden of proving it is on the accused person not on the
authority no one can common question why you have not investigated the entire thing like no one will come and ask even
if this property is involved in money laundering not other properties are involved you should have uh investigated
each and everything in detail and accused only that person for this property no one can ask the authority
like that if Authority has reason to believe one property is involved in money laundering he can take entirely
all the properties you can that person and get that person to AR so that is regarding concept
here now sections are completed now getting into legal and Regulatory framework and like who will be the
authorities who are working for this prevention of money laundering clear till now having any doubts with sections
no remembering section number section name and concepts of sections are important
okay now legal and Regulatory framework in India first getting into Financial intelligence Financial intelligence unit
of India established by government on government of India on November 18th of 2004 is a national agency responsible
for dealing with suspect financial transaction so what they will do they will deal with the financial
transactions which are of suspicious and which has been introduced or established by whom government of
India's establishment on November 18 2004 Financial intelligence unit of India FIU is financial intelligence unit
of India okay coordinates with national and international intelligence it is based on both International standards
and National standards investigation and enforcement agencies to combate money laundering and related crime so what
they'll work on for preventing this money laundering and any crimes related to money laundering they'll basically
work on that it reports directly to the economic intelligence Council headed by the Finance Minister of India to whom
they have to report Financial Intelligence Officers have to report directly to economic intelligence
Council who will be the head of this economic intelligence Council Finance Minister of India so these are the
workers who are working under the government clear till now now what are the functions of financial intelligence
unit of India collection of information they have to collect the information regarding cash transactions report
nonprofit organizations like if there are any uh funds which are transferred like in lump some payments to that npos
or not they have to get the information like that transaction reports from non-residents if there are any
non-resident L some payment transactions regarding the transactions report have to be bought cross border wire transfer
reports there are any cross transactions regarding that report purchase or sale of immovable property reports suspicious
transactions report all these reports have to be obtained by whom Financial intelligence unit through bank through
financial institutions through insurance agencies or through any other of organizations now analyze the
information information is gathered now they have to analyze the information on having a suici that everything is
related to money laundering they should have a suspicion and review and analyze regarding Financial intelligence unit of
India analyzes the information to uncover patterns of suspicious transactions that may indicate money
laundering and other Financial crime so on what basis they'll do the analysis to get any information regarding the money
laundering sharing of information the agency shares valuable Financial intelligence information with national
law enforcement intelligent agencies regulatory authorities foreign Financial intelligence unit intelligence units so
with all these they'll try to share the information combinely all together we'll fight against the prevention of money
laundering Central repository Financial intelligence unit of India acts as a National Data P for reports received
from various entities so if any of the other countries want to know about the database of money Laing just by looking
into the financial intelligence unit report they'll get to know about the India India's money Laing ises
coordination it enhances the coordination of financial intelligence collection and sharing both domestically
and internationally to fight money launching if any International companies also want to get the information from
fin Financial intelligence unit they can get that information regarding money laundering research and analysis
Financial intelligence unit of India identifies money laundering Trends and developments and conductors research in
this particular area they'll do the research to how to get to know more effectively what are new techniques
which can be important in the organizations Banks or institutions so that if any money laundering or lumsum
payments are brought into the business they'll know right after it so these are the functions of financial
intelligence clear regarding the IU so this is thing which you have to write if any Financial intelligence question
has been asked in your examination now coming to the second legal Authority or legal regulatory who is called as
enforcement director the enforcement director is responsible for enforcing the
pmla by conducting investigations to trace assets derived from the proceeds of crime and unsur their attachment so
what will these work for fius will try to uncover the evidence for money laundering they'll try to collect the
information analyze the information whether the money Laing is there or not now enforcement director will
investigate regarding the tra of assess like what are the ass related to the money La they'll do the investigation
directly Ed role includes a Prosecuting offenders like uh arresting them Prosecuting them seeking confiscation of
the pro property they can directly get into the investigation like doing the CBI they'll not go into like police
stations or something like that they they don't have to go to court for getting the confiscation they can
directly bring that person into their own control and do the interview regarding it involved in money
laundering by the special Court they can take the permission from the special court and seek the confiscation of the
property from that particular person powers of eating what are the powers of enforcement director imposing penalities
for non-compliance with emla directly enforcement director can impose the penalities on that particular
person Powers also include provisional attachment of property they can attach that property as a money laundered
property survey operations they survey regarding the operations search and seizure of assess arrest person
retention of property and Records they can retain the property and Records these are the powers which Ed have clear
so that is regarding Financial intelligence unit and enfor now the third legal Authority is Reserve
Bank of India as Indian Central Bank the RBI plays a significant role in shaping and
enforcing Financial regulations under the EML how RBA is related to this legal regulatories like enforcement director
will do the investigation uh Financial intelligence unit will collect the information from Bank like how RBI is
related because RBI is controlling all the banks which are so if any suspicion transaction is getting who's the main
responsibility to get that suspicious transaction RBI has responsib it issues guidelines for the
customer due diligence enhanced due diligence and transaction monitoring to to ensure compliance with anti-money
laundering laws so RBI will give the guidelines for all the banks under it to follow CDD and Ed so they have to follow
customer due deligence every customer is truthful to us every customer is giving all the information regarding H in a
truthful manner they have to maintain a trust with the customers also enhanced due diligence they also be truthful to
the customers and to have a transaction monitoring from time to time these guidelines will be given to all the
banks from the RBI so that is the work which will be done by the RBI now SEI what will SEI do if there are any uh
shares which has purchased from any illegal money or not if there any Lums some amount directly invested into stock
market if there are any bonds or documents which have been purchased through illegal money or not that will
be checked by SE sebi regulates the Securities Market in India and enforces pmla guidelines for Securities
transaction it will give the guidelines regarding to know about the information of illegal Securities transaction it
ensure that Securities related activities follow anti-money laundering rules now other regulatory authorities
like Insurance Regulators pension Regulators various sector specific authorities help Implement pmla
guidelines with their own domain if insurance companies are there whether the insurance paying amount is proper or
not whether that is through legal sources or not that will be checked by those so this is regarding the legal and
Regulatory framework in India FIU enforcement directorate RBI SEI and other regulatory authorities these are
the five legal Authority framework which we have clear now getting into concept 15
reporting entity this has been asked as your question the previous term who will be a reporting entity and what are the
records which has to be maintained by the reporting entity the law pmla 2002 defines reporting entity as who can be a
reporting entity banks financial institutions those operating games of chance for reward casinos real estate
agents pre ious metal dealers persons carrying on a designated business or profession all these are classified as
reporting entities every reporting entity is required to verify the identity of their
client they have to get all details regarding that particular kind what is the name what is the address what is the
phone number their a their Farm every regarding every details they have to uh collect and the beneficial owner if
there is any beneficial owner for that particular client their details also should be bought Main and records of all
transactions and documents evidencing the ID they have to maintain the dough copies of that particular document if he
submitting his AAR card the of aard should be with their records of its clients and well as well
as beneficial owner of client and beneficial owner both records should be there and periodical Furnishing of
information related to certain transaction not only keeping the record is important periodically reporting
which is also important the records maintained must contain information including the nature
of transaction what is the nature of transaction of that particular business or that particular individual the amount
of transaction currency in which it was denominated the date on which transaction was conducted and the
parties to the transaction to enable the reporting entity to reconstruct individual transaction who are the
parties involved in it so that reporting entity suspecting that particular transaction these are the records which
has to be maintained by collecting the information the information relating to the transaction must be maintained for
five years from the date of transaction between the client and the reporting even if there is no connection between
the client and Reporting entity now till 5 years they have to maintain the records of this particular
the records relating to the identity of clients and beneficial owners as well as the account files and business coordin
must be maintained for five years after the business relationship between the client and Reporting entity has ended or
the account has been closed whichever is okay so this is the reporting entity if reporting entity question has been
asked in your examination first you have to write what is reporting what is the duty of reporting entity what are the
records to be maintained and how much is the period of maintaining those so now getting into concept 16
which is our last Concept in anti-money laundering Financial action task force recommendations for accountant in first
introduction itself we have seen what is financial action task force when it has been established and all now this
financial action task for has given some recommendations for the accountant what are the recommendations which are given
by the financial action ta to the accountants designated non-financial business and professions specifically
focusing on accountants this overview includes key Concepts and actions that accounting professionals should take in
relation to anti money launching so these are the key Concepts and procedures which have recommended by the
financial action TP to the accountant what are those why it is given for anti-money laundering and countering of
financing of s now applicable situations for accountants in which situations they have to comply with this
recommendations buying and selling of real estate when accountants are buying and selling any real estate company they
have to know whether this real estate business is involved into money laundering or not because we have that
idea regarding or we are learning regarding anti- money laundering conts so we have to analyze regarding it so
that we are also not indirectly getting into money laundering so because we have knowledge regarding so if any person who
is not legitimate enough if he will have access or analysis to understand whether his real estate property involved in M
or but we can analyze and review regarding that because we have learning it because they are learning it so when
buying and selling of real estate accountant has to understand regarding anti money laundering Concepts managing
client money Securities and other when we dealing with SEC or managing Cent F we have to know management of Bank
savings or Securities account organizing contributions for company creation operation or management we are actually
given any lome payment for Company Creations or something we have to have a valid proofs if any person or any
Authority coming to us and asking regarding information we should show them a value Pro that even if 10 has
been given by us to any company creation that company is not a b company that company is a valid company and the 10
cres is through a have a Val creation operation or management of
legal entities are arranging regarding those legal entities buying and selling of business entities if you are buying
any old business then we have to understand that that business is not related to any am anti money laundering
that business is not funding to any terrorism in such a case we can buy that Business Financial transactions for
clients regarding to other activities if we are providing any Financial Services to any client so that client is also not
illegal uh that the business which is done by that particular client is also under all these situations we have to
follow the recommendations which are given by the financial Action Now objective what is the
objective of financial action task force for recommending this ensure that accountants uphold the ethical standards
by not facilitating criminal activities directly or indirectly do or without you should not be involved in any criminal
AC for that purpose Financial action task force is like fora don't go into this be aware of this if you are getting
into it you'll be trouble so for sa guarding US Financial action task force give some
recommendations risk based approach for accounting profession what is the risk based approach what is the meaning of
risk based approach the likelihood of Adverse Events occurring and their potential consequences the illegal
events how they can come to us and what are the consequences which we Face due to those adverse those are nothing but
risk based approaches requires identification we have to identify such risk based
approaches we have to assist them and manage the risk related to money laundering and terrorism financing first
we have to identify whether it is a risk based approach or not if you are getting into any activity which is given here if
you're getting into any activity whether it is having any risk regarding anti-money launching or terrorism or you
have to identify an ass risk identification and assessment how will identify the risk establish
controls a before engaging with clients or address potential risk we have to make clear that only till here I'll be
if it is beyond this I'm not going into it if you are giving any money legally to me with invoices and uh if if we both
are entering into transaction there needs to be invoice buing into it if you're not giving any invoices I'm not
getting into any transaction with you so we have to make ourself sure with controlling ourself we have to be
controlls of ourself properly to that particular client conduct AML or CFT and know your customer assessment to
determine the overall money laundering or terrorism financing risk we have anti-money laundering cases we have
terrorism financing cases we have to assist we have to know our customer and we have to identify and assess that
particular risk risk factors include customers background checks anti-money laundering checks politically exposed
person if you are getting into client or if you are getting into business transaction with a particular person if
that person person is related to any politically uh involved or not if he's politically exposed person or not
beneficial ownership or if he is dealing in a bomal property of political ownership or not you have to know
everything regarding that customer country what is the country of his residents incorporation if he's
holding any business if it is Incorporated in India or outside India whether is incorporation is in legal
terms or not sanctions if you're getting any sanctions from the government if is using for the main objective of that
particular sanction or not if he's using it for own businesses if he's using it for own benefits or not that has to be
checked terrorism support if is directly or indirectly supporting any terrorism groups or everything has to assisted by
who the accountant have to think and ass regarding transaction or service nature of financial
tax advice property transactions and Company formation whether he's paying taxes properly or not whether he's doing
any tax Evas whether he's having any Financial uh statements or anything whether the company formation is an
legal or is a bogus company everything has to be the risk assessment influences the
level of customer due diligence if we have most of trust with our customer we will not get into more
but if we are not trusting him we'll get to more details normal simplified and enhanced if you're just doing normal
verification if you're doing any simplified verification if you're getting into indepth details of that
particular customer that is based on customer view deligence how we are trusting it how we are being uh truthful
to each other risk mitigation how we can reduce the risk by having a customer due
diligence background checks and clients to assess their risk levels enhanced due diligence po detailed scrutiny for
highrisk CLI especially politically exposed parties update CDD information which is
customer due deligence information based on significant changes in client circumstances or activities if suddenly
there are any changes in the behavior of the client activities then we can update the customer due diligence into enhance
the due diligence also so these are the risk mitigation steps we can take now additional requirements for accounting
professionals what do we have additional requirements maintaining records assess new products or practices which are
taken by that particular customer rely on third parties for customer view you can directly go to third parties and
interview regarding the customer report suspicious transactions Implement in internal
control system and compliance management system with a designated compliance officer we can get into touch with
designated compliance officer and we can bring more internal control systems into our
business reporting of suspicious transaction we have seen reporting of suspicious transaction by Financial in
uh institutions of banks now these are the reporting of transactions by accountants okay ident and report
suspicious activities to the financial intelligence unit appoint a money laundering reporting officer responsible
for reporting examples of suspicious activities like clients unconcerned about losses or those profit even if
you're saying that if if you enter into any of this kind ofes you will get a and Cent is
that I'm not concerned with any of the losses I have to get into this business at ear cost in that case that could lead
to investigate more about that client even if you're saying it is lossless he is unconcerned about his losses what is
the reason behind it you can analyze it and make a report of it explain High volumes of transaction even if it's not
competent enough to get into transaction it's getting into a transaction like a high volume unjustified deposits are
cash cash rece if you are asking about any cash rece or deposits of cash in Lum some payment there is no justification
from that all these activities will be led to suspicion through which you can appoint a money laundering reporting
officer if you have any suspicion transaction report then you can submit it to financial
intelligence now the accountant should not get into this monitoring process only once a month like when you are
getting transaction only no need to do it it is an ongoing monitoring process regularly review
client activities and ass whether they align with initial risk settings or not at starting we have done the risk
assessment we have done everything we have analyzed there are no any risks regarding that he is not involved into
any money LA but if we end there itself we could miss any chances of money Laing the future so there should be a regular
reviewing and monitoring of the client performance ensure that client document is up to dat and relevant whether he
giving any up toate relevant documents or not that also has to be analyzed internal controls and compliance
establish policies and procedures guidelines by Senior Management provide training for employees on AML or CF
practices regulatory review this risk assessment and management processes designate a compliance officer money
laundering reporting officer and Implement a compliance program these are the internal controls which we have to
do if we are getting into any so these are the recommendations which are given by Financial action task force
to so mainly what you have to focus is mainly focus on SE and Reporting entity cont okay and
regarding this financial action task force and regarding Financial intelligence unit enforcement director
we have legal authorities and we have this financial action thisis okay see what is that if even seven marks
question has been asked in your examination you been a state to answer but mainly focus on the section as it is
a new syllabus involved concept we can't skip any concept there could be any question from any
concept so you have to be thorough with both money laundering and foreign get Section D all Concepts C okay that is
regarding section D or section D is also still now how much syllabus is completed 60 plus marks plus 72
80 okay so your exemption now we are going into more
detail 20 marks of internal control okay yes now we going to start with our section c internal control internal
audit operational audit and other related issues
now we have three units in it internal control and internal audit operational audit internal audit under companies act
2013 and audit of different service organizations how much weightage does this section has it has around 20 to 25
marks weightage combining with both descriptive questions and mcqs okay so yes what we are going to see under the
section what is internal control what are the objectives of internal control what is the scope of internal control
what are advantages what are limitations regarding entire details of internal control why we have to learn this
internal control till now we have seen that management have to prepare the financial statements they have to do the
finan uh Financial records or cost records cost statements this has to be done by the management they have to
avoid the misstatements in financial records and cost records by having some internal controls we have discussed this
word internal controls many of these times but now we are going to see what is this internal controls which
management have to see to not to have any misstatements in financials or not to have any non-compliance under them or
not to having against any regulatory rules or principles they should have internal controls so now we are going to
learn what is internal control what are the objectives of internal control what are the benefits of it what is the scope
of it what are the limitations of it everything regarding internal control next we going to see what is internal
audit what is internal audit what are its objectives what are its scope and what is adequacy of internal control and
internal audit the difference between internal control and internal audit everything we are going to see in unit
one now coming to unit two we going to see operational audit what is operational audit what are its
objectives what are its scope regarding entire information regarding objective audit we are going to see in unit two
and also we going to see regarding internal audit under companies act 2013 what does that mean under companies act
2013 who can be appointed as a internal auditor which companies have to appoint internal auditor based on turnover and
net worth criteria what is that criteria limits and who can be appointed as internal auditor what is his qualities
what are his qualifications what are his disqualification everything regarding internal auditor under companies act
2013 we are going to see in unit two and coming to unit three audit of different service organization if you remember
correctly in CMA inter in your Finance uh Financial accounts in auditing you'll write audit
of hospitals audit of hotels audit of educ ational institutions used to write auditor has to analyze the books auditor
has to analyze the records MOA AOA everything but in detail in CMA final perspective what are the different
service organizations the similar audit of hotels audit of hospitals audit of educational institutions audit of
Cooperative societies what all different kinds of audits we have for surveys organizations we are going to cover them
in unit three so that is the overview of section c this is what we are going to see in section c clear now getting into
our unit one internal control and internal audit first we are going to see entire concepts of internal control and
we are going to move on to internal audit clear now introduction of internal control what is internal control
internal controls are systematic and procedural steps adopted by the organization why they are adopting this
procedures or processes to mitigate the risk especially in financial accounting and Reporting operational processes and
compliance with the laws and regulations so there are certain principles and procedures which will be followed by the
organization so that there won't be any risk in it so that all will have comply with the laws and regulations they have
proper operational processes and have proper reporting standards to ensure all these there are certain systematic and
procedural steps these are called as internal controls now what is the purpose of this
internal controls these controls are primarily risk mitigation steps that aim to strengthen the organization systems
and processes and prevent and detect the errors and irregularities so if any organization is having internal control
properly then the risk can be lower there won't be any errors the financial statements will be true unfair and the
financial statements prepared will be complying with all the rules and regulations these are the things which
will internal control have control activities these are specific steps taken to mitigate risk what are control
activities reviewing them getting the approval from approval authorities phys physical counting by doing the physical
verification of everything segregation of Duties that these are the duties will be done by the directors these are the
duties which will be done by the shareholders by the management by the employees by properly segregating the
duties each work will be done by each and every individual in an effective manner which will not only impact on the
work done by them will impact on the entire organization so that is called as internal control clear now what are the
objectives of internal control I have given you five objectives with are authorization compliance ensuring
transactions are executed according to management authorization and policies there are certain management policies in
the organization that every transaction has to be only within this limits if management gives any
policies like that that have to be followed and also for every transaction the authorization from the management
should be taken so authorization compliance is the main objective of internal control why they have to take
authorization because management will be involved in the decision making if any transaction is being entered they will
keep in mind regarding the decision taking and they will take the decision regarding approving the transaction or
disapproving the transaction proper accounting verify the transactions are recorded in appropriate
accounting period the transactions which are entered in this accounting period should be accounted in this particular
Year's records only asset protection safeguarding assets from unauthorized access or use asset verification
regularly comparing recorded assets with actual assets and taking corrective actions when there are differences found
between book Bing assets and actual assets performance evaluation assessing the efficiency of business operations
and identifying any weaknesses are there so all these are nothing but objectives of internal control that every
transaction should be taken by the management approval there should be a proper accounting for everything the the
assets should be safeguarded regular comparing between the recorded assets and the actual assets and properly
effect efficiency analyzing whether there are any weaknesses in the business controls to find all these is the
objective of internal control now we have certain types of internal controls what are the types of internal controls
we have internal Financial controls operational controls manual controls it General controls and application
controls these are the types of internal controls which we have first internal Financial controls from the name itself
we can tell it is controls that mitigate risk related to financial exposure if anything is related to financial terms
that risk is mitigated by following this internal Financial controls operational controls any risk related to operations
will be mitigated if we follow operational controls manual controls if there are any human intervention to
detect whether there are any errors per formed by that human intervention or not to know that we can follow the manual
controls it General controls if there are any automated Data Systems or if there are all the records are being in a
data format electronic format to mitigate the risk of Errors being placed in that particular data information
system we can follow it General controls application controls checking the transaction processing are on
application Level that every every transaction is recorded with that particular sequence numbering invoice or
not so all these are nothing but types of internal controls which each every organization can have why to mitigate
the risk from any of these things now we have levels of internal control one is entity level the other is process level
controls entity level controls are nothing but to control the entire environment of that particular entity
broad based controls that apply the entire organization such as code of conduct which has to be followed by
everyone under that particular organization it could be directors managers uh it could be any of the
person like employees or under the employees also everyone has to follow those controls if it is entity level
Control process level control control focused on specific process or areas like order processing or payroll these
are only related to Department wise controls only related to that process under that process only those controls
will be taken up so these are the two levels of internal controls which we have next internal controls framework
what is internal controls framework this is a predefined benchmark used to assess the design adequacy oper in efficiency
of internal control system before understanding and putting internal control system we need certain Benchmark
for it we need any guidance of making this particular internal controls that guidance we can get it from internal
control framework that could be used as a benchmark for updating or designing any internal controls for that
particular organization it serves as a reference for the man management or Auditors when evaluating the systems
Effectiveness so this is a reference or a benchmark which is used by the management or Auditors while conducting
the while implementing the internal controls into that particular entity or organization clear till now till now we
have seen what is the internal control what are the objectives what are the types of internal controls what are the
levels of internal controls and what is the internal control framework clear with the five Concepts now getting into
concept six responsibilities of internal control now internal controls has been bought in the company now what is the
responsibility of this internal control who will do this internal control board of directors or management will bring
this internal controls as per companies act 2013 the board of directors in a limited company is responsible for
ensuring that appropriate internal controls are in place why why they have certain responsibility because they have
to be accountable to shareholders they have to be responsible for the shareholders if shareholders are getting
any loss they will question the board of directors for their loss incurred the board acts as a agent for the
shareholders and is accountable to them for ensuring proper internal controls if there is any risk for shareholders they
will come and question the management why internal control rols are not proper you have to take steps for mitigating
this risk I am investing believing you I'm being reliable on you then you have to take steps you have to do the
workings to mitigate my risk establish internal Control Function directors May establish a dedicated internal Control
Function depending on the cost benefit analysis like which is okay like which is a benefit for that
particular entity under that basis they can do the internal control implementation focus on control
environment directors May ensure that an appropriate control environment is created within the organization why a
strong control environment is necessary for the effectiveness of internal controls not only implementation of
internal control is important that everyone has to comply with it everyone has to follow those internal control
fostering a culture of commitment to Robo controls across the organization everyone should have a commitment to
follow those internal controls so these are the responsibilities of internal controls now internal controls have been
implemented in that particular organization is the management work done no they have to review those internal
controls timely basis if internal control controls are not proper enough to reduce the risk they have to review
again they have to change the internal controls again we have certain review methods for reviewing those internal
controls what are the review methods which management can follow while reviewing the internal controls we have
four review methods one is narrative records documenting the control system in a detailed written format if I have
this material in front of me if I'm reading this entire material I'll get to know what is the mistake here okay I
don't know if you have noted or not but there is a mistake in this particular material which I have to rectify it so
by just seeing this material I got to know what is the mistake of mine which I have made it to be more clear for you
all open forensic audit seen so that is a mistake which I have got to no by seeing this material
if I have not having any written document will I be able to find the difference no so management should have
a written document of all the internal controls to know regarding [Music]
the so to know regarding the uh what are the mistakes in that particular internal control the management should have a
return document with it checklist they have to follow certain checklist using a structured list of control points to
verify the compliance questioners whether there are any question raised by any management or the employee whether
they are not understanding regarding the internal controls to implement them properly if everyone are understanding
and implementing it currently the organization will run good but if they are not able to understand it and they
are they are implementing those controls wrongly then what will happen management will be failure in making that internal
controls the organization will not run properly so question is if asking a series of questions to gather
information on the control system whether everyone are or understanding it or not whether the proper implementation
of internal controls are being made in the organization or not flowcharts diagrammatically representing the
Control process to visualize the flow of flow and identify the weaknesses remembering all the internal controls by
the employees or by the workers is not so easy so what they have to do they have to make a flowchart of it so this
is the process of all internal controls everyone have to comply with this rules if there are certain rules and
regulations in that particular organization then everyone will know about it then everyone will easily
remember about it so by doing a diagrammatical representation of all the control processes they can visual
visualize the flow and identify the weakness if there are any in the organization so these are the four
review methods which management can follow while reviewing the internal controls now what are internal control
procedures that we have physical control over assets ensuring that all the assets are safeguarded by having a physical
control over those efforts to prevent loss or theft of that ass authorization and approval requiring a
proper authorization and approval for transactions and processes for all transaction events a proper approval
should be taken by the management without approval no one should enter into any kind of transaction in the
entire organization segregation of Duties dividing tasks among different employees to prevent fraud and errors if
one employee is given 10 different types of work will he can do effective work on it no he'll do half work in all and tell
and tell the management that I have completed my work so I think you're being able to relate it because you're
working so what will be a effective working condition when one person is allocated with one work he will do that
in an effective manner he will give us 100% with his work and management design of controls all controls should be
designed by man management themselves designing effective control system and procedures by management to address what
are those key points if I am designing this material I will know where I have done the mistake if someone is designing
it and I am looking into this material will I know about the mistakes no because I haven't done it I I will think
that everything is correct in this material I I'll not be able to find any uh mistakes but if management themselves
are preparing the internal controls then they will know what is the error in doing that internal
controls effective operational controls implementing controls to ensure efficient and effective operation
processes the controls should be in such a way the operations are made in an effective and efficient manner whatever
operations are going in that particular business they should be in a way that they have they are giving in an
efficient and effective processes so these are the procedures of internal control physical control over assets
authorization and approvals segregation of Duties management design of controls and eff effective operational control so
these are the internal control procedures which we have clear now getting into the scope of
internal control what is the main scope under which things we can have these internal control controls what are the
main duties of these internal controls the scope of internal control extends Beyond traditional accounting
controls and includes various operational and administrative controls that contribute to the organization
success this internal controls are not only regarding to the financials not only regarding the records but also
regarding the administration and operations also operations which is running day-to-day activities
Administration only regarding to general purpose activities so internal controls are regarding financials are regarding
costings are regarding Productions process operations Administration regarding everything internal controls
will be there we have four main categories of internal controls internal controls can be classified into four
main categories what are those four main administrative controls operational controls financial and accounting
controls compliance controls we have four kinds of internal controls what are administrative controls these related to
decision making process within the management so what are the administrative relating controls which
we have to adopt so that the decision making is a proper it is way more effective which is helping the
organization to get the benefit example maintaining records of customer interactions by sales staff what are the
customer reviews that should be obtained from the sales staff like how sales staff are
behaving with the customers are customers liking the products or not are there any defects with the products or
not regarding that information is collected by the management then management can use that information from
the decision making part operational controls implemented through management accounting techniques
such as budgetary controls standard costing to ensure operations effectively if management is having a proper
internal controls they will set certain budgets they will set certain standards that operations should work until this
only only under those circumstances the work will be done in effective manner financial and accounting controls
concerned with safeguarding assets preventing and detecting the fraud ensuring there there's a accuracy and
complete of accounting records preparing preparing reliable Financial reports in on time so these are nothing but
financial and accounting control everything related to accounting and financing now compliance control nothing
but complying with all laws and regulations so these are the four categories of internal controls which we
have clear till now now structure of internal control what should be the structure of of internal
control the structure of internal control will basically depend on the size and type of business if business is
very huge internal controls will be higher if business is smaller internal controls can be lesser available
infrastructure if there are more infrastructure internal controls will be more if infrastructure is less internal
controls need not be more human resource potential how many employees are working if only 10 employees are working
then internal controls need not be more shant but if 10,000 employees are working then each an employee should
have a proper segregation of work each employee should be given the access limited access that only up to this
level here accessible so to know what are the duties of that particular employees there needs to be a internal
controls key elements and factors to consider when designing a successful internal control system so these are the
all elements which should be considered first segregation of Duties no single person should be allocated with the
multiple Works rotation of Duties always there should be rotation of Duties regular
rotating staff duties helps in early detection of errors and frauds now if one employee is coming into a machinery
and he's doing a product next shift is rotated there is an other employee coming now he will see the products
which has been done by that particular employee now he'll know what is the error with that if only one employee is
working he'll not at all check that product because he'll be very sure enough that I have done that work
perfectly so he'll not check it so rotation of Duties are very important competence and integrity control
enforcement requires skill and trustworthy Personnel one it should be expert is enough and next thing he
should be trustworthy personal appropriate levels of authority authority shall be given granted on a
need to know basis that no one should tell that I have no need to know about it everyone in the organization have a
need to know about the internal controls accountability whatever error done by them they have to take the
responsibility for the liability they should be accountable for that particular work done by strict actions
must be taken when discrepancies are noticed adequate resources sufficient resources
are essential for Effective controls so there are certain resources which are to be used to get these internal controls
properly supervision and periodic updates everything should be reviewed again and again and periodic updates
should be given it from timely basis so these are the elements which we considered well preparing a structure
internal control clear till now clear types we have already seen regarding the types but those types can also be
classified into three one is a preventive control the second is a detective control and the third is a
input control preventive control even before finding errors itself they are trying to correct it so they're trying
to prevent whether there should be no errors and frauds detective after getting into no they are detecting it
and they're trying to rectify it input controls ensure accuracy and validity of data to understand regarding the
accuracy and validity of that particular data so these are also sub parts or sub types of controls so if internal
controls question is given types of internal controls question is given main answer should be your first answer that
those types which we have discussed and you have to write the further types are divided into preventive detective and
input controls okay now what are the benefits of internal control now we have KN known about the
objective scope what are the types what are different uh internal control structures everything has known now what
is the benefit of having this internal control we can directly say we can detect it early whatever the errors are
there whatever frauds are there we can detect it earily it is nothing but a early warning signal identifies problems
early fraud prevention we can prevent it from fraud multiple checks reduce the fraud risk avoid external audit findings
no one need to come from the outside like statutary auditor and internal auditor and come to us and inform that
your internal controls are not proper we can take the steps to rectify it no one will be able to come and question us
that these are not proper enough internal detection helps avoid external penalities so these are the benefits of
intern inter control now if there are advantages there will be disadvantages also what are the limitations of
internal control human judgment human are inbut judgment mentalities human have inbut judgment mentalities so
controls may be influenced by subjective decisions made Under Pressure so even management are humans when they find any
def with their products they can take the decisions in a very uh in a state of mind that they have
to uh yeah they have to correct it immediately they'll not think about it they'll try to rectify it immediately
without knowing about the decisions consequences or something so human judgment can go wrong breakdowns
controls can fail due to misunderstandings or mistakes internal controls will be implemented but if the
internal controls are not properly understood by the employees they will take it in a wrong way they will
misunderstand it and implement it management override High personal May bypass controls for personal gain they
will only Implement person they will only implement the internal controls but they will only not follow it due to for
having personal GS collusion employees May cud to circumstance of uh circumvent controls which means one employee will
be more egoistic the other employee will follow the internal controls so there will be a collusion between the
employees why I have to follow it why you will not follow it when we all have the same rules the rues should be
applicable to you also why you are not following it they will ask so there will be a ction between the employees cost
versus benefit if better and implementation of internal controls have to be happen the cost should be higher
if cost is higher the benefit also should be higher if cost is higher and benefit is lower will any management
will get into that no if if cost is lower benefit is higher they'll get into that particular uh procedure if cost is
higher and benefit is lower they'll not get into it so always analyzing regarding the cost versus benefit
analysis is important the cost of implementing controls must not exceed the potential benefits inefficiencies
overly complex controls can slow down the processes if there are more mathematical processes everything are
involved in it no one will understand it so processor should be in such a way that it is understandable by everyone
and they have to process it fastly if there are many difficult processes the process will be slowed down process
should be very fast enough to get the profits early so these are the limitations of internal
controls now this is regarding evaluation of internal controls like how internal controls has been boughten like
from Caro 2020 and through companies act 2013 these have what that management should form some internal controls and
should be implemented in the organization this is not so important you can just see it like how internal
controls are important now this question has been asked method of internal control
evaluation there is one method of internal control evaluation which is called as internal control questioner so
which means they should have certain checklist and that checklist has to be followed and regarding that the internal
control is a yes or no is it applicable or not applicable based on that they have to take the decision so regarding
that a question has been asked Now concept 15 adequacy of internal controls very very very important question
question has been asked three to four times in the past exams okay adequacy of internal controls the
auditor should obtain an understanding of the accounting system sufficient to identify and understand the major
classes of transactions manner of initiation of transaction significant accounting records supporting documents
so to get into understanding of all these the auditor have to understand regarding the accounting system before
getting into internal auditing the internal auditor should understand regarding the transactions which are
being happening in that particular entity what are the manner of initiation of the transaction what are the
significant accounting records related to that particular Transaction what are the supporting documents everything has
to be analyzed by whom auditor internal control so far as financial and accounting aspects are concerned aims at
the following so what is the aim of internal control is nothing but adequacy of internal
control so these are the aims of internal control to provide a flow of work through various stages so what is
the flow of work this is the first step this is the last step there should be a proper segregation of personal duties so
that no single person can be in a position to handle whole of the work from beginning to the end segregation of
Duties should be there we have seen seen it adequate documentation should be made at each stage of work the transactions
are recorded with appropriate amounts and in timely manner that two as per the applicable accounting policies and
practices everything should be recorded and should be recorded with appropriate amounts and not timely
basis the assets should be properly safeguarded the access of assets should be restricted to only authorized persons
unauthorized access should not be given building up of system to locate the deviations or departures from the
prescribed procedures and to detect the frauds and errors automatically without much loss of time as we have seen in
forensic auditing the fraud has been committed and come to knowledge of the management after 10 years what will
happen internal controls are in failure for almost 10 years so there should be techniques in such a way that even if
fraud has been committed even if error has been committed that should be in the management uh uh in in the management
control right after the error and fraud has been committed there should be an effective management information system
minimization of L loss and wastages employees should be encouraged to do good work and comply with the procedures
how will employees uh do good work if they are rewarded properly if they are appreciated for their work they'll give
the good work to the organization special attention should be given to the disg granted employees which means which
are actually complying with the internal controls the special attention should be given to them if anyone are not properly
following the internal controls for them also special attention should be given so these are the aims of doing the
internal controls this is nothing but adequacy of internal controls clear so that is very very important question
asked for three times okay now now this coo report is also not so important you can just go through with
this like what are the interrelated components of uh internal controls we have seen like control environment risk
assessment will be done control activities are there like getting the approvals or authorizations from the
management performance refuses can be done reconciliations will be done information communication everything has
to be communicated to the management monitoring it should be timely reviewed and
monitored so you can just look after this coo report and internal controls okay now getting into internal audit
till now clear regarding internal control in internal control you should have mainly see the concepts which we
have discussed okay what is internal control what are its objectives what are its limitations benefits what are the
steps in internal control and At Last adequacy of internal control is very very important
okay so that is regarding internal control now internal control is there we have certain reviewing methods also but
internal audit should be done by a independent auditor who will Who will be appointed as an internal auditor now we
are going to learn about internal audit internal audit is responsible for assessing internal controls to ensure
compliance with predetermined standards so why we are doing internal audit to check that internal controls are proper
or not whether they are being following with the standards or not it provides independent Assurance on the
effectiveness of internal controls and risk management processes it will give us an independent assurance that
internal controls are proper that risk management process are proper improving governance and helping organization to
achieve their objectives by doing the internal controls they'll check for the internal uh by doing the internal audit
they'll check whether the internal control is proper or not which will help in improving the governance and which
will help the organization to achieve their objectives that is nothing but internal
audit Now concept 18 internal audit process what is internal audit process first internal auditor will be appointed
the internal auditor is appointed by the company's management or Board of Directors for a listed entities the
internal audit head is appointed by the audit committee and reports to the audit committee there will be internal
Auditors team the team will be appointed by whom management or board of directors the head of that internal control team
who will be the main internal auditor who will work on internal audit will be appointed by audit committee now what
are those listed entities who have to uh appoint internal auditor we'll see in unit two now second processes first
internal Auditors appointed the internal auditor will will review the internal control and provides the report with the
recommendation whether the internal controls are proper or not if there are any changes should be made or any
suggestions which internal audit has then he can give us suggestions on opinion on the internal controls to the
management for feedback and necessary actions this review helps ensure the internal controls are effective aligned
with the organization goals so this is the process of internal audit not so important you can easily write it
internal auditor should be appointed he should review asses and after that he have to give us opinion and suggestions
those three points enough now what are the objectives of internal audit now internal audit is being done what are
the main objective to check the accuracy of Records to see whether it is complying with Accounting Standards or
not two detect if there is any fraud and prevent such fraud two see if all the transactions are being approved by the
management or not two check whether there are any liabilities for solely for business
purposes whether internal controls review is being done by the management from timely or not these are all the
objectives of internal audit checking all this is internal audit examining everything is internal audit
clear now as we have internal control procedures we have internal audit procedures also what are the internal
audit procedures proposal from the company and acceptance from the internal auditor now there will be a proposal
from the company that you have to come to our company for an internal audit you will be appointed as an internal auditor
for our company and this is your scope of work these are your objectives this should be work done by you and you have
to submit your report based on this opinion and suggestions that will be accepted by
internal auditor then there will be a fixation of area the scope of work which has to be done by that particular
internal auditor there will be internal audit assignment as we have seen assignment audit assignment there will
be internal audit assignment what is the remuneration duly approved by the board or audit committee everything will be
setted and after then internal audit plan and internal audit strategy will be prepared by the internal auditor we have
seen what is audit plan audit strategy internal audit plan and internal audit strategy will be prepared by the
internal auditor then execution of plan and strategy will be done escalate the matter of unnecessary interference in
the internal audit work and non operations by the auditing staff what auditor internal auditor will do he'll
not only check on the management thing but there is no unnecessary access for the internal Audi staff also into the
certain works so what is the work assigned to them only have to be done by them preparation of preliminary report
with observations findings recommendation of the internal auditor this is not the final report preliminary
report have to be prepared first internal auditor should report significant observations suggestions
recommendations based on the policies process risk control and transaction processing he have to submit this
preliminary report to the management saying that this is my opinion regarding it these are my suggestions did I
understood regarding internal controls properly or not if you have any changes tell me we'll change the matters of
report management commment and action taken report what are the management justification ations regarding it if any
actions are taken right after the report that could be also changed submission of final report for the condition
consideration from the audit committee so audit committee will be the head of internal auditor they will sub submit
the report to the audit committee or board of directors or managing director if audit committee is not there to
directly board of directors they'll submit it so this is the process of internal audit
now there will be a chief internal auditor who will be the head of internal auditor okay what is the responsibility
of Chief internal auditor the chief internal auditor or a designated person oversees the internal
audit function and these are the responsibilities of that particular auditor what are the responsibilities
Define overall plan he have to make a proper plan establish a plan scope and methodology for internal audit on a
periodic basis Monitor and oversee the audit assignment plan and execute the audit assignment report findings
recommend actions to address what are the risks and concerns and ensure that the reports observations are closure
which means it should not give a conclusive evidence it should not be in a wrong State also so they have to say
that internal control are not proper but this is not a final suggestion they will only give the suggestion not the
conclusion okay staff performance and development what is the staff performance how they are doing it
whether the training is given properly or not whether the development of internal audit staff resources are being
taken by the management or not external expertise engage and manage external experts and Technical Solutions if
required if they are required then they can take the technical support also stakeholder communication communicate
with the stakeholders regarding the internal controls and operations in the organization so these are the
responsibilities of whom Chief internal auditor now getting into responsibilities of internal auditor now
planning strategy making monitoring everything is done by Chief internal auditor what internal auditor will
do access internal controls he'll check whether the internal controls are proper or not evaluate design proper
implementation operating effectiveness of internal controls whether internal controls are designed properly or not
whether they are implemented properly or not identify shortcomings where deficiencies exist recommend Improvement
to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of controls whether internal controls in the books and
internal controls in the implementation are same or not whether whether there are any differences or not provide
independent Assurance when required provide an independent opinion the presence design
implementation and operating effici efficiency of internal controls the opinion which is given by the internal
auditor should be independent when it is coming to design and implementation of internal controls so these are the
responsibilities of internal auditor regarding planning strategy making monitor ing regarding employees
performance everything will be checked by whom Chief internal auditor this Chief internal auditor will be appointed
by audit committee this internal auditor will be appointed by board of directors if there is audit committee okay so
these are regarding the responsibilities of internal auditor now what are the key risks internal
auditor must review internal controls concerning the key risk he have to mainly assess regarding these two risk
risk management management review test whether internal controls effectively manage the risks if they
materialize are internal controls in such a way that if any risk regarding anything is coming are they being able
to detect it are they being able to prevent it the audit report should enable management to reconsider modify
or redesign controls based on risk assessment and audit findings so the report should be in such a way that
management will come to know whether there are any inefficient in inefficiencies in that particular
internal control and they will be in a position to change the internal controls if it is being benefit to the company so
these are the two risks which has to be assessed by the internal auditor now at last I have given you
necessity of internal audit this is is nothing but what we have seen till now so I have given it in last if you're
seeing it if you're not seeing it you will be able to write it improving internal controls detecting errors or
frauds resource misuse prevention Reliance by external auditor ongoing vigilance ongoing monitoring and
reviewing independent review these are the necessities of internal auditor or internal audit which are nothing but the
repeated points which we have so I have given you a last concept okay clear till enough and understood regarding the
internal control and internal audit clear everything is clear now coming into the difference
between internal control and internal audit now we have understood regarding the internal control we have understood
regarding the internal audit what is internal control and internal audit internal control is nothing but
methods and procedures to control operations and meet the organ organization goal so the controls are
the systematic procedures practices which are given by the management why to be able so that just a moment yeah so
that those internal controls will be effective to meet the organization goals coming to internal audit reviewing the
effectiveness internal controls and suggesting the Improvement in internal control is nothing but internal audit
rule combines internal check internal audits designed and maintained by the organization so internal control is
nothing but internal checking and internal auditing established by the governance to Monitor and check the
activities which are done by the internal control timing of checks checks are done
simultaneously with the work being performed so internal controls will be checked when the process are being
performed after entire completion internal audit will be done works is reviewed and checked after the work is
completed ensure compliance with management policies focuses on detecting and preventing the fraud so internal
control is management policies implementation internal audit is done to detect and prevent it from fraud scope
comparison internal control has a broader scope includes internal audit also internal control is involved with
internal audit but internal audit is a scope of internal control is a part of internal control narrower scope part of
internal control framework so internal control is head internal audit is nothing but doing the or verifying the
internal control so that is a difference between internal control and internal audit can be asked as a question okay so
this this is in our unit two but I have given you much before because when you're learning
about internal auditor itself if you're running this this will be helpful so I have given you here so this concept 26
is nothing but in unit 2 we have seen internal audit under companies act 2013 that I have given you here okay now next
this we'll see in uh when we are done with unit 2 yes
now we going to start with our unit 2 in section c which deals with operational audit and
internal audit under companies act 2013 as we have completed what is internal control what is internal audit
now we are going to start with internal audit under companies act 2013 and after that we are coming under operational
audit because this is a whole different concept now we have got to understand regarding the concept of internal
control and internal audit so we'll directly skip into the concept of internal audit under companies act
2013 which is in our first unit concept 26 so open your concept 26 now internal audit under companies
act 2013 first the concept of internal audit was first introduced in companies act
1956 under Section 581 ZF for producer companies so only producer companies were first into the compliance of
internal audit mandatory requirement internal audit was first made mandatory for
certain companies under manufacturing and other companies audit report order 1975 which is ma
okay we have now Caro company audit reports order before we used to have a manufacturing and other companies order
1975 in which internal audit is a mandatory requirement has been boughten in
1975 this mararo 1988 replaced the earlier order by company's Auditors report order 2003 company's Auditors
report order 26 16 and Company's Auditors report order 2020 so now we are following this Caro 2020 okay so this is
the one which you are following but the previous one for this is Mau which amended the 2016 version in
your law you are learning this Caro 2020 so section 138 of companies act 2013 this section provides a legal framework
for the appointment of internal Auditors so section 138 of companies act 2013 talks about appointment of internal
Auditors the central government has the power to prescribe class of companies where appointing an internal auditor is
mandatory what are those class of companies now we are going to see so tell now understood why how this
internal auditing has been bought as a mandatory requirement first it has been bought for only producer companies in
section 558 ZF after that mararo
1975 has been introduced internal audit as a mandatory requirement it has been again revised revised revised and now we
have Caro 2020 companies required to appoint internal auditor what are the companies
which are mandatorily have to appoint internal auditor section 139 138 read with Rule 13 of of companies Rules
2014 the following classes of companies must appoint an internal auditor or a firm of internal Auditors so individual
can also be appointed as an internal auditor or a firm of internal Auditors can also be appointed as a internal
auditor what are the companies which has to comply with internal Auditors appointment listed company all listed
companies have to appoint internal auditors unlisted public company listed private
or public unlisted public companies meeting one of the following criteria remember like this accepted
deposit 25 crores or more at the time during the preceding Financial year paid up share Capital 50 crores or more
during the preceding Financial year outstanding loans or borrowings from Banks or public financial institutions
exceeding 100 crores or more at any time during the preceding Financial year this is at any time even in the middle of the
year if it is exceeding it should be complying with turnover of 200 crores or more during the preceding Financial year
so deposits paid up share Capital outstanding loans and borrowings and turnover DP
o okay deot remember it as deot deposits should be 25 crores paid up share Capital should be 50 crores outstanding
loans and deposits should be 100 crores and turnover should be 200 crores this is for unlisted public
companies it is Depot now coming to private companies it is OT if you're working professionals remember it as
overtime okay companies meeting either of the following criteria outstanding loans of borrowings exceeding 100 cres
at any time during the preceding Financial year turnover of 200 crores or more during the preceding Financial year
so unlisted listed companies will have every listed companies unlisted public
companies should follow deot and private companies should follow OT clear under any of this turnover outstanding
criterias they are into they have to appoint internal Auditors now key rules and Provisions
related to internal auditor internal auditor may or may not be an employee of a company even an
employee in a company can be appointed as an internal auditor or not an employee an independent person can also
be appointed as an internal auditor the internal auditor may be a ched accountant cost accountant or any other
provisional as deemed to be fit by the board whoever the board of directors can be appointed by by uh that person or
individual can be an internal auditor the scope functioning periodicity and methodology of internal audit are to be
formulated in consultation with the internal auditor by the audit committee or the board so the scope functioning
and the periodicity like from which period to which period they will be acting as an internal auditor or what
are the methods which will be followed by the internal auditor everything will be decided by whom audit committee or
board of directors so this is regarding appointment of internal Auditors now filing of form MGT 14 like we have known
if cost auditor is being appointed they have to file a form of c 3 CRA 4 Al like that we have appointment of internal
auditor companies are required to file form mgt1 14 with Roc that form forms are with central government these form
is with Roc within 30 days of vot's resolution so who will appoint internal Auditors board will appoint through a
board's resolution when that board's resolution has been passed in that board meeting within 30 days from the board
meeting they have to file a form which is called as form mgt1 14 to the ROC register of companies not central
government however private companies are Exempted from these require reement as per notification number GSR 464 e dated
5th of June 2015 so do we have to remember this notification that no just remember
private companies are Exempted to give this form mgt1 14 to the ROC now statutory Auditors versus
internal Auditors can statutary auditor be an internal auditor no statutary auditor will be appointed by the stat
you internal auditor are appointed by the board of directors statutory auditor cannot be appointed as an internal
auditor as those roles have distinct duties and obligations both duties are very different so both cannot be a same
person eligibility for appointment as an internal auditor who can be appointed as an internal auditor for producer
companies only Chartered Accountants can be appointed as internal Auditors section you don't have
to remember it okay for producer companies only CES can be appointed for other companies CA as well
as CMA both can be appointed as an or any other professional appointed by board also can be appointed as an
internal auditor what are the inter internal audit policy and appointment procedures
what are the procedures to be followed as we already know the audit committee or the the board shall formulate the
scope methodology of internal audit after Consulting with the internal auditor what is the work to be done by
them what is the scope what is the periodicity of their work what is the methodology of their work everything
will be decided by audit committee and board of directors after that obtain a written concern from the internal
auditor as we have as we have seen the same process which is seen in the cost auditor the same here also have to
obtain a written consent from the internal auditor call a board meeting issuing a 7 day
notice for any board meeting prior to the board meeting 7 Days uh notice should be given to all
the board directors who are being a who are being uh in that particular board meeting pass a board's resolution for
the appointment file form mgt1 14 with Roc if applicable notify the internal auditor about their appointment so this
is the process of appointing the internal auditor if any of the board board of
directors or audit committee or internal auditor he himself is not complying with any of the provisions of section 138
then there will be penality although section 138 does not specify penalities for non-compliance Section 450 applies
under which a company may be find 10,000 rupees for non-compliance if the non-compliance continues additional fine
will be th000 per day may be imposed up to 2 lakhs for companies and 50,000 for officers in default so the minimum
payment will be 10,000 rupees if it is continuing will be 1,000 per day this 1,000 per day can extend to 2 lakhs for
companies or 50,000 for officer this 2 lak and 50,000 is for, per day
okay Keynotes regarding internal auditor internal auditor cannot be appointed by passing a resolution by circulation so
it should be board's resolution where all the board members are present in that particular board meeting by passing
a circulation resolution they cannot appoint internal auditor a statutory auditor and a cost auditor cannot serve
as an internal auditor for the same because the duties of all the three are different companies must comply with
internal audit requirements within six months from the commencement this is when this internal auditing uh
principles have been bought like companies act 2013 has bought and all the provisions has become applicable
after that so if companies before that are not following any internal auditing procedures now if they are becoming
applicable into these internal audit procedures from 2014 within 6 months they have to
comply with that this is old provision now it is 2024 we don't have to remember it but if any companies till now before
uh coming into commencement of this particular act if any company has not following it but they are under the
compliance of following it then within six months they have to comply with the re requirements of appointing an
internal auditor clear till enough you majorly have to remember the applicability of internal audit okay in
one examination paper um I exactly don't remember the paper number or the paper year but this question has been asked as
a practical problem okay they have given in a table like what are the unlisted uh like what is outstanding loans what are
deposits or what are paid up share Capital amounts has been given and ask you to analyze whether the internal
audit should be appointed for that particular company or not so like that a question has been asked direct question
also has been asked State the provisions regarding applicability of internal auditor in as per companies act 2013
that question also has been asked in two ATMs so this internal audit under companies act 2013 question is important
for examination you have to remember it okay now next intern interal audit and
Caro now we have seen from Caro the internal auditing has bought now we going to see internal auditing with
Caro the Caro 2020 was introduced by MCA Ministry of corporate affairs with the objective
of sorry with the objective of improving transparency in the financial reporting
of the company so everyone have to report regarding the uh financial statements or everything that has been
bought by which Caro 2020 which has been introduced by MCA this order mandates that Auditors provide specific
statements on company operations without nothing but the reports which are given by those Auditors Financial transactions
and compliance with statutory requirements are not in the report prepared by any auditor the major
objective will be to State about the operations happening in that particular business whether the financial
transactions are true and fair or not whether they are complying with statutory requirements or not regarding
all these a formal statement will be given by the auditor the mandatory requirement of giving the report has
been Goot up in Caro 2020 Caro 2020 effective from April 1st 2021 replaced earlier orders which is
mararo and after then revised 1999 Caro revised 2016 Caro and revised 2020 Caro contains several key provisions and
requirements for Auditors as outlined below what are the key legislative developments internal audit system was
first introduced by the companies act 1956 under Section 2274 a later transitioning to 1431 of companies act
2013 evolution of caro first it was this then this then this then this at last it was
Caro 2020 we have seen regarding this the amendments are progressively focused on ensuring better corporate governance
car 2020 issued on 25th February of 2020 its applicability was deferred to financial year starting from 2021 April
2 impact of codin covid-19 okay it was first Boughton February but from March we got covid so it was
implemented from 1st of April 2021 now internal audit reporting under Caro
2020 the company's internal audit system must be commensurate with the size and nature of business as I've already
discussed internal audit how the scope of internal audit will be will be on the basis of size and complexity of the
business this ensures that internal control mechanisms are in place to the monitor operations effectively see for
example if the company is huge and the internal audit scope is less or the internal audit process is minimal will
they be able to find out the entire operations about that particular company no but if company is small and the
internal audit process is huge what will they do only time waste so the internal audit process should be in align with
the operations of that particular entity the statutory auditor should verify if internal audit reports were
taken into account when finalizing the audit while conducting statutory audit statutory auditor what what he have to
do he have to check whether the internal auditor have complied with all the regulations or not whether internal a
report has been taken into account when fin finalizing the all entire audit or not
this promotes better coordination between internal and external Auditors so this is the internal audit reporting
under Caro so Caro first has bought to have the internal audit system in that particular organization and when
internal auditor has given the internal audit report that should be included in all Audits and given to the statutory
auditor this has been bought in Caro 2020 and regarding applicability of caro 2020 I hope you already know it because
you'll seen law OPC uh Caro is applicable for all companies except OPC small companies banking companies
insurance companies charitable organization Section 8 companies certain private companies that do not meet a
specified threshold limit for turnover borrowings share Capital so regarding Caro uh everything
you can see in your law okay don't skip it see the Caro question can be asked from cost audit also okay so that is
regarding internal audit under companies act 2013 is it clear
now getting into operational audit what is operational audit an auditing of operations an operational audit often
referred to as value for money Mone audit it is called as value for money audit is an organized approach to
improve the organization efficiencies and Effectiveness which means how the operations are being happened in that
particular entity if operations are not proper they have to take proper steps to improve the operations happening in that
particular entity so that that will improve the organization efficiency and effectiveness of working
[Applause] okay it focuses on whether the organization is operating optimally in
terms of resource use production decision making process whether the operations related to production process
decision making resource utilization whether all the operations are being done in an effective way or not
regarding that examination is nothing but called as operational audit unlike Financial audits which
focus on verifying the accuracy of financial statements operational audit are concerned with why the business is
performing the way it is and how it can be improved so whatever the work done they'll prepare a report of it which is
called as Financial reports of financial statements analyzing the financial statements is financial audit but why
that particular operation has been done why that activity has been taken place that did that activity gives any impact
into the profit or Not by conducting that particular operation is there any benefit for the organization or not
whether the operations have been complied with laws and regulations or not all the these are Under operational
audit operational audit is a Management Service evaluating the four primary functions of management what are the
main functions of management which will be analyzed in operation audit planning organizing directing controlling whe the
management is doing all these four or not will be checked in operational audit the planning of operations the
organizing of operations the direction of oper operations and controlling of operations all these are the work of
management is management is doing the that work properly or not will be checked in operational audit
clear now what is the main objective of operational audit for that we have ding the acronymous ding
okay the objective of operational a can be encapsulated which which means uh detailly analyzed capsuled means closed
encapsuled means opened in an Acron deing reflecting the principle of we deeming a Pioneer in the total quality
management what is Dang d is detailed understanding e is eliminate m is merch I is improve n is new methods techniques
and devices is to govern what of detailed understanding detailed understanding of what is existing
process how to improve it eliminate eliminate if there is any waste or duplication of work merge the operations
processes to reduce the time which is allotted improve quality volume and revenue for that particular organization
new methods techniques and devices should be implemented for better results and better understanding govern the 4 M
man machine method money so all the fourm should be govern this is nothing but the main objective of operational
audit okay clear regarding operational audit operational audit is nothing but
auditing of operations how they are being happening in that particular entity now what are the advantages of
operational audit provide unbiased insight about the operations like how operations are being
conducted if they are truth or not if they are fair enough or not if the products are being qualitatively given
to the public or not whether customers are being deceived or anything everything will be checked than
operational audit increased efficiency identifies inefficiencies and areas for improvement leading to quicker
production and reduced tat tat is nothing but turnover around time she turn turn around time okay that is
turnaround time so whether there are any inefficiencies in the operations that
will be known whether there are any areas for improvement that will be known leading to quicker production and
reducing of time cost rationalization helps in identifying and reducing unnecessary cost if there are any
unnecessary cost that will be reduced operational excellence encourage a culture of continuous
Improvement to know regarding operations to know if there are any areas of improvement to identify risk to reduce
the cost to encourage a culture of improvement that is also continuous Improvement these are the advantages of
operational audit clear now if advantages are there we'll have disadvantages disadvantages
resistance to change organization C culture May resist operational changes creating challenges in implementation so
majorly if there is any change in operations till now they are following a certain operation a certain process now
they found out that there is certain inefficiency in that particular process they're wanting to shift the operation
now if they are entirely changing the operations the employees will not be so used of uh they will be so used of that
particular uh past operations they will not be able to convert themselves from the past operations to the present
operations resistance to change that is concept four now in operational audit we have two approaches for dealing it one
is active approach one is passive approach active approach is nothing but focusing on preventing the wasteful
activities reducing the leakage Revenue leakage or cost cutouts enhances business
performance through proactive measures so taking the measures to improve the business performance all these are
called as active approach reducing the waste preventing wastage Revenue leakages cutout costs and enhancing the
business performance these are active approaches coming to passive approach typically alliance with compliance and
risk based audits like everything is complying with laws and regulations or not our operations complying with the
management opinions or not whether there are any risk involved in it that is not nothing but passive approach may not
provide a comprehensive view of operational risk passive approach will not give a entire overview of
operational audit but will it it it will will only be focused on risk based approach or compliance approach which
will only focus on one particular thing not on entire operations of the entity often limited to assessing risk without
integrating operational improvements so passive approach will not focus on improving the
operations it will focus on finding out whether there is compliance or whether there is risk based audit or not so that
is active approach and passive approach key steps in conducting operational audit what are the steps
which we will which will be taken by the Auditors while doing the operational audit first they'll decide uh decide
about the scope of audit work like what they want to find out in that particular audit whether they are going for
operational audit to find out whether the operations are working or not whether the processes are working or not
whether the production is in line or not what is the major goal of that particular
audit understanding the business and processes formulate a audit program based on this understanding first
understand the entire regarding the business its environment after the prepare a audit strategy evaluation of
accounting and internal control systems in the audity Enterprise to check whether the internal control systems in
the Audi Enterprise are proper or not determine the nature timing extent of audit procedures what is the nature till
when it can be started and when it will when it will be ended and what is the extent of audit procedures document
everything prepare audit notebook audit working papers everything for what reference analyze findings and develop
conclusions provide a comprehensive report based on audit findings at last prepare a report on the audit findings
so these are the steps first step is to create a goal Second Step understand regarding the business third step
evaluate whether the internal controls are proper in that particular entity or not fourth step decide nature timing and
what is the extent of the procedures fifth is to document it sixth is to give an opinion regarding it seventh is to
finally prepare a report so these are the steps which will be followed in the operational audit clear now what are the
techniques for collecting evidence in the operational audit what techniques which can be followed electronic data
processing if everything is in electronic format if all the record statements are in electronic format they
can go for electronic data processing utilize technology to identify gaps and operations process flow charting visual
representation of process to identify inefficiencies visually go and check the operations which are happening in that
go to the production unit go to the process unit and verify it yourself discussion for clarity engage with the
stakeholders engage with the employees who are working go directly and get the clarity regarding the procedures and
process so these are three techniques which can be followed for collecting the evidence regarding operational
audit now till now you have understood regarding the operational audit what is
operational audit what are its objectives what are approaches what are advantages disadvantages and what
finally what are the steps of operational audit these are the concepts which we have seen till now
now we have seen what is internal audit difference between internal audit and operational
audit internal audit and operational audit differences internal audit majorly focuses on complying with rules and
policies it will check whether the internal controls are proper or not internal controls are nothing but rules
and policies implemented by the management so checking the rules and policies implemented by the management
are proper or not is nothing but internal audit now focus on risk identification and proceed Improvement
whether in operations whether there are any risks involved if it is involved improve the operations that is nothing
but operational audit primarily concerned with financial accounts so internal audit is majorly done in
financial accounts but operational audit is done for business operations internal audit is done to
review the transactions and whether they are following the standards or not operational audit is reviewing the
process to know whether it is effective or not internal audit examples are cost center for budget monitoring operational
audit holds departments accountable for performance Improvement so how the cost center is doing the work on based on the
budget that is internal auditing how cost center is working under its operations is operational audit okay so
regarding performance Improvement is operational audit regarding cost or budgeting monitoring is internal audit
so this is the difference between internal audit and operational audit is it
clear now we have risk based audit now operational audit is also a risk
assessment assessing the risk in the operations we have risk based audit and operational audit what is the difference
between risk based audit and operational audit risk based audit is nothing but prioritizes operational risk but often
fails to cover all operation aspects so regarding one particular operational it will take one particular
operation and in that operation whether there are any risk-based or not that is the auditing of risk-based audit but
operational audit is a review of all activities related to operations to achieve a defined objective to define
whether the risk is involved into entire operations related to entities operational audit only regarding to one
process of operation is risk based audit clear internal audit operational audit risk-based audit operational audit clear
now coming into our next Concepts from here we are going to see regarding audit program audit documentation what is
continual audit what is final audit what is audit working papers audit notebook audit engagement
letter so everything uh so operational audit part is this much now we're going to see regarding entire audit from here
these Concepts which we are going to discuss is regarding audit it could be related to cost audit Financial audit
internal audit stat audit for all audits these are same okay now audit program what is audit program a audit program is
a detailed plan outlining the auditing work to be performed whatever the work is going to be performed in the entire
auditing process or planning everything is nothing but a audit
program it specifies the procedures to be followed for verifying each item in the financial statements so audit
program audit program is a procedure which is followed to verify whether the each item in the financial statements
are proper or not the estimated time required for each procedure so the procedure what to be followed and the
time for that procedure completion everything will be there in audit program essentially it serves as a
return plan or memorandum for the audit work to be done by that particular auditor during an audit guiding the
audit process and checking against potential omissions so it is nothing but a written document for an auditor or his
audit team in which they can go and verify it whenever they want want when creating an audit plan what
are the factors to be considered we already know the auditor have to go to the previous auditor who have worked and
collect the information regarding the previous audit checklist he have to prepare a checklist from the previous
auditor changes in the commercial laws whether there is any changes in the law when that particular audit has been done
and now when we are doing the audit whether there are any amendments or not that have to be checked special areas of
Investigation what is a special area in which that particular auditor has to focus on these are the four factors
should be considered when creating a audit program components of internal audit
program this is only related to internal audit program objectives should have a clear objectives for each area of audit
because we are doing the audit of what operations about the internal departments so regarding each area of
audit there should be a clear objective and then assignment of Staff responsibilities for carrying out
specific activities as we have seen in internal auditing there should be separation of Duties so responsibilities
also should be assigned to different staffs estimated time allocated to each activity detailed guidance for staff on
how to execute the audit procedures so these are the factors to be considered in internal audit
program now advantages of audit program what are the advantages of having this detailed plan for audit why we have to
have this internal audit why we have to have this audit program in any organization first we'll have checklist
checklist is nothing but we are preparing a questionnaires of 10 and we will go on check each and everything so
serves as a ready checklist of audit proc procedures to be performed work allocation every work will be allocated
to proper persons facilitates proper allocation of audit work among assistants or clerks progress monitoring
allows Auditors to track the extent of work done at any time enhancing the supervision and control so whenever the
auditor wants he can come and check how much the work has been done in that particular a
organization uniformity ensures consistency in the audit process across different periods so when a same audit
program has been followed throughout the uh audit engagement Whenever there is any change
in the audit if they want to understand regarding that particular audit they can just go to the audit program and check
the audit program and they'll understand what the work is being happened in that particular audit
engagement and ures consistently in the audit process across different periods even this particular accounting period
or the next accounting period if the audit program is same for both the accounting periods then even if the
different periods are there it will be followed consistently evidence of diligence can be used by Auditors as a
evidence for the diligence and Care in the case of disputes so audit program also will act as a evidence for the
auditor so whatever work done by the auditor he can show the audit program as a proof If management is saying like
you're not you have not checked regarding the materials or inventory then he can show the audit program no I
have prepared the checklist and this is the opinion on that particular checklist I have prepared the uh I have already
analyzed regarding that particular raw materials allocation so these are the advantages of audit program now
disadvantages mechanical approach the C the task may may be mechanical leading Auditors to lose interest and initiative
it will be majorly F focused on uh the operations of that particular business so always the auditing process
will be same which will the Auditors will lose the interest what we have to do we have to go and check the same
records why we have to go there so they can lose the interest in doing that particular audit in capability for small
concerns the audit cannot be done for small concerns may be unnecessary for smaller businesses there won't be any
much crimes or frauds involved in that particular company defense for inefficiencies inefficient staff might
use the audit program as a defense against accountability by claiming omissions were not
included they can see if they know regarding the audit program like what is the detail plan which the auditor is
going to analyze they can they can become aware of the fraud and they can try to uh cover up the
fraud which has done by them rigidity a rigid program may not suit every type of business or situation
if a audit program is to detect any fraud or something will that be applicable to any business who doesn't
have any fraud in that particular entity no so audit program should be designed in such a way regarding to the business
operations a same audit program cannot be applicable for two different businesses so these are the advantages
and disadvantages of audit program clear regarding audit program now getting into concept 11
continuous audit and final audit what is continuous audit and what is final audit continuous audit is an ongoing
examination of all transactions by the auditor throughout the financial year at regular intervals like monthly monthly
weekly weekly or Fortnight 15 days 15 days he's doing the examination of all the transactions and preparing a report
doing the audit that is a continuous audit conducted continuously before the end of financial so before the end of
financial whenever the transactions are being happening he'll do the audit involves con constant pressure of the
auditor staff because every time they have to work unlike un unlike the final audit or unlike the other auditor staff
they'll only be doing work when everything is done like when all the operations are done they'll conduct the
audit but this continuous audit is done whenever is happening transactions will happen daily in that particular business
so they have to do auditing also Daily at the client's office during the review
period suitable for for which organizations continuous audit will be suitable when the final accounts need to
be presented soon after the financial year just after the end of financial year within 30 days they have to give
the uh report or final accounts in that case they have to be sure that nothing wrong has been done nothing information
has been omitted no fraud has been committed for that continuous audit can be done in that particular
organization in scenarios with high volume of transactions where the internal control systems are weak in
that case continuous audit can be done now what are the benefits it provides realtime insights into Financial
transactions like timely timely how the financial transactions are happening helps to identify errors and frauds
promptly facilitates timely preparation of financial statements so these are the
benefits of going for continuous audit the same opposite is final audit which is done after completion of everything
okay also known as completed audit or periodical audit is performed after the financial year has closed specifically
after the books of accounts have been finalized and the financial statements are prepared so continuous AIT is done
before preparation of financial statements but final audit is done after completion of financial
statements conducted after the financial erance once the accounts are closed the client handovers complete set of books
to the auditor and asks him to do the audit the auditor performs routine checking and audit procedures only after
receiving the books suitable for organizations with straightforward transactions no complicated transaction
straightforward transactions are there situations where volume of transactions are manageable like for small entities
they can go for final audit audits where internal controls are very much stronger benefits what are the benefits of going
for final audit provides a comprehensive overview of financial position unless uh unlike the continuous audit it will not
give uh the analysis regarding all the the financial transactions which are happening on timely basis it it can just
only give a overview of financial position whether there is a profit or loss it will not check into deep for
each and every transaction ensures compliance with accounting standards and regulations
whether all transactions are complied with standards or not regulations or not helps in assessing the effectiveness of
internal controls post fiscal year after completion of financial year how the internal controls whether they are
effective or not so that is the difference between continuous audit and final
audit clear yes now starting with our concept 12 audit working
papers before when discussing the cost audit we have discussed what is audit working papers now we are going to see
in detail about audit working papers so yes what are audit working papers audit working papers is a
document or a record which will be prepared by the auditor like how they are doing his work how the process is
going what are all evidence which is collected in that particular audit everything will be documented and
recorded in a format which is called as audit working papers audit working papers often simply
referred as a working papers are formal do documents and records that Auditors prepare and maintain during the audit
process so whatever documents records are there everything are maintained in a proper document which is called as audit
working papers they serve as a comprehensive documentation of audit procedures performed evidence obtained
conclusions reached by the auditor so regarding evidence obtained what are the conclusions and what is the audit
procedure everything will be there in what audit working papers now what is the purpose of doing this
audit working papers so that it will be as a evidence for the uh work done by the cost auditor it will act as a proof
or supportive document for the procedures to support and document audit procedures to provide evidence of the
work performed and conclusions reached by the auditor to demonstrate compliance with auditing standards so what is the
purpose of uh making this audit working papers one to support that all the audit procedures are documented two act as a
evidence of the work done by the auditor and all the work done is in compliance with the accounting standards to know
all these three is the purpose of audit document audit working papers now what are the contents of
audit working papers trial balance supportive schedules testing documentation and analytical procedures
any other relevant information that provides evidence of audit work performed all the related information
trial balance pnl account balance sheet everything if it is a financial audit everything will be recorded in what
audit working papers confidentiality and access we already know no unauthorized access
should be allowed to audit working papers the information in the audit working papers should be maintained in a
confidential manner working papers are formal documents meant for retention in audit
file as already told you audit working papers audit notebooks everything combinely all the collective of Records
is nothing but audit file so audit working papers should be in audit file they may be reviewed by external parties
such as regulatory authorities or other Auditors other Auditors regulatory authorities can can come and check the
audit working papers but not than other than them no one can go for accessing auditing working
papers structure and format of audit working papers follow standardized formats as prescribed by auditing
standards so how these working papers will be prepared by following auditing standards auditing standards are for
whom Auditors Auditors have to comply with audit working papers while conducting the audit so everything which
is complied with audit working papers or audit proceedings those will be there in auditing standards regarding that they
have to mention it in audit working papers organized for easy review and understanding by others so when audit
report is given that report will only be given to authorities but if anyone want to come and check about the audit
between the audit like auditing is going on and suddenly one Authority is coming and asking what is the procedures which
happened till now then they can show the audit working papers that these are the steps which has taken till now these are
the procedures followed and this is the upto-date work organized for easy review and
understanding by others including Auditors who are not directly involved in the audit field work so any other
competent person if is coming and checking the audit working papers he will be able to understand how much the
audit work has been done timeline when this audit working papers will be prepared after completion of audit no
when it is prepared prepared as audit progress so whenever the audit is going on they'll
prepare the audit working papers and finalized at the conclusion of audit field work so whenever the work is being
done they will record it final audit working papers will be done after the the completion of audit work providing a
snapshot of the audit at the specific point of time till now what is the audit a snapshot of it the overview of it till
now what is the audit overview of that particular audit so these are the information regarding audit working
papers clear so this is the concept of audit working papers now we have types of working
papers permanent audit files and current audit files working papers can be of two
permanent working papers current working papers permanent audit files these files are updated with information on
continual Improvement or importance include legal and organizational structure of the entity like Mo MOA AOA
these are permanently should be preserved those documents will be there in permanent audit files extract or
copies of legal documents legal agreements if that company is getting into new contract new project or getting
into any merger or get or in introducing any new product or getting into agreements with other companies
agreement with the auditor agreement with director agreement with manager shareholders agreement the Moa AOA or uh
the consent letters which has been received by Auditors these are these should be stored in permanent audit file
a record of internal control evaluation like what are the internal controls taken by the management timely that
should be updated copies of previous years's audited financial statements notes on significant accounting policies
these are all should be preserved as a permanent audit file current audit file what are current
audit file which are only related to current year period those are not so important for the next year period those
are only relevant for current year period like important matters of board meeting or general meeting board meeting
in general meeting only discussions of current year period will be discussed management letters analysis of
transactions and balances communication with other Auditors or experts conclusion reached on significant
aspects of audit these are related to current status so whatever auditing sorry whatever information is
is related to current status that will be recorded in current audit file but regarding Mo MOA AOA or agreements or
contracts or any kind of uh internal auditing done the report of that or any notes of uh policies internal controls
these are permanent audit files clear with the types of working papers now do preservation of audit working
papers necessary we are going to seate that will be based on this all these categories or all these element will
influence the preservation or retention of audit working papers client agreement according to terms of client if clients
want audit working papers to be preserved till the next auditing period he will preserve it if he don't want it
he'll not do it terms specified in the agreement with the client forms policies according to policies each and every
work which is done should be documented then audit working papers will be documented if not it need not to be
documented policies established by auditing firms regarding documentation retention if in that particular policy
it is there like each document should be retained for 5 years after the completion of that particular period
till 5 years it should be retained after that it can be removed nature of Engagement if it is more complex like if
they have found out anything important factor of that particular entity if it is majorly important for that particular
business then that can be stored if it is normal audit which is done regular audit which is done it need not be
stored significance may impact retention legal considerations compliance with legal requirements if court is saying
like you have to uh retain this audit working papers for this much period Then they have to follow with legal
requirements litigation if in that particular audit did they have any litigation or what if
they had litigation they have to store it till the litigation is resolved in the court of law after litigation is
resolved they can remove it when the litigation is actually going in the court of law they have to retain it
retaining papers Beyond legal requirements if litigation is ongoing after litigation is completed they can
remove it so preservation of audit working papers will be based on all these factors
what are the advantages of aing audit working papers as we already know it will serve as the evidence of the work
done by the auditor it is a reference for the future audits it is legal compliance that all the audit workers
done under the legal and Regulatory Compliance training tools serves as example for training new Auditors who
are coming or to transfer the knowledge of previous auditor to the new auditor they can see this audit working papers
record of adjustments and reconciliations document any adjustments proposed by the auditor enhancing
reliability of Financial in statements so if new auditor is coming and they want to know about the reconciliations
which has been done in the previous auditor they can check regarding the adjustments and reconciliations so these
are the advantages of audit working papers clear regarding audit working papers
now audit notebook what is audit notebook audit working papers are the process which is done in the particular
audit that will be recorded but in audit notebook it is only for particular auditor what are his observations what
are his information what he want to record it is like a rough book okay audit notebook is like a rough book but
in a formal way not like we are drawing something faces we are writing our Crush name and that doing flames and all not
like that okay audit notebook is a tool used by the auditor to record and organize their thoughts it is not
finalized what are those thoughts till till now they'll record their thoughts observations key information throughout
the audit process it serves as a permanent record of the auditor's findings and is usually maintained
separately for each audit engagement the notes should be clear complete and systematically
organized so in this everything will be recorded the process procedures which are recorded in audit working papers are
also recorded but what are his observations what are his thoughts regarding that particular audit that
will be recorded in audit notebook now what are the contents of audit notebook name of the organization
organizational structure structure important provisions of Mo MOA and AOA whenever the auditor want to go go
through with that he can just run the audit notebook communication with the previous
auditor list of books of accounts accounting methods which are followed by that particular entity internal controls
key managable person who are working in that particular entity errors and frauds discovered matters relating to
explanation regarding all these he can write in audit notebook is this for reference for audit
work no it is for reference of auditor himself if he want to know about any information from the Moa or AOA he will
refer audit notebook if you want to know about the explanation regarding anything he will open the audit notebook if you
want to know what did he talk with the previous auditor regarding anything he will open the audit notebook this will
act as a reference for the auditor to conduct the audit work same like audit working papers
preservation of audit notebook also on the same factors regarding client agreement firm policies nature of
Engagement legal considerations litigation on all these factors preservation will be based on what are
the advantages of audit notebook personal reference as I've told you it acts as a reference for personal himself
to conduct the audit and acts as a personal reference for the Auditors tracking progress and outstanding issues
brainstorming and idea generation if he struck at some point he don't know what to do with the next point so what he'll
do he'll open the audit notebook he'll refer what are the um interviews which is which he has conducted he'll uh check
all the interviews he'll go on with the previous Auditors uh interaction he'll go on with the Moa AOA after that he'll
get the idea yes I have missed this point I have to recheck it I have missed this point I have to
reverifying storming or idea generation he can be creative and critical thinking can be analyzed by checking the audit
notebook risk identification AIDS in identifying and documenting potential risk and control the weakness if he is
being influenced in any of the cases he can write that in audit notebook this decision is being influenced and he is
not satisfied with after some time if he is actually implemented in a correct way it will work but if it's not implemented
he can go and check in the audit notebook yes this is an influence decision I have to change it he can
change his decisions preparation of audit working papers information in Notebook serves as
the foundation for for audit working papers because the basic information regarding audit will be recorded in
audit notebook but after that regarding procedures process everything will be recorded in audit working papers
training and knowledging transfer to train himself regarding the company's op uh company's operations regarding
company basic details he can go on with the audit notebook so first audit notebook then audit working papers clear
now now getting into our concept 14 audit engagement
letter this is nothing but an agreement between auditor and Company like company is giving an company and auditor are
both getting into an agreement that there will be audit between the company and auditor that is nothing but audit
engagement letter an audit engagement letter is a formal document that outlines the scope terms condition of
the audit engagement between the auditing firm and the client between the auditor and that client that business or
anything the formal agreement between both these things both the parties regarding what will be the work what
will be the nature of work what will be the scope of work and what are the conditions of work that is nothing but
audit engagement letter the written communication is crucial for establishing clear
expectations and minimizing misunderstanding regarding the audit process so when audit engagement letter
is used that audit engagement letter will be a written communication which is crucial to understand regarding the
expectation of the management like for what reason they want to conduct the audit what is the main goal of that
particular audit to have the clear understanding this audit engagement letter will be helpful this is nothing
but a when um when one employee is getting into a organization they'll give a offer
letter and that offer letter regarding all terms his scope of work which uh till what he will be accessible what
will be his play everything will be given that is nothing but audit engagement letter it is nothing like
offer letter to the auditor okay what is the purpose it acts as a clear expectation like clearly defines the
responsibilities of both auditor and the client what client will do like they will pay the fees they will give all the
documents they will give all the records everything from the business this will be the thing and what auditor have to do
he have to give the independent examination and opinion of that particular thing everything will be
clearly recorded in what audit engagement letter preventing misunderstanding no misunderstanding
will be there because everything will be in a written doc document helps to avoid any potential confusion about the scope
and terms of Engagement formalizing agreement serves as a record of agreement between the auditor and client
so that is nothing but a audit engagement letter what are the contents of audit
engagement letter introduction name and address of client and auditing firm objective of audit the specific goal of
audit such as reliability Integrity of finan IAL and operational information compliance with laws regulations and
contracts for what audit is being conducted is it for a reliability and integrity of financial statements is it
to find out whether they are complying with laws and regulations is it to find out periodical physical verification of
inventory is it to find out is it to safeguard the assets follow up on recommendations from prior auditor
report now there is a previous audit report what is the new audit report we want new audit report because till now
we are taking the decisions according to previous audit report but we want new audit report for that we want audit to
be conducted so what is the major goal for which audit is being conducted that will be the objective of audit next
timetable this timetable will be prepared as a scheduled outlining from time to time in quarter 1 this will be
the timetable in Quarter Two this will be the project in quarter three this will be the thing in quarter 4 this will
be the thing from one quarter to other quarter what will be the work done by them that should be there in the
proposed timetable like like I have told you like for day one this will be the class day
two this will be the class day three this will be the class as like quarter one quarter 2 quarter 3 quarter 4 what
will be the audit procedures which will be followed in that particular audit audit team composition who are the
team members what what are the names of them what are the addresses of them name of manager one name of Staff auditor one
name of Staff auditor two likewise they have to give the information regarding audit team initial meeting an invitation
to meeting discuss audit objectives and solicit input from the management between the management and the Auditors
what is the first meeting which is being conducted regarding minutes of meeting regarding the discussions held and
regarding the discussions of objectives with that particular audit team members everything should be there an initial
meeting and documentation requirement request for the relevant staff to provide necessary documents related to
their departments in the specified quarters like what is the audit report for that particular quarter that should
be documented draft observation circulations draft observations like
what is the observations till now draft not final conclusions but draft observations should be given from time
to time at the conclusion of audit draft observations will be circulated to all
functional head of departments for their commments and proposed actions before giving final audit any auditor will give
draft report and ask regarding any changes if you want to give explanations you can give any explanations if he's
satisfied enough he'll drop the issue if he is not satisfied enough he will take up the issue and give it in the
report discussions of draft observation first he will give draft observations and ask to give the justification or
explanations he will discuss it with the department heads and after that he will give the final audit report observations
for which satisfactory answers or action plans are reviewed will be dropped from the final audit report remaining
observations which are not satisfactory enough will be included in the final audit report for discussions with the
management mission statement the auditor goal to achieve the Department's objective by providing information on
internal controls and recommending improvements at last he will give his conclusions on opinion regarding the
audit so this is the contents of audit engagement letter all will be there in what audit engagement letter from start
to end everything will be there in audit engagement letter so that is regarding our unit two
operational audit and internal audit under companies act 2013 clear having any
doubts what did we discuss in this unit operational audit audit working papers audit notebook audit engagement letter
final audit continuous audit and internal audit under companies act 2013 clear with all the concepts
yes now we going to start with our unit three in section c which deals with audit of different service organizations
like we have different service organizations like hospitals hotels educational institutions like how the
audit will be done for that particular organizations that we are going to discuss in this particular unit of audit
of different service organizations is this unit important for examination very very very important one question will be
asked compulsorily okay so the basic introduction regarding internal audit and service
organizations the internal audit function can be conducted specifically in service service organization to
ensure that there is a quality that there is a compliance and risk mitigation any audit is done only for
these three things to check whether they are complying or not to check whether the quality is there or not and to check
whether there is risk committee iation steps are not for this all the audits will be
done now we're going for our concept to audit of hospitals what we have to or what the cost auditor have to do
regarding the audit of hospitals when he is doing the audit of hospitals first review the letter of appointment to
understand the auditor's duties first you have to receive the letter of appointment to know what is the scope of
audit next ownership and control s is the ownership structure and control mechanism of the hospital who is the
dean of that particular Hospital who under whose ownership the hospital is being run that is the ownership and
control processes and control examine key process like admission discharge outpatient services tests and operations
ensuring proper control over Revenue generation whether admissions discharge or all are recorded in books or
not and whether each and everything which is recorded in books is reflecting into Revenue generation or not that has
to be done income verification validate the donations grants interest dividend income all the incomes which the
hospital can derive have to audit on all these things through supporting documents crosschecking with the
investment register incomes what are the Investments what are the expenditure they have to cross check both purpose of
funds ensure the donations and grants are used for their designated purposes Capital versus Revenue differentiate
between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure standard operating procedures check that standard operating
procedures for both capital and operating expenditures are done or not is it related to Capital if it is
standardly following or not if it is for Operation it is following for standard or not internal control on purchases
verify the internal controls over purchases and issuing of stores medicines and medical equipment they
have to maintain a proper register for all the medicines for the medical equipment that has to be revised again
and again the medical equipments have to be uh done the repairs and they should be updated from time to
Time Staffing and payments validate the appointment of Staff doctors salary payments for accurate expense booking in
my book I have simplified the points in one point like regarding staffs is one point regarding doctors is one point
regarding salary payments is one point I have compiled it as a one point when you are writing it you have to split and you
have to write it okay then you'll get more points you can easily remember remember Five Points and convert it into
10 points in your answer okay asset verification physically verify Investments fixed assets inventories
capitalization and depreciation check the appropriate asset capitalization is done appropriate depreciation methods
are followed if methods are followed that method should be followed in a consistent basis rates what are the
rates which are followed and the reflection in the books how they are affecting the books this is regarding
the audit of hospitals clear and you have to additionally write regarding the register of books like
admissions donations uh discharges proper staffing has to be done you can write it in your own words okay
regarding that is regarding audit of hospitals clear concept two Now concept three audit of hotels for hotels how the
auditor should audit the points stated below are to be considered for conducting audit of
sorry this is not hospital this is Hotel okay check the letter of appointment to assertain the scope of responsibilities
what are the letter of appointment should be taken study the charter or trust
deed this is for Hospital why is hospital is here I think hotel is shifted to
hospital and hospital is shifted to hotel ah
yes I think I have cross shifted that so yes there is a small mistake on this book this is also audit for
hospitals okay so the audit of hotels has been replaced by audit of hospitals then what is regarding audit of hotels
this is audit of hotels I'll send this as a screenshot to you all try to revise this okay try to take a print out of
this and put it in your book now audit of hotels ensure controls are in place to prevent Revenue leakage and page to
uh first they have to have a proper internal controls regarding Revenue leakage issues check effectiveness of
cash handling purchasing billing inventory control for atem like food Beverages and assets like lenons uten
Sals whatever the assets will be there in the particular Hotel they have to properly maintain records for that
validate compliance with licenses if whether it is related to bar or restaurant the proper license should be
obtained for that particular hotel room sales and cash collections verify room sales billing for services like Long
Tree mini bar or any kind of inbutt restaurants are there and regarding that the cash collection should be recorded
according to that separate head Ure room rates and sales sales from various points like restaurant bars match the
recorded sales whether the actual sales are recording with the book sales or not validate payments by cash card and
foreign exchange for accuracy what is the payment made through cash what is the payment made through card and what
is the payment made through foreign exchange like other currencies foreign currencies stock management regularly
verify stocks like food Beverages and hotel supplies ensure proper documentation for stock movement
validate against kitchen orders and guest orders what are the regular orders what are special orders and what are
guest orders the separation should be there because all will not be in same rates everything will be in different
rates so everything should be documented properly and the stock M also should be documented properly physical stock
verification with surprise checks is crucial what is the actual stock in uh in personal and what is the stock which
is there in books the auditor have to go on check regarding that fixed assets and depreciation maintain a proper fixed
assets register noting details like installation date cost and depreciation n depreciation is calcul calulated and
recorded accurately regarding all the machinery and equipment with that particular hotel has the depreciation is
proper or not that has to has to be checked labor cost and Casual labor check records and payment accuracy for
casual labor and regular staff wages who are regular staff who are only for that particular casual labors ensure proper
attendance system are in place or not conduct a facility wise like if there are any swimming pools in that
particular hotel if there is any spa for that particular Hotel comparison of cost versus Revenue to monitor what is the
cost which is being incurred for that particular elements like spa or any kind of swimming pools or any games gym every
Hotel will have these so is the cost which is uh invested on that particular elements is the benefit is being
received or not that should be verified if that's not giving the cost benefit analysis then suggest for the
Improvement compliance verify compliance with statutory provisions and foreign exchange regulations whether there are
proper compliance there or not review contracts and payments related to foreign collaborations agency
commissions and booking Arrangements regarding all these they have to do the review Auditor's task ensure customer
bills matches the consumption record these have to be compulsorily be checked by whom auditor ensure customer bills
March the consumption records review occupancy rates and Benchmark them against the similar hotels like what are
the hotels which are running on the similar basis that should be keep as The Benchmark and well which are profits are
matching with them or not that should be verified validate special receipts for events and Facilities whether any
functions are being conducted in that particular Hotel like Grand celebrations are being handled then that should be Ed
in a separate register like weddings and bankets cross check wages salaries with the number of employees to avoid
fictitious employee or payroll fraud booking and travel agent payments ensure travel agents commission are paid
as per agreements and payments for agents are recovered with credit terms if there are any agency dealings then
the payment for that agent should be paid based on the agreement with we have between the agent and principal and if
there are any agents who has given the early money then that should be received from them back taxes and charges confirm
that all the applicable taxes are included in the client bills and paid accurately so the GST system uh the on
the billing rate there will be a tax for that that will be collected by the customer and that has to be paid to the
government whether all these are complying by that particular hotel or not that has to be verified by the
auditor I'm really sorry there was a mistake in the book which I have given this is actually the audit of hotels
I'll share you the screenshot of this try to take a print and include in your book okay
now this is also audit of hospitals you can see any of the one Now concept for audit of educational
Institution s this is a important question has been asked in Examination for two to three times and in one
attempt this question has been asked in a split off point like how you will examine the constitution of institution
and how will you examine regarding the relating to students a split off has been asked regarding educational
institution and regarding the students so in our uh in our material everything will be given combinely so I have
splited into pointwise now audit of educational institution examination of basic constitution of
institution like how what are to be done when auditing regarding the institution review of formation and governance
examine documents related to institution formation affiliation and management structure whether the proper licensing
has been taken for that particular education institution or not who is the ownership what is the ownership for that
particular Institution ution what is the management structure everything has to be taken care of review trust deed
regulations or university acts for compliance with fund monitoring donations and expenditure approvals
first trusted trust deed has to be checked and verified and after that regulations or university if it if that
educational institution is coming under the university then is it complying with the fund monitoring which is approved by
the university is the donations given are properly utilized or not whether the expenditure approvals are properly taken
or not that has to be reviewed by auditor approving Authority and governance check the minutes of
governing body meetings for Resolutions affecting the financial matters related related to educational institution
coming under the government so there will be government meetings which will be conducted regarding that the
financial matters are being affected or not that has to be verified including bank account operations and expense
approvals if education institution is coming under the government all the expenditure approvals has to be get by
the government government will give the approval regarding the bank account operations and
expenditures Grant Management confirm the grant receipts with the necessary documentation if educational institution
is receiving any grant grant from Authority or any government then that has to be documented and ensure the
compliance with the current accounting for Grant usage whether the grant is using for that particular purpose or not
that has to be verified review financial statements ensure completeness of accuracy in the receipts and payments
and verify fund and bank balance and at last statutory compliance verify compliance with the statutory deposits
like PF taxes affiliation fees whether all these are done properly by that educational institution or not and
filing requirements whether proper tax filing is being done or not these are the examinations or
verifications which cost auditor have to do regarding the educational institution now coming to relating to students
students register has to be maintained fee collection verify the students register what will
be there in the students register name of the student addresses AAR card fee structure Etc everything will be there
and match with bank statements to ensure accuracy of fee collection whether the fee collection which is recorded in the
books is matching with the bank account or not reconcile fees collected with counter fil receipts and follow upon
unpaid fees till now what is the fees has been paid like education uh institutions will have a term fees
calculation isn't it so whether till now whatever fees has been paid what is it is it in our bank account or not is it
invested in anything or not is it utilized for educational purposes or what and what is the unpaid fees which
is yet to be received regarding everything a detailed documentation should be maintained by the educational
institution that should be verified by the auditor whether all are uh readily available or not
student updates ensure timely updates to the student register for dropouts transfers or discontinuation so whether
any student is drop out that should be recorded or whether any new admission is coming that should be recorded if any
discontinuation is there that should be recorded So student register should be updated on timely
manner fee condonation and adjustments if any fee condonation is given to any uh student if they're coming and asking
to reduce the fees then fee adjustments will be made verify fee condonation approvals and reconcile receivables with
the received fees admission and other fees track and categorize other collections like admission fees
admission fees will be different from the actual educational fees so regarding that admission fees late fees transfer
charges under appropriate account heads for everything a register has to be maintained a separate registered for
admission fee separate register for late fee separate register and everything has to be documented
accordingly and auditor have to check the amounts with the which are there in that particular register is it matching
with the bank balance or not hostle dues and refunds if there are any hostel hostel facilities for that particular
students whether the student register for that particular hostel is maintaining or not should be verified
and what are the dues which are yet to be paid what is the amount paid till now and if any student has been vacated from
the hostel his did his name also taken out from the register or not and if any refund has to be given for that
particular hostel due that also have to be recorded ensure hostile dues are settled before closing students accounts
and caution deposits are adjusted or refunded other sources of income like Bank interest income rental income fixed
deposits income that Al also should be recorded and that has to be verified whether these are recorded properly or
Not by the auditor this is regarding the educational institution clear understood regarding hospitals first we have
discussed next hotels next educational institutions now coming to audit of Cooperative societies this question also
asked in our examination regarding audit of Cooperative societies now
the audit of Cooperative societies involve a unique consideration as outlined in The Cooperative societies
act 192 so on the what basis this corporate society's audit is being done on the
basis of the ACT which we have Bill are the key aspects to keep in mind during the audit process what are the audit
process in in the audit process what the auditor have to keep in his mind examination of overdue debts class if y
overdue Debs into categories like 6 months to 5 months or over five months that has to be
categorized report on the classification assessing whether Provisions for doubtful Debs are adequate or not
analyze Trends in overdue debts in relation to working capital and Loans like what is the working capital over
debts and what is the loan debts that has to be classified separately evaluate actions taken for recovery status of
legal proceedings if any Cooperative Society is involved into legal proceedings then what are the recovery
actions or what is the status of that particular legal proceedings also should be
documented overdue interest exclude overdue interest from calculations of outstanding interest if any overdue
interest is there that should be eliminated from the outstanding interest while determining profit overdue
interest per pertains to amount where the principal is overdue if principal is also overdue if interest is also overdue
then that should be eliminated from the outstanding interest when we are calculating the
profit certification of bad Debs bad Debs must be certified as irrecoverable by the auditor they themselves should
not be C give certification that these are bad debts and these are irrecoverable auditor have to verify
regarding the bad debts and he have to tell whether the bads are irrecoverable or not before they can be written off
against Bad funds or Reserve funds the managing committee must authorize right offs where no legal requirements exist
even after the certification of b as given by the auditor the management can write off the bads which they
have valuation of assets and liabilities follow General accounting and auditing principles for assets valuation verify
existence ownership valuation of assets ensuring fixed assets are valued at Cost minus adequate depreciation so how these
assets and liabilities are bought into that particular Cooperative Society is it due to any donation or they have
purchased this assets on their own money or not that has to be verified and they have to follow everything is accounting
and audited principles or not and regarding the existence of assets has to be verified regarding the
ownership of assets has to be verified how the valuation of assets is being done we have valuation principles for
assets isn't it revaluation of assets assets valuation like those principles are being followed or not ensuring fixed
assets are valued at Cost minus depreciation whether the depreciation is being followed in the books of accounts
or not record liabilities accurately ensuring all known liabilities are accounted for whether all liabilities
are recorded in the books or not that has to be verified that is regarding assets and liabilities whether
Cooperative principles are being followed or not as say how well the Cooperative Society has met its
objectives the when the trust deed for that Cooperative societies is bought the main objective of that Cooperative
Society will be given in that particular trust Leed now whether the operations which are going on now on that
particular Cooperative Society is it complying with that objectives or not is it misleading with those objectives or
what that has to be verified by the auditor ensure expenditures are Justified there is no wastage of funds
avoid middleman by ensuring direct purchases from the wholesalers when possible so all the expenditures must be
justified no unnecessary funds has to be taken out from The Cooperative Society compliance with acts and rules identify
any differences infring differences of Cooperative Society act whether it is actually following the rules and
regulations which are given in the act or not verification of members register and passbook examine entries in members
passbook for loan transactions and repayments if it is giving uh loans to the employees then the loans register
has been properly maintained or not whether the repayments from the particular individual is recorded in the
books or not confirm loan balances personally to ensure accuracy and prevent manipulation personally they
have to evaluate regarding the loan and balances special reports to be registered what are the special reports
which are to be registered personal profing by managing committee members if any managing committee members are
taking profits for their own personal how the profit has been divided between those members that has to be taken if
percentage is higher or lower fraud related to expenses purchases or properties if for any purchases or
buying any properties is there any fraud involved is it under the name of Cooperative Societies or under the name
of members who are working under the Cooperative societies if any property has been bought that has to be
registered under the name of Cooperative Society not under the name of members working it so all the expenses purchases
should be done under the name of Cooperative Society not under the name of member if it is done under the name
of member the expenses and purchases will be treated as members expenditure that should not be recorded in the
Cooperative society's books mismanagement that contradicts Cooperative principles if management
itself is misleading or what inappropriate lending practices to related parties is any transactions is
made with related parties or what even if related party transactions are being B that should be made in arms length
basis so all these have to be maintained as a special reports as a registered audit classification of
society classify the society based on performance criteria set by the register so for each and everything separate
registers have to be maintained for the society management can appeal the classification if dissatisfied prompting
a review you if management is not satisfied with the registers maintained by that particular entity or if the
auditor is not satisfied then they can ask for review or if they are not satisfied they can ask for suggestions
from the auditor now this is regarding formation of Cooperative Society like how the
Cooperative societies will be formed 10 competent individuals can apply to register to form a Cooperative society
as per section six of Cooperative societies act so 10 individuals combinely coming into a group can apply
for the uh formation of Cooperative societies bylaws must be created and registered with changes needing regist
approval so if there are any changes or if there are any register if any registration process has to be done for
that Cooperative societies that has to be taken the approval of Roc Roc have to approve if there are any changes with
the formation or anything there are two types of societies limited liability society and unlimited liability Society
no member can owe more than 20% of shares members can have shares in that particular Cooperative Society but only
up to 20% so this is regarding Cooperative societies
what yeah formation of Cooperative Society okay now rights and duties of auditor
when doing the audit of Cooperative Society access to all Society books the right of the auditor is to have the
access for all Society books accounts and documents ensure the balance sheet presents a true and Fair View of the
business these two are the rights of the auditor when doing the audit of Cooperative societies and what are the
duties being knowledgeable about the Cooperative societies act and bylaws without knowing the ACT he cannot go and
verify the books identify and Report any irregularities verify shareholding and members eligibility whether they are
holding 20% share or higher shares review loan agreements and ensure compliance with limits whether the loans
given for the members or outside parties are within the limits or not physically examined Society assets whether the
assets are under the name of Cooperative Society or under the name of members follow the described format for
financial statements the format which will be given an act itself so there will be a separate format for doing the
financial statements for Cooperative societies whether these prescribed formats are followed or not that has to
be seen so these are the rights and duties of auditor while doing the audit of Cooperative Society now what are the
books and Records required to be maintained by Cooperative Society cash book general ledger stock register
personal Ledger register of members register of shares and debentures minutes of meetings property register
loan application register audit objection register these are the different types of register have to be
maintained and for each and everything separate register have to be maintained by The Cooperative societies clear so
this is regarding Cooperative societies this has been asked as an exam in examination so so try to see this okay
clear clear regarding Cooperative societies so now concept six Now concept six six audit of
selfhelp groups this is also being asked in the examination so now how the audit has to
be done for self-help groups the self-help Group movement in India has emerged as a pivotal strategy for
empowering the rural communities so why the self-help group strategy has bought to empower rural communities especially
poor women and marginalized groups so this is majorly based on poor women and those groups who are under this rural
communities here is an overview of key elements benefits and auditing approach for the self-help groups what are the
key features of SSG M Financial intermediation SSG serve as a unique model that combines self management with
access to Affordable financial services so there will be self-management and there will be also Financial Services
requirement also the focus is both on social and economical development for wom members at the same time they will
concentrate on the self-management of the woman also they will try to guide regarding the financial matters for the
woman so both regarding social and environmental development for women members is given as uh given so that is
the main feature of SSG mement formation and facilitation SGS are formed with the support of
government government initiatives or non-government organizations both by government or NOS the SS are formed they
connect not only with banks but also with a broader development programs to enhance their impacts so they connect
with banks and also with different development programs to empower the woman
development what are the benefits of SGS SGS offer significant economic benefits and what are those benefits
give credit access give savings benefit income generating activities like they will give work to the women and uh they
will help for income generating they Foster social empowerment by promoting collective decision making they involve
women members into decision making part enhancing the social status of women so these all are the benefits of SGS which
are only related to woman development okay now applying the field balance sheet approach to the
audit this is the question which has been asked we have seen in the paper regarding self-help groups field balance
sheet separate question has been asked applying the field balance sheet approach to the audit the field balance
sheet approach involves five steps several key steps during the audit process for ssgs what are those steps we
have five steps what are those steps we will see now first is doing a background review conduct a preliminary examination
of group level records including the cash book review member passbook to verify the accuracy of data entries and
posting so what they have to do they have to do the preliminary Examination for records which are all there in that
particular SSG what are the group level records which are there everything has to be verified after that they have to
include the cash book whether the cash book and the records are showing equal amounts or not and after the cash book
has to be reconciled with pass book whether both having reconciliation whether there are any differences that
also have to be verified verify regarding the data entries and posting whether entries are proper whether the
posting has been done properly or not regarding all these background review has to be made after that prepare a
field balance sheet so this is this is the format for field balance sheet same assets liabilities they have to prepare
a balance sheet the auditor prepares a field balance sheet based on sg's internal records based on the financials
which the SG is having okay okay based on the field balance
sheet up uh this is the format for it and based on that the internal auditor or the auditor of that G have to prepare
this particular balance sheet aimed at assessing retained earnings so a student of my of mine has
rectified my mistake this side it will be liabilities and this side will be assets a basic common mistake I'm sorry
for it this is very basic mistake okay now coming into the third step private meetings with members
the auditor conducts private interviews with 25% of total members to validate the information and understand decision
making patterns within the group so private meetings within the group meetings have to be made to rectify the
mistakes and to understand regarding the decision making the auditor conducts private interviews with 25% of to Total
members to validate the information and understanding the decision making patterns within that self-help groups
meeting with SG groups if serious issues are identified during the audit the auditor holds a meeting with the entire
group for further discussions first with only 25% of members the discussions will be held but if that uh because of that
meeting a serious issue has been identified by the auditor then he can call for all members and conduct a
meeting meeting reporting upon completion of audit the auditor summarizes any weak
practices that could job Parise which means if he could any Rectify those mistakes if he could suggest for
improvement for the weaknesses savings or effect record liability reliability if any record is not in a state of
relying regarding the information which is there in the record he should have to make a suggestions recording it he have
to report report it to the management recommendations for better practices are provided the auditor submits a field
balance sheet and the summary report to the micro Finance institution which is called as mfi or bank and all group
members adding commments to assist in the credit provision decision so this is nothing but self-help group first we
have seen what is regarding the self-help Group movement and after that we have seen how
the AUD auditor have to work on that particular auditing so that is regarding audit of
Cooperative societies and audit of SGS now coming into Concept Seven audit of NGO non-government organizations how
they have to conduct their audit what is NGO NOS are defined as nonprofit organization you already know that that
rise runs from the members donors cont contributors and they often receive donations in various forms to achieve
their social objectives so they what what they will say they will try to make the investment from the members and from
those funds they will run the noos the legal framework of NGO NGO in India are typically incorporate under
various Acts including societies regulation act 1860 Indian Trust Act 1882 companies act 2013 Section 8 not
for profit companies so under all these acts NOS are governed by now getting into audit plan when planning when
planning the audit of noos the auditor should focus on the following aspects what are those aspects which the auditor
have to keep his view on while doing the planning of audit what are those he have
to understand regarding the NGO he should have the complete knowledge regarding that particular organization
ngo's Mission Vision operational areas and the environment in which it operates he have to review the legal
documentation like legal form of NGO including its MOA AOA and rules and regulations everything has to be
verified and reviewed by whom auditor organizational structure examine the ngo's organizational structure like what
are the basic objectives of that particular NGO financial and administrative manuals project or
program guidelines and any requirements from funding agencies whether the funding agencies are giving the funding
on the basis of you have to work only on this particular thing if the funding is based on only one project that funding
should be utilized only for that project so what are the requirements from funding
agencies everything has to be examined board meetings review the minutes of meetings from the board management
committee governing body to understand decisions that impact the financial statements or financial records now s is
the existing accounting system procedures internal controls and internal
checks for their applicability and Effectiveness entirely all the aspects have to be considered in planning the
audit first he have to get the knowledge of business then he have to analyze the Moa and AOA and rules and regulations of
NGO then he have to get to the knowledge about the financial and administrative manuals what are the project programs
everything regarding the operations done in that particular NGO then regarding the minutes of meeting with the board of
directors or any management or any government bodies whatever meeting could be the minutes of meeting should be
there at last last he have to assess regarding the existing accounting system in that particular NGO these are the
planning of audit and NGO clear now audit program we have seen what is audit program the same thing is
here also but it is related to NGO the audit program should systematically address all the aspects of ngo's
financial position including its assets liabilities income expenditure everything has to be considered in its
audit program what are the key areas which has to be focused on Corpus fund Corpus fund is nothing but a fund which
is given which should be utilized only for that particular purpose that is called as Corpus fund reserves if there
are any reserves year marked funds which means utilized after the particular period like the funds which will be
given for this particular period but that will be safeguarded and will be utilized for the future period
ear marked funds project or agency balances loans fixed assets investment cash inand bank balance stock in hand
these are the major Focus which the auditor should have while preparing the audit
program now income receipt verification now NOS will get the investment from the members they will get the income from
the members or uh the public not from the public but from members owners are contributors now how they are getting
the receipt and how they are utilizing it that has to be verified by the auditor for that he have to follow these
the receipt of income for ngos can be checked using the following lines how the receipt has been come he can check
like this contributions and grants for project verify agreements and Grant letters to ensure proper accounting for
funds received or not if there is any agreement with between the donor and NGO whether the agreement is proper or not
in agreement it is only up to 10 lakh Rupees but in the books of account they have return return it as 100 lakhs
saying that he is the particular donor he have given us they have to verify it ensure foreign contributions are deposit
in the designated foreign contribution bank accounts under the foreign contribution
regulator acts regulation acts 1976 fund rais ing programs s is the internal control system for fund
collection ensuring daily deposits of collection collected fund how the fund is being raised what
are the programs which are being conducted in that particular NGO for Fund Raising whether day-to-day
fundraising is being updated in the register or not that has to be verified membership fees check fees against the
membership register and ensure correct classification of fees received or Not subscription whether anyone are taking
subscription reconcile subscriptions with the correspond mag magazine or circular distributions and check
receipts against subscription rates what are those subscription rates regarding that also they have to check interest
and dividends verify interest and dividends received or receivable with the investment held during the year if
any funds are boughten or any income has been received and this income has been used for investment whether they are
getting any interest from that investment that also have to be recorded and if it is recorded properly or not
should be verified by the auditor this is regarding NGO clear what we have seen in NGS first we have seen what is the
legal framework and we have seen audit planning audit program and what are the elements which the auditor have to
consider in the income receipt verification clear that is regarding ngos Now concept eight audit of local
bodies how the audit of local bodies has to be done what local bodies will do they'll
major they'll do the local Planning and Development like what is the local areas what is the planning and development
they will do it execution of Varian government activ initiatives ensuring that Community needs are met effectively
so the local bodies majorly uh work on what Community Development there are different
classifications of local bodies rural local bodies Urban local bodies rural local bodies are nothing but panchayats
Urban local bodies are municipalities now Salient features of financial administration of local bodies
what are the features for financial administration of local bodies budgetary procedures ensure Financial
accountability and controls expenditure whether the proper local bodies are ensuring Financial accountability are
there or not whether the control expenditure controls are there or not that has to be verified so budgetary
procedure the main objective of this budgetary procedure is for financial accountability and controlling the
expenditure why budgets are prepared to control the expenditure so that is nothing but budgetary
procedure what are the components involves determining taxation levels what are the fees rates while laying
down expenditure ceilings under the revenue and capital heads so expenditures will be divided into
Revenue expenditure and capital div uh capital expenditure under that head what is the taxation level what is the fee
and what are the rates for it everything will be checked legislative oversight funds must
be raised and spent according to rules and authorizations by the legislature or Council only regarding
those authorizations which they have they have to utilize or raise the funds accordingly now expenditure control
first we have seen budgetary procedure now is expenditure control at higher levels of government
there is a clear distinction between legislative and executive powers in local bodies legislative powers resides
in the council and executive powers are delegated to officers like Commissioners so when local bodies are uh when we are
doing the audit of local bodies the major power will be with the council and the executive power will be in with the
commissioners regular revenue and expenditures are generally managed by the executive when
so who will do the regular expenditure and income details the Commissioners will work on that so regarding
Commissioners they have to do the investigation but legislative sanctions is needed for the special cases like
property tax reduction or security deposits funds only in this two cases they need permission from the council
other than that everything will be handled by the executive wiing itself now accounting system Municipal
accounting has historically used the cash system so local bodies usually use what cash based accounting so if they
receive the cash they'll record it if they didn't receive the cash they'll not record it but all the financials by the
companies are done in acral basis of accounting transition to approval system at start the municipal accounting used
to be done in Cash System but after that recent efforts are aimed at adopting the acral accounting system for better
financial reporting first they used to do cash reporting now they are doing the approval system of report sorry
reporting what are the key features of this particular accounting system use of subsidiary and statistical
registers for taxes assets and checks so for everything a separate register will be maintained for assets separately for
taxes separately for checks separately separate watches for each transaction type mandatory monthly bank
reconciliation monthly monthly cash book and Bank book will reconciled periodic submission of summary reports to
Regional and state authorities not only doing the auditing and recording everything that has to be sent to whom
the reports has to be sent to Regional and state author ities are now we have discussed regarding the features of
local bodies which are budgetary procedures expenditure control and accounting system now objectives of
local bodies audit why we are doing audit for local bodies so that to know the true and fair
presentation ensuring that financial statements accurately reflect the financial position of the local body or
not detection and prevention of misuse identifying and preventing errors frauds and misuse of funds value for money
assessing whether the funds spent has yielded full value or not which means whatever value has been put on the
benefit has been derived by the local body or not compliance ensuring that all the legal and administrative
requirements are complied or not to check all these the local bodies audit are being conducted clear now audit
program for local bodies what is the audit program for local bodies verify that all expenditures have been
sanctioned by the competent Authority ensure that expenditures align with Provisions regulations established by
the competent Authority whether the expenditures are in line with the provisions and regulations which are
given by the regulatory Authority or not evaluate whether various schemes programs projects are being run
economically and whether their objectives are being met or not the schemes which are taken by them the
programs which are taken by them whether they are properly being conducted or not so that is regarding the local
bodies in local bodies we have seen the Salient features we have seen the advantages or the objectives of local
bodies audit and we have seen regarding the audit program for local bodies clear understood
now audit of government expenditure hasn't been asked Till enough okay audit of government expenditure proprietary
audit in the con context of government audit audit of Comm commercial accounts concept 9 10 11 not t frequently asked
questions are audit of educational institution audit of self-help groups AUD audit of local bodies audit of
hotels audit of Hospital these are the five audits which have frequently been asked in the examination but concept 9
10 11 hasn't been asked in the examination try to revise it like what is there in that particular audit what
is uh the main audit what is the information which I have given you in this particular thing and coming to this
proprietary audit this concept we also have in the management audit also in management audit we have a separate
concept called proprietary audit so this question will not be asked from here it will directly be asked in the
proprietary audit from management audit site so you can directly refer there and uh audit of commercial accounts this is
just regarding the department Enterprise like how the commercial accounts have to be
maintained for government companies for statutary corporations for Department Enterprises this is regarding audit of
commercial I Enterprise this is regarding audit of government expenditure who will do the audit for
governments CN so how what are the roles of that particular CN what are the standards which has to be followed for
doing the government expenditure audit like they have to have the sanction for audit all rules and orders should be
followed provision for funds should be created and proprietary audit should be done performance audit should be done
everything for government audits Ro of CN and powers of CN okay so this is
regarding government expenditure audit these are not asked but can be asked try to refer it don't skip the concepts okay
because this unit is very very important one question is compulsory whatever question can be asked we only have 11
Concepts from it remove the first concept because it is just the introduction so we have 10 audits refer
all the 10 audits keep a note of it and write 10 points for each audit write one one line point for each audit if seven
marks question has been asked you can attempt it very easily okay so that is regarding our entire section c internal
control internal audit operational audit and audit of different service organizations clear having any doubt in
the entire section c no okay yes now we are going to start with our
section B which is management audit this section is around 25 to 30 marks the weightage of this section is around 25
to 30 marks in our examination is this important yes this is important and what we are going to see
in the section B in the section B we have around five units unit one basics of management audit unit two management
reporting issues and Analysis unit three manage management audit in different functions unit four evaluation of
corporate image and unit five information system security audit what we are going to learn in this particular
units in unit one basics of management audit we are going to see what is management audit why management audit is
important for any of the company or organization how management audit is different from other audits what are its
benefits what is the main objective of management audit and what is its nature scope and all those things which we're
going to see in management audit Basics that is our first unit and coming to unit two in unit two we are going to see
management reporting issues and Analysis when management audit is there that audit has to be done by a auditor who
will be called as management auditor who is qualified to be a management auditor who can do management audit if any
person or individual is doing management audit at last we have to give management audit report regarding that we are going
to see in unit two management reporting what is management reporting how management audit report will be prepared
what are issues related to this management reporting and some kind of analysis we have different kind of
analysis which we include in this management audit like productivity analysis efficiency analysis energy
analysis utilities analysis and and many other kind of analysis we have different kind of analysis which we do when we are
conducting this management audit in any of the organization regarding those analysis which will be done by auditor
what are those and what how that is related to this management audit regarding that details we are going to
see in our unit two and coming to unit three management audit in different functions in any organization there will
be many kind of functions different functions will be taking place in the organization for every different
function audit has to be done and that has to be included combinely in what management audit what are different kind
of audits which we have in this particular unit which we are going to see we have many kinds of audit like CSR
audit corporates uh uh CSR audit uh social cost benefit analysis audit and uh we have proprietary audit energy
audit utility audit uh consumer service audit corporate service audit corporate
development audit we have many different kinds of audits which we do for different kind of functions in an
organization and all that audits will be combined and will be taken into management audit the analysis of this
all audits will be done by the auditor and a finalized report will be given given as management audit report
regarding that different kinds of audits and different functions we going to see in our unit three and coming to unit
four evaluation of corporate image what is corporate image brand value Goodwill we have some brand we have some Goodwill
we have corporate image business image what is corporate image why they are learning regarding that and management
audit how corporate image is evaluated like how we are going to do the evaluation of corporate image how we
will measure corporate image what are advantages of measuring corporate image in any organization why in any
organization corporate image has to be taken into consideration regarding that details we are going to see in our unit
four evaluation of corporate image and coming to our last unit and fifth unit information system security audit in
this we are going to see regarding what as it is in the name already it security audit what is information system
security audit what are its advantages what are its objectives uh regarding every details of information system
security audit we are going to see in our unit five and at last we are going to see regarding cyber security and
computer forensics which are very closely related to this it system security so regarding that also we are
going to see in this last and fifth unit information system security audit all these combinely will be called as
management audit so that is what we are going to see in this section B starting with our first unit basics of management
audit I hope uh youve understood what we are going to learn in this particular management audit section
B just have a basic idea regarding every details we'll discuss in today's class okay now
basics of management audit here I have handed to notes this will also be included in the notes which I've already
given yeah section B management audit unit one basics of management audit first if you're going to discuss
regarding any audit that could be cost audit Financial audit uh environmental audit any audit first we want to know
what that audit means isn't it so now what is management audit that we have to know isn't it let's see what is
management audit any audit is an independent audit you know that even if it is a cost audit that is done by done
in the on the basis of Independence Financial audit done by cost accountants on the basis of Independence similarly
management audit is also independent work which is done by auditor for what for what they are doing
this independent work to review analyze and assess what they are doing the review of competencies and
capabilities of company's management not company company's management how management is doing their work how how
much capability is there for the management in doing this work in carrying out corporate objectives in any
company there will be objective vision mission that has to be taken care of by whom by management management will do
the work in the organization that will help for the company to obtain that particular
objective isn't it now how management are doing their work in order to meet these objectives are they doing their
work properly or not whether the capabilities of the management are being met or not that regarding every details
of the management whether they are doing their work in order to meet the objectives of the company or not
regarding that reviewing analyzing and assessing by an individual in an independent basis is
called as management audit management audit in a single word is nothing but to evaluate individual
performance um sorry sorry to evaluate management team's performance not individual performance because
management audit is done as an audit of management like how the work of management is being done regarding that
any audit any revie any analysis is done that is called as management audit so management audit is not done to evaluate
individual performance that is not done to know about one individual performance but to evaluate management team
performance how they are effectively doing their work to evaluate management team's
Effectiveness towards work in interest of stakeholders who are stakeholders consumers customers they are
stakeholders maintain good relationship with employees whether management is maintaining good relationship with
employees or not uphold reputational standards whether they are doing the work in order to increase the reputation
or decrease the reputation whether they are following with all the rules and regulations or not whether they are
meeting proper documentation for everything or not whether management approval is given for good reasons or
bad reasons regarding all these doing reviewing of or analyzing of is called as management
audit management audit is a process of what of Uprising what they are Uprising
performance of whom of directors and management managers who are these directors and managers nothing but
management so Uprising management performance the process of doing this is called as management
audit why management audit is done to detect and diagnosis the problem and suggest various means to avoid and
resolve the problem so what are the problems in the management issues whether management is doing the work
properly or not whether there are any problems in management uh while conducting their work or not whether the
companies objectives are being met or not regarding all these problems detection for that we need management
audit not only for that management auditor has to find out whether there is a problem or not and also he has to give
certain recommendations and suggestions for the company to not to have this uh failure again to not to have this
problem again he have to give certain recommendations suggestions to improve the effectiveness of the company's
operations and he should help to resolve these problems for all these we are doing management audit
clear now what is management audit nothing but evaluating or doing the analysis for what management performance
in simple words evaluating management performance is called as management audit I hope that's clear what is
management audit I hope that's clear now when management audit is conducted when cost audit is conducted after
completion of cost statements when Financial audit is conducted after completion of financial statements now
when management audit will be conducted like we are doing the work of management we are not doing the work uh audit for
any statements we are not doing the audit for any files for any documents but for performance to evaluate the
performance of management we are doing management audit so we are going to uh check the the work and the
performance done by the managers and directors now when this management audit have to be conducted it will be
conducted before merger when there is merger between two companies management audit will be conducted when there is
business restructuring management audit will be conducted when companies into bankruptcy
before that management audit will be conducted succession planning what is succession session planning like when
owner is father and he is trying to transfer the ownership of the entire company to her succession to her son in
that case management audit will be done why in these four cases management audit is conducted to identify whether
there are any weaknesses in the management see for example if there are if there is a mer is taking place and
management audit is conducted and they have found out that there is a problem in the management management are not
doing their work properly now what will happen merger will not take place or before getting into merger itself
they'll try to resolve the problem which is there with the management after that merger will take place now when
after uh resolving the problem if merger took place then merger will be successful both the companies will have
profits isn't it if problem isn't resolved and merger has taken place then what will happen the merger will be in
losses no one will get money no one will get shares isn't it so before getting into any of these four management audit
will be conducted to identify whether there are any weaknesses in the management or not and helps to
strengthen internal controls internal controls will be framed by whom management now if management is correct
internal controls will be proper if management is not correct internal controls will not be proper now if there
is any weakness in the management that will affect what internal controls also if we have identified the weakness we
can easily correct the wrong which is there in this internal controls which will help to tighten to to string it to
strengthen this internal controls for that what we have to do we have to conduct management audit is it clear
till now I hope that's clear till now now the same thing I have given here a management audit is an independent
review analysis and assessment of what of company's management competencies and capabilities in achieving corporate
objectives unlike an apprisal of individual Executives the focus is on effectiveness of management team
management audit is not done to evaluate individual performance but to evaluate the performance of management
team serving all stakeholders whether they are serving stakeholders properly or not maintaining employees relations
upholding the computer company's reputation we will check all these things in where in management audit now
it evaluates overall management performance covering areas like when conducting this management
audit it will cover everything planning organizing coordination process and control all these are part of management
audit how management audit will be done planning it organizing it coordinating it processing it and taking control of
it everything is included in what in management audit situations for conducting a
management audit when management audit will be conducted before merger or restructuring during bankruptcy or
succession plan why it is done to identify whether there are any weakness in the management and to strengthen the
internal controls this is nothing but introduction of management audit I hope concept one is clear to you now getting
into our concept two now before getting into objectives of management
audit we'll see why management audit is necessary for an organization now we have seen management audit is nothing
but evaluating the performance of management why performance of management has to be evaluated that is a question
we have to answer it now why management audit is necessary for an organization what is the main objective
of an organization to minimize the cost and to maximize The Profit isn't it this is the main Prime objective of any
organization if it is a profit oriented then maximizing the profit and minimizing the cost will be the main and
Prime objective of any organization so management audit is done for what to improve efficiency and
profitability for the organization management audit is done to increase the profitability of
organization okay but how by identifying loopholes in the management practices now who will do the work in
the organization management they will check regarding the production process they will check whether the in inputs
are properly met with the outputs or not they will recruit the employees they will check whether the employees workers
proper or not all the work in the organization is done by whom done by management now if there are any
loopholes in the management practices will that not affect the operations of the business that will
automatically affect the operations of the business if there is any effect on the operations profit will reduce isn't
it now if we identify that there is a loophole in the management practices and we have removed that loophole now there
is no loophole in the management practices no one will be able to do any fraudulent tax activity in this
management practices now now management practices are very proper profit will also be proper there
will be Improvement in profitability isn't it so management audit is done to improve efficiency and profitability of
organization by how by identifying the loopholes in the management practices how what kind of loopholes
will be there in management practices inefficiencies in organization structure org there is many inefficiencies in
organization structure that could be a loophole outdated methods and practices if management is following methods and
practices which are very outdated which are not at all related to current period they are following methods which they
used to use in 1950s or something will that match to today's production period no will that satisfy customers today's
period no always there is a Trends changing always the trends are changing always the models methods practices are
being changed so if any production process method which used by the organization is outdated what will
happen products will not be sold in the market unnecessary process or steps if there are unnecessary process or steps
what will happen production period will increase production period increases means what
output which we are getting will be delayed which means in Market there will be
late which means profit will also be late under or over utilization of resources whatever resources are there
they should utilize the resources in optimal manner which means how much resources are required that has to be
there that should not be underly utilized or overly utilized all these are nothing but what loopholes in
management practices identifying this and correcting this in order to improve the profitability is nothing but
management audit I hope that's clear what will happen if this loopholes are not at all identified what will
happen resources will be utilized in a wasteful manner profit will reduce there will be losses these three will happen
if loopholes in the management practices are not identified so why we are doing the management audit to find out whether
there are any loopholes in the management practices or not clear till now what is management audit clear why
management audit is needed clear when management audit will be done clear we have answered three questions what why
and when clear till now now who who will do this management audit management audit is conducted
by independent person that should be conducted by whom by an independent
person sometimes internal employee even if it is an internal employee that employee should have a neutral
perspective which means he shouldn't be on any of the site he shouldn't be on company side he should he shouldn't be
on employees side he shouldn't be on management side the perspective of that employee internal employee who is going
to do the management audit should be neutral he should not take sight of any of the
parties cuse it allows him to evaluate management practices without any bias why independent person will be taken for
any of the audit because the audit should be done in unbiased basis to analyze about business
structure and be appointed to necessary actions to be taken in the organization so for this management audit will be
done by whom by an independent person now is management audit mandatory for all organizations the answer is no
it is not mandatory management audit is not compulsory under any law no specific qualifications are prescribed for
management auditor like like only this person if is qualified that will be management auditor such kind of law is
not specified in regard to management audit and management audit is not mandatorily required for all
organizations now who is qualified to conduct management audit cost accountants he could be
internal or external decided by who will be decided by company now who can do the management audit nothing but we
cost accountants we can do the management audit or first internal or external cost
accountant can do the management audit if it is decided by whom if it is decided by company or there is an
another way of doing the management audit company can form a audit team they could follow audit team approach a
proper team will be formulated for conducting the management audit who will be there in that particular team cost
accountants industrial or production engineer or social scientist or an economist all these people will be
combined or grouped into a team and that team will conduct the management audit if it is decided by whom if it is
decided by company finally conducting for conducting management audit whoever will be appointed the appointment of
that particular management auditor will be decided by whom will be decided by company so our fourth question who is
also completed what why when and who will do the management audit I hope that's clear till
now now coming to objectives of management audit what are objectives of management audit why management audit is
done what is the major objective helps in decision making first point is what helps in decision making
now how it is helping the uh in decision making why management audit is done to check whether there are any weakness in
the performance of the management now if there are any weakness in the process or weakness in the management that will be
known by which by conducting management audit now if management audit is conducted and
weaknesses have identified and they have rectified the weakness will that not help in decision making part yes that
will help in decision making part not directly but indirectly management audit is helping in decision making part give
suggestions for management to get desired results now why management order is done so that all the evaluation
analysis everything is done at last audit report will be uh prepared and what recommendations and suggestions
for the management will be given by the auditor so that they will help so that that recommendation or suggestion will
help the management to uh comply with the objective of the company reveals if there are any defects
or irregularities in the process of management so it will tell if there are any defects or irregularities are there
in the management or not that will be tell by what management audit helps management to effectively
discharge duties and responsibilities what are the duties and responsibilities of management will be dealt by
management audit so if management audit is done management will also conduct their
work in responsible manner suggest appropriate cost effective implications of plans so how plan should be
implemented in such a way that will minimize the cost that is nothing but the main objective of management audit
so these are the five objectives of management audit one it will help in decision making two it will give
suggestions to the management so that they will uh take the proper uh objective so that they will meet the
objective of the company that is our second objective third objective if there are any defects regarding that
defects in the process suggestions will be given by the auditor if management audit is done fourth it helps management
to discharge the duties and responsibilities correctly fifth suggestions for cost
Effectiveness is given by the management audit if management audit is conducted auditor will suggest the uh plans in
such a way that that will minimize the cost for entire organization so these are the five main objectives of
management audit I hope that's clear why management audit is done objectives of management audit support decision making
identify issues improve responsibilities strengthen controls and enhance efficiency so these are the five main
objectives of management audit I hope concept two is also clear to you now coming to concept three nature
and scope now what is scope of management audit what is scope means where where
management audit will be done why management audit will be done that is nothing but scope isn't it now scope in
scope and nature what we are going to see management audit evaluates whether current structure aligns with
organization ation goals or not management will prepare certain internal controls a proper structure will be
prepared by management whether that structure which is prepared by management is meeting with the
organization goals or not that evaluation is done in management audit it will develop interde departmental
coordination to achieve management objectives like how Department one department and another department are
doing their work in coordination or not regarding that and developing the coordination is also done in management
audit evaluating that is done in management audit okay suggest structure for risk management whether there are
any risk in the management whether management is doing the work properly or not regarding that suggestions are also
given through management audit evaluates projects and budgets and fixes appropriate
methodologies so how projects are being taken by the management whether the projects are
actually meeting the objectives of the organization or not budgets are budgets prepared properly or not fixes
appropriate methodologies what are proper methodologies which has to be taken by the management in preparing the
structure for the organization regarding all these things we seen where scope scope is nothing but management audit
management audit covers everything first it will evaluate whether the structure is meeting the organization goal or not
now if there are any inefficiencies in this particular structure that will also be suggested by the management audit it
will give suggestions for improving the structure whether there are any risk in the management in related to the
structure regarding this risk management is also Delta in management audit and third point it will develop the
coordination between inter departments that will help to achieve the management objectives it will revie sorry it will
review regarding the management interactions with stakeholders and customers whether the interaction of
management with the customers stakeholders employees is it proper or not and projects which are undertaken by
the organization are there are they apply align with the laws or not whether the budgets are maintaining properly or
not whether actuals are meeting with the budget or not and proper methodologies for preparing the structure regarding
all these things we do in where management audit that is nothing but scope of management audit I hope that's
clear now the same thing is there here also appropriateness of organization
structure evaluates whether the current structure reporting line means support the company's goals or not assess
interde departmental coordination and achieving management objectives suggest robot structure for what for risk
management reviews how management interacts with stakeholders customers and employees includes assessing growth
budgets and appropriate methodologies all these are nothing but what scope of management audit now this we have
already seen who is qualified to be conducted management audit cost accountant it could be internal or
external cost accountant or audit team approach can also be followed who will be included in audit team cost
accountant he could be internal or external cost accountant industrial or production engineer a social scientist
and an economist all these four combinely will be bought in a group that group will be called as audit team they
can do the management audit now we have seen till now what is management audit why management audit is
important who will do the management audit what are his objectives what are it scope till now everything is clear
now if management audit is done by management auditor there are certain qualities which are to be inbuilt there
in the particular auditor what are the qualities which have to be there in the management auditor that we are going to
see qualities of management auditor when any individual is coming as a cost accountant will cost accountant is
sufficient for management audit no if cost accountant is having all these qualities then that particular
individual or cost accountant can become management auditor now what are those kind of qualities we are going to see
now he should have a good knowledge and experience of managerial functions regarding all managerial function a good
knowledge and experience should be there for that individual person not only that he should have knowledge in all these
things financials cost statement regarding analysis certain techniques of management certain economics business
loss regarding all these knowledge should be there for that particular individual and also should have
understanding and know about what about organization structure he should understand the business or the
organization in which he is going to work as management auditor he should have the understanding about the
business decisions taken by management how decisions are being taken by the management regarding that knowledge also
should be there for that particular individual organization problems and workings what are the risk related
matters for that particular organization What are problems being faced who are competitors what are workings done in
that particular particular organization regarding all these should be known by whom the individual who is going to work
as a management auditor all process and controls objectives of the organization planning budget rules procedures with
whatever that in that particular organization regarding all understanding and knowledge should be there for whom
for individual entire production process and also have knowledge and experience to understand the reason behind lack of
coordination between departments now in scope we have seen one point management audit will help in
developing interde departmental coordination we have seen this point isn't it now if any individual is coming
to do management audit he should have a quality of understanding if there is no coordination between interdepartmental
then what is the reason for coordination missing lack of coordination between departments
he should have understanding and knowledge and experience to tackle the reason behind
lack of coordination all these are nothing but qualities which are to be there for management auditor I hope
that's clear try to remember few points now qualities of good management auditor
comprehensive knowledge deep understanding of man managerial functions Financial cost analysis
techniques have familiarity with economics business laws organization structure strong grasp of process
control aspects and organizational goals thorough knowledge of how management decisions are made and their impact
awareness of planning budgets and applicable laws you can think that whatever there in this five points is
also there in this but this is quite different from that this is for understanding purpose okay so to make
you easily understand what are the qualities exactly I have given you in this way if you want you can take this
if you want you can take that that is simple that is enough for your Examination for understanding that is
not sufficient if I'm just going on with these lines and trying to make you understand it will not understand you
will not understand it easily so I have given in this way in 100 notes okay so in this way you'll understand it after
getting understanding if you learn or read this Five Points you'll understand what the
actual content is that isn't it so that's what I have differentiated some points in concept book and handwritten
notes don't think that handwritten notes is very different from concept book whatever there in concept book is given
in hand to notes in much simpler way to make you understand easily that's it okay now coming to concept six need for
management audit and Reporting what is the need for management audit and Reporting management audit reports
are crucial for what assessing and improving the Effectiveness and efficiency of management this we already
know this is the definition of management audit these audits provide valuable advice we have already seen
some recommendations suggestions advice all are similar on performance of various functions and the organization
as a whole why management audit is done so that he will the auditor he will give certain suggestions recommendations and
advise in regard to the functions in the organization as a whole ultimately helping management to improve their
decision making and overall performance so this is what we have learned regarding management audit I hope this
is clear now legal status of management audit what is legal status of management audit
management audits are not mandated by any law it is not mandatorily complied by all the organizations if they want
they can go for management audit if they don't want they need not go for management
audit there are no formal qualifications required for someone to act as a management auditor did we see the
qualifications for management auditor like we have seen for uh cost auditor qualifications disqualifications we have
seen isn't it did we see anything like that no we have seen who can become management auditor that is not
qualification and we have seen certain qualities which have to be there for management auditor but there are no
formal qualifications and disqualifications for any individual who is going to act as a management auditor
these two points try to remember it management audit is not mandated by any law and there are no formal
qualifications required for any individual who is going to act as a management
auditor that is Need for management audit and Reporting concept six I hope that's clear coming to Concept Seven
what are advantages of management audit these are the advantages of management audit helps management to
make plans policies of more with more objectivity now if management audit is
done what they will review they will review whether plans policies which are taken by the management is it meeting
with the objectives of company or not now if management audit is not at all done will management have any fear that
someone will come and review our plans and policies no so what they will do they will take plans and policies as
they wish now if there is a management udit they will have certain fear now we have to comply with something so they
will make plans and policies in regard to the objectives of company so for that management audit is has to be done so
that is the main advantage of management audit management will make plans and policies with more
objectivity aligns efforts for achieving objectives of management not only they will M make plans and policies also they
will try to implement it in such a way that will meet the objectives of management like objectives of
company helps management by providing inputs on process gaps and way forward to improve and evaluate performance of
management this is nothing but we have seen already if management audit is conducted it will help to identify what
whether there are any loopholes in the management practices so that are nothing but gaps gaps are nothing but loopholes
or any wrongdoings it will provide inputs regarding process gaps and way forward to improve and
evaluate the performance of management if you have identified what loopholes are there then we will try to improve it
isn't it so that is an advantage of management audit helpful to utilize resources effectively and improve
planning optimal utilization of resources can be done planning can be improved so these are the four main
advantages of management audit I hope that's clear objective planning and
policymaking provides management with more objectivity insights for Effective planning and policy creation helps in
aligning efforts to meet the set objectives of the organization assist in identifying
process gaps and offering guidance on improving management overall performance provides strategic inputs on
how to utilize resources effectively and plan for continuous Improvement so these are four main advantages of management
AIT what are it try to repeat it and try to understand it easily first helps management first it helps in such a way
that management will make plans and policies that will uh help the overall objective of
the company so management will make plans and policies in effective manner that is the first advantage of
management AIT second they will not only make plans but try to implement it in such a way that that will meet the
organization goals and objectives that is second Point third point now planning is
done if management audit is conducted it will help to identify whether there are any process gaps and it will not only
identify it give suggestions to improve it and try to rectify the problem that is the third third Advantage fourth
Advantage it will give inputs in such a way that Optimum utilization of resources can be done and continuous
Improvement planning also can be done by using management audit so these are the four advantages of management audit I
hope that's clear that is our Concept Seven now what is the functions of management
op Auditors must carefully identify the rules to perform while dealing with top management what are the major functions
of management audit management audit will be done by management auditor now when any auditor is there he has to
comply with what these things he have to identif Y what is the work to be done by that particular auditor now auditor is
there before auditor or ahead of auditor there will be management management or the company will appoint auditor to whom
this auditor has to report he has to report to the company now whatever work which is assigned to that auditor that
has to be taken care of by him carefully identify the roles to perform the audit now what is the main goal of that
audit that has to be identified by the auditor identify areas for review and assist in linking performance standards
with responsibilities what are the areas that he have to take care he have to review
he have to analyze what are the things in the particular company that has to be identified by whom by auditor
himself after proper evaluation give value able suggestions first he has to identify
what is the role of him what is the main goal or what is the role which has to be done by him that has to be identified by
auditor himself and after identify he have to identify the areas in which he has to work what is the risk area what
is the Improvement area what these things which has to be reviewed by him these things which has to be analyzed by
them everything has to be identified and kept in a proper manner now he'll do the audit of everything after completion he
will prepare the audit report and at last you have to give certain suggestions for improving the
organization overall so these are the functions of management audit management audit uprises uises
means increases functions departments activity include including but not limited to marketing
manufacturing project management finance and personal management so management audit will include all these things but
is not limited to only these But it includes everything management audit includes marketing manufacturing project
planning finance and performance personal management all these combinely is called as management audit so
reviewing and analyzing all these is nothing but function of management audit I hope that's
clear management audit involves a various complex task including clear role identification the auditor must
carefully define the role especially when dealing with top management examine scope of work
identify areas for review and assist in linking performance standards with the respon responsibility ownerships what
are the areas which has to be reviewed and what is the performance standard which has to be set by that particular
auditor that has to be identified by whom by himself offer valuable and well evaluated suggestions for improvement
these are the functions of management audit no what are the areas for evaluation we have seen areas for review
and assist now what are the areas for evaluation management audit prises a whole wide range of functions and
departments including but not limited to so when doing the analysis reviewing evaluation these are the areas to be
taken into consideration by management auditor while doing management audit what are the areas marketing marketing
is nothing but selling and distribution manufacturing capacity utilization maintenance project management timely
cost effective implementation Finance arranging capital for operations and projects personal management recruitment
training motivation doing the review of all these things is nothing but function of
management audit is it clear till now I hope that's clear
now periodicity of management audit when this management audit can be done when it will be done we have seen how
frequently it has to be done it could be done in annual basis long-term basis or followup audit we have three kind of
Peri periodicities for audit annual audit long-term audit followup audit what is annual audit management audit
aligns with annual Financial or cost audit like when Financial audit is done when cost audit is done management audit
will also be done in that way annual audit can be done longterm audit about 3 to 5 years period policies practices all
documents will be combined and regarding that management Performance Management audit will be done that is a long-term
audit for about 3 to 5 years period followup audit yearly followup to monitor the process yearly early at the
year end to monitor whatever process has been done in that particular year followup audit can be done so these are
the three kinds of management audit periodicities annual audit long-term audit followup
audit so this is regarding periodicity of management audit or concept n annual audit long-term Focus followup
audit now our next concept is steps in manage agement audit now when management auditor is
doing management audit this is the process which we which he will take that is our concept and steps in management
audit what are the steps we have six steps in it first step understanding objective and scope now what is the work
to be done by him what is the main objective of the company what is the main objective of the management what is
management structure regarding understanding of everything is the first step document doent collection and after
that what he have to do he have to gather document and data to apprise management about whether there are any
weaknesses in the management practices whether there are any gaps whether whether he have to recommend anything
regarding those he have to collect the documents that is a step two coming to step three performance evaluation
determine if actual meets with the standard or not in this third step there will be two
questions which will be taken care by the auditor what are those two questions is Target to ambitious whe whether the
target which is given by the management to meet the company's objective is it too ambitious is it practical will that
be actually uh maintained by the employees or not will failure from Target cost the organization regarding
these two questions determination is done third step by the auditor which is called as
performance evaluation fourth step assessment of achievement what is assessment of achievement review actions
taken to meet the standard and Target what are the actions which are taken by the management so that they will be able
to meet the standard regarding that reviewing assessing is done in fourth step assessing the achievement of the
management that is fourth step fifth step detailed investigation collect evidence as a audit findings whatever
done in that particular audit whatever findings have done whatever they have found whatever information has collected
whatever data is collected regarding everything evidence is collected everything detailed investigation will
be done as a throughout audit process at last reporting findings prepare report of findings and give recommendations for
improvement so these are the six steps in management audit first is understanding the objective and scope
second document collection third performance evaluation fourth assessment of what achievement fifth detailed
investigation and sixth is nothing but preparing a report and giving Suggestions by the auditor these are the
six steps which we have in management audit I hope that's clear that is our concept
10 this is what I've have given here also understanding objective and scope document collection performance
evaluation and the in this two questions will be taken care assessment of achievements what is planning what is
operations how execution is done performance measurement and control detailed investigation and at last
reporting findings these are the six step process in audit Management in management
audit okay clear Now concept 11 man management audit program what is
management audit program management audit program is nothing but planning pre-planning of outcomes for whole
process and procedures from beginning to end from start of management audit to the end of management audit a detail
planning which is done before getting into audit itself not after getting into audit doing planning of audit not that
before entering into audit itself pre-planning of outcomes from starting to ending of whole process and
procedures is nothing but management audit program it is a plan of action drawn in
advance of starting actual audit before getting into audit itself pre-planning of action is done in management audit
program why it has to be done it helps the auditor to focus on entire organization or specific area in uh if
there is any risk areas for that risk area he can be atten if there are any process which is not actually meeting
the organization goal for that he can be attentive so if any auditor has to focus on entire organization he can go with
management audit program or if you want to focus on any one specific process program or any one specific Department
anything could be he can go with management audit program that will help auditor to mainly focus on the risk
areas now I hope you have understood what is management audit program a pre-planning of management audit okay
now what is the structure of management audit program similar to steps which we have understand organization setup and
functions review organization objectives discuss plans with Senior Management evaluate policies to achieve objectives
review current operations review areas needing Improvement discuss areas needing Improvement give suggestions for
improvement in operations and decision making process this is the entire structure of management audit program
what is it first he will understand regarding the organization functions next he will do the review of organiz
ation objectives like what is the organization objective he will do the review regarding it next whatever plan
which he got in his mind that will be discussed by whom with whom will be discussed with Senior Management if they
are okay with it he will go with that plan if they are not okay he will revise the plan next fourth evaluate policies
to achieve the objective what objective this plan which is created regarding that policies he will EV Sol what are
the current operations that will be reviewed what are the Improvement areas needed that will be discussed with whom
discussed with Senior Management and after that finally he will give the suggestions for improvement in
operations and decision making process this is the entire structure of management audit
program this is what I have given a management audit program is a pre-planned course of action outlining
the areas to be covered in the audit it helps Auditors to focus on either entire organization or a specific area the
management audit program refers to planning and outlining the entire audit process from start to finish this is the
management audit program structure study organization structure discuss objectives with talk management study
current policies review operations and at last provide recommendations these five points are enough for a structure
understanding okay now factors for framing efficient management audit program when management
audit program is being made or being started prepared what are the factors to be taken into consideration that we are
going to see now these are the the factors which are to be taken into consideration when any
management auditor is doing this management audit program name and address of company operations whether
unit wise or section wise operations what are the operations dates or duration of
audit what is the actual planned date of starting of the audit what is the act actual date of starting the audit what
is the date they have planned to end the audit what is the actual date of ending the audit plan revised if any actual all
these have to be recorded names of Auditors who are the first Auditors appointed who are the revised Auditors
like after Auditors if they are uh replaced then regarding that Revis and plan the name of
Auditors discussed with like whatever this management audit program whatever suggestions there whatever plan is there
that will be discussed by the senior Senior Management who did they discuss with regarding their names and details
plan actual at last reviewed by discussion is done with these members but reviewed by these members that
planned and actual regarding all these will be considered while doing what management audit
program key factors for creating an effective management audit program include company details audit dates
audit team discussion participants reviewers clear till now I hope that's clear
Now concept 12 techniques for identifying problem areas till now what we have discussed we have discussed what
is management audit what are its nature scope objectives what is the steps in management audit and after we have
discussed management audit program now different concept management audit is done to
identify a problem to identify whether there are any weakness or not now there are certain techniques for identifying
these problems what are the techniques techniques for identifying problem areas how management auditor
will identify whether there is any problem or not identify operations that are difficult to control this operation
is not at all will be detected by the internal controls will be very difficult to control identify those kind of
operations because that operations will affect the entire operation structure of the company so identify that operation
first analyze Mis report management information system report and management generated report these two reports will
be given by management that will be analyzed by whom by auditor to find whether there is any problem or not use
a previous internal audit findings evaluate previous Auditor's report and identify what are the findings if there
are any problems related to that we can take uh what will say reference from that particular audit findings test a
sample of transactions take few transaction like four to five transaction
analyze it take sample of transactions and try to evaluate to ensure Ence to prescribe rules whether transactions are
entered in the books as per proper rules or not gather information through conversation with responsible
individuals if auditor has found that there is any problem then try to go directly to that person and ask
regarding the justification if any one person of the management if any director is involved and if
any uh problem has been arised by that particular director go to the director directly and try to ask the
justification regarding it if justification is satisfied he will drop that particular case if it is not
satisfied then he will give that particular uh details in that report which is given by management auditor so
these are the techniques for identifying problem areas by the management auditor when doing the management audit first
what he'll do he will identif ify whether there are any difficult operations then he will collect the Mis
report and management generated report from the management and do the analysis of that third evaluate the previous
audit findings fourth take four to five transactions those could be called as sample transactions try to ensure that
those transactions are a to prescribed rules or not fifth gather the information through conversations with
the concerned individuals these are the five techniques which can be followed by the auditor when identifying problem
areas so this is what I have given control weaknesses identification management report review
internal audit review transaction testing and discussions with officials so that is our concept 12 which is
techniques for identifying problem areas now we have different techniques of management audit these are management
audit techniques accounting techniques scientific techniques statistical techniques personal techniques and
general techniques these are also same techniques for identifying the problem but which we already know certain
techniques in management audit what are accounting techniques Break Even analysis budgetary control
cost management techniques cost benefit analysis standard costing these are all the techniques which we use in
accounting so those are called as accounting techniques now scientific techniques computer models for decision
making network analysis for project sequencing mathematical programming statistical techniques are activity
sampling Monte Carlo simulation which you see in SC exponential smoothing personal techniques attitude
ergonomic assessment training evaluations what are General techniques statistical theory of management
brainstorming management by objectives and exceptions so these are the techniques which we already have in
management audit what are those five techniques accounting scientific statistical personal General so these
are the five techniques which we have in management AIT and five techniques of identifying the problematic areas that
is concept 12 I hope that's clear now coming to our last Concept in unit
one which is management audit program uh sorry management audit report management audit is started
management audit program is done management audit report what is management audit report it is a
reflection of quality of review performed of performed in various areas whatever review
whatever work performed by the auditor reflection of that is nothing but management audit report it motivates the
management to get the required results management audit report plays a crucial role in reflecting the quality
of management review in an organization it is not only about identifying issues but also motivating management to
achieve the desired goals below is a simplified breakdown of characteristic contents and considerations for
preparing the effective m m is nothing but management audit report first characteristics of good management audit
report how a management audit report can be good if it has has these characters it will be called as good management
audit report what are those five characteristics pertinence relevant to current is isue
and contents if any management audit report details which are considered which are there in that particular
report is related to this particular case then that is called as pertinence
comprehensiveness covers all necessary aspects of audit it is called as comprehensiveness brevity brevity is
nothing but concise yet informative no extra add-on details are there no unnecessary details are there whatever
details are there those are enough and those are required for this particular audit if it is required it should be
there in the report if it is not required if it is unnecessary it should not be there in report report should be
concise yet informative that is called as brevity timeliness prepared and delivered at right time to help in
decision making motivating improves actions and motivates the management these are the five main characters which
are to be there in the management audit report so that it will be called as good M what are those pertinence
comprehensiveness brevity timeliness motivating I hope that's clear now coming to key components of M what are
the key components of M management audit report focuses mainly on deviations from established
process it mainly focuses on the deviations from EST ablished process unauthorized activities performance
issues and areas for improvement so in this report whatever details and information are there that will majorly
focus on whether there is any deviation whether there is any unauthorized access how performance is done whether there
are any issues in the performance and what are the areas for improvement create benchmarking compare
with industrial Norms compare our Industries work with another industry whether they are meeting with the
industry Norms or not create a benchmark Benchmark means the
one Benchmark is nothing but a point which has to be meted by us that is a goal which has to be sh shuted so that
is a benchmark we have to do the work to reach that particular Benchmark to identify scope of Improvement so
whatever Improvement is there that is done to meet this particular Benchmark address fraudulent activities
reputational risk inefficiencies in control measures so it has to address all these things so these are nothing
but key components of management audit report in management audit report this should be compulsorily
there now M should cover highlight it should make mainly highlight weakness areas and suggest for improvement review
stakeholders relationship and how benefits are passed on to the stakeholders cover details regarding
methods and procedures involved in production so regarding all these details also should be there in where
management audit report so these are the characteristics pertinence comprehensiveness breev
timeliness and motivating key components exceptional reporting focus on deviations create benchmarking address
fraudulent activities and risk reporting management Focus important considerations for
writing the report when any auditor is writing the report these are the considerations which are to be
considered use Simple language avoid technical terms this technical terms are nothing
but jargon jargon is nothing but technical terms which are used by certain
individuals in related to their work that is called as Jaron jargon is nothing but technical terms remember
that so what are the considerations use Simple language avoid technical terms ensure that there is a clear
communication org content for easy navigation and understanding choose data relevant for
the report use standardized format that that helps both Auditor in drafting and recipient in reading so these are the
considerations which are to be taken and important when writing the report by whom by management Sorry by
management auditor now till now we have seen management audit report I hope management audit
report is clear there are certain special reports which are to be maintained or prepared
by these Banks and creditors shareholders employees and small business
see this we have already seen management audit report should cover now special reports are to be prepared by special
categories which are banks credit cards shareholders employees and small businesses what those reports will focus
on we'll see now for banks and creditors when Special Report is prepared report must be clear
reliable and include verified statements and certifications Banks not only requires
financial statements but also comprehensive explanatory notes because there needs to be transparency and
Clarity regarding the information so in Banks if any report is being made for that not only financial statements
should be there but explanatory notes also should be there in such a way report has to be prepared for whom for
banks and creditors for shareholders reports are read by
Financial experts tax authorities public everyone so they need to give detailed and accurate
information reports should be understood even to non-experts in such a way shareholders report should be
prepared employees report address misconceptions Union concerns report must gain employee trust so in that
report whatever misc consumptions are there to the employee for that misc consumptions rectification has to be
there in that particular report the report information should be in such a way that is addressing misconceptions
and Union concerns if any employee is reading that report the employee should trust on that
particular organization such a Way employees report has to be prepared Small Business Report should be
straightforward and easy to understand due to limited data reports are often subjective make it crucial for the
auditor to provide suggestions because because for small businesses they will not give all information they will not
record all information at all in such a case reviewing that particular reports and giving suggestion will be quite
difficult for the auditor in case of small businesses in such a way Small Business Report should be prepared so
these are the four special reports which we have for banks creditors shareholders employees and smallers
so that is what we have seen in unit one basics of management audit what we have learned in this what is management audit
when management audit is conducted why management audit is necessary for an organization management AIT is conducted
by whom objectives scope qualities of management auditor advantages of management audit functions
of management audit periodicity of management audit steps in management audit and at last we have seen
management audit program and management audit report and there are certain special reports for certain four uh uh
special uh areas which is Banks and credit cards shareholders employees and at
last small business so that those we have special reps that is so that is the end of our unit one basics of management
audit will there be question from this unit yes there will be question from this unit so I hope unit one is
clear yes now we're going to start with our unit two in section B which is management reporting issues and Analysis
what we are going to see in this particular unit is we are going to see regarding management reporting till now
we have seen management M audit program management audit report and now we're going to see about management reporting
like what is management reporting what is reporting what is report regarding those things we are going to see and
after that we are going to see uh entire in detailed explanation regarding management reporting and after that some
analysis regarding what when management audit is being done by any auditor there are certain n Anis which has to be done
by them because the management audit report has to be prepared for that something has to
be analyzed something has to be reviewed regarding what analysis has to be done we have different kinds of analysis like
performance analysis contribution analysis capacity utilization analysis Manpower analysis for each and every
sector or unit of the organization we have different kinds of analysis regarding that also in detail are going
to see in this particular unit so that is the overview what we are going to uh learn and see in this particular unit
now coming to our concept one management reporting what is management reporting first before getting into management
reporting let us see what is report report is nothing but a statement containing about all the information and
data whatever is being done or whatever analyzed whatever reviewed everything facts information data everything is
collected and put it in a format statement which is called as a report what is reporting reporting means
whatever facts are there in the report communicating that information between two parties is nothing but reporting so
nothing but a conversation regarding the facts and information in the report between two parties is nothing but
reporting now coming to management report reporting what is management reporting it is a process of giving this
information whichever it is there in the report or a statement to management so communicating the information facts data
whichever is there in a statement as a form of Report with the management is called as management reporting so that
is nothing but management reporting now we have seen management audit report in our previous unit there are certain
character istics for management audit report to be a good M what are those characteristics which we have seen we
have five characteristics pertinence we have around five what are those see here those are pertinence
comprehensiveness brevity timeliness motivating these are five characteristics for any report if it is
a m report to be categorized as good M these five characteristics has to be there what if these five characteristics
are there and it is a good M what it is useful to that we are going to see here if any management reporting after
reporting they give M which is management audit report if it is a good management report then what it helps for
it gives Clarity regarding these three things what are those three things it gives Clarity regarding objective for
which audit is conducted like for what purpose this audit has been started the main objective goal of audit it gives
Clarity regarding it in management audit report the details regarding audit procedure audit program audit process
will be there isn't it now if it is a good M it will follow all the characteristics which will lead to
satisfaction of that main objective of for which audit is conducted second clarity is nothing but giving a Clarity
regarding the capabilities of auditing whoever members are there in the audit team what are their experiences what are
their skills what are the actual efficiency of those members who are working in audit team what are their
capabilities regarding that also management audit report can give uh Clarity how that can give Clarity see
for example if any audit team is there who is working for a management audit and at last they have given a manage M
audit report in that report everything is given in detail manner even a non-compete person is able to being
understand then what they will say like whatever the company will say this management audit report is perfect like
whatever organization is doing everything is reflected in this particular audit report if any
shareholder or investor or consumer customer whoever it could be if they are looking into just this audit report they
will entirely know about our organization then that is nothing but a good management audit report how that
good management audit report has been bought because audit team members have proper expertise and capability of
giving that particular good M report so if any M report or management reporting is good then it gives Clarity regarding
capabilities of audit team because that how the the capability of auditing will be reflected in report and also
regarding their skills regarding their handling specific issues like in this situation how audit team is being able
to handle if any problem is there how they are able to resolve it if any uh deficiencies are there in any statement
how they are handling it regarding the capability of handling any specific issues and what are their skills all
these things will be clarified by which by having a good management report so that is what we have here good
management report gives a Clarity on objectives for which audit is conducted efficiency and capabilities of audit
team and depth of their skills and handling specific issues now see this is what I have told you
reporting is defined as a communication of statement confirming whatever relevant information as there between
two parties that is reporting management reporting is nothing but a process of providing information to the management
a report is a statement containing facts regarding these three things we have seen report reporting and management
reporting now importance of quality in reporting if any qual if any reporting is in good quality then what are its
importance for what it is useful for it gives Clarity regarding these three things we have seen it regular reports
keep management informed about the effectiveness of respective responsibilities enabling timely and
informed decision making if good management report is there then what it helps for and if reports are prepared
regular basis then it will gives regarding what are the responsibilities of each and every person enabling
timeliness which means each and every process will be completed on timely basis because that should be given in a
report and informed decision making whatever activities have been completed till now on the basis of that a report
will be prepared on the basis of report decisions will be taken by the management so all these things will be
happened if good m is there that is regarding management reporting now types of report this is this is not the exact
types of of report what is exact types of report is there here but what is this why types of report is given see if any
report is being prepared in management then that will be based on the management requirement isn't it see for
example if CFO is there for any company then what kind of report CFO needs CFO needs a daily collection Report with
total inventory value from all branches that is what report needed for CFO because on the basis of that daily
collection report he will take decision if national sales head is there then the report should be detailed SQ wise daily
collection report what is SQ SQ is nothing but stock keeping unit what is this stock keeping unit there will be
many products in the organization for each and every product a number will will be assigned which is called a stock
keeping unit number that number is assigned for any product so that the management will be easily able to track
that particular product so for easy tracking and for easy Inventory management this stock keeping unit
number will be assigned for each and every product so if sales head is there for sales head the report should be
based on what SKU wise daily collection so what are the daily collections that
details and information should be there in the report which is given to national sales head because based on that only he
will take decisions regarding sales and stock now coming to production head if production head is there then what is
hly production happening in the organization what is the production per product what is the production per plant
regarding that details he want a report now coming to National plant head then what is shiftwise how many workers are
there how many labors are there how much shift are being changing what is the location what is the time per shift how
many workers are working in that particular shift regarding all details and information should be there in a
report which is given to plant head so why I am telling this is preparation of report will be usually
based on management requirement for whom this report is being useful for who are are taking decisions based on this
report based on that the report will be prepared so that is the type of report type of report usually depends on
management requirement similar to that frequency of report also depends on operational purpose as and
organizational hierarchy hierarchy is not what you think as father and son they are maintaining business not like
that hierarchy in this case is position of the particular individual see if see if CFO is there and if they need
daily collection report then they need report based on daily basis and they need report on daily basis if national
sales head is there then then need daily collection report so report should be daily given if production head is there
after completion of every hour or after completion of that production process they need that report if National plant
head is there then based on the location wise monthly report or quarterly report will be given to National plant head so
what is the organizational hierarchy or what is the operations happening based on that frequency of report will be
changed if it is hourly report if it is Daily report if it is quarterly report if it is monthly report will be based on
what based on the operations and organiz ganizational hierarchy similarly I have given here an example if managing
director is there then they want monthly cost based cost benefit analysis report so the report given to manage managing
director should be monthly basis so based on that the frequency of that report is changing similarly costing
head is there after completion of all performance uh of the individual product the costing details of entire product
has to be given to costing head as a report so after completion of product performance they
need a report so frequency of report also changes from uh operational purpose and an organizational hierarchy
basis and at last management audit report is submitted now if any report is generated through Erp system then that
kind of report is called as operational report or business as intelligence so this is a name which is given to report
management report which is prepared or generated through Erp system this is important you have to remember it any
management report if it is prepared or generated through Erp system then it is called as operational report or business
intelligence so that is regarding management reporting we have understood what is management reporting why good
management report has to be given because it will help us in these three things and always the time of report and
frequency of report will change based on the circumstances and uh if any report is
prepared through Erp system it is called as business intelligence and operational report till now I hope everything is
clear so this is what I have given here types of report will be based on these and frequency will be depending on these
things now what are the characteristics of management report there are categorized into three
financial report information report and control report see characteristics of management
report financial report manage mement report is in kind of financial report
when usually compared with preer periods we already know when any financial report is being prepared that will be
based on comparison with prior periods to know how financial position is there in that particular entity includes
financials will include cash flow borrowing cost and performance report against the budget what is the budget
performance and what is the actual Performance Based on that report also will be there if the management audit
report is having all these things like if if report is prepared based on comparison with prior periods
if it is including cash flow related information borrowing cost information or performance report information then
that will be categorized into what financial report it is management report but it is based on financial so it is
called as financial report now information report that is subcategorized into three Trend report
analytical report and activity report what is Trend report if any information given in the report is based on
comparison between uh like comparison of the uh activities which are happened on a specified period to to identify
whatever Trends are there see for example a report is there in that information regarding past 5 years is
given and based on that past five years comparison data we are being able to know what is the trend of that
particular period so if we are getting to know regarding the trend identification based on the comparative
information which is given in the report then that is a trend report so that is based on information so it is
information report analytical report comparison among different activities activity itself is different but we are
comparing it because the output which is getting from both the activities is similar output activities are different
but output is similar so we are comparing the two activities and giving information in a statement format that
is called as analytical report activity report based on operational activities day-to-day activities regarding all
specific activities which are happening in the organiz ation if report and statement is prepared that is called as
activity report in these three cases in these three cases some kind of information is being given isn't it so
that is called as information report if it is given as a management audit report now controlled report if a report giving
information regarding the assessment of performance of various responsibilities centered within the
organization in an organization there will be different cost centers you know you already know what is cost center is
so there will be many different cost centers in an organization now what is the responsibility of that particular
cost center what is the performance of that cost center is it directly or indirectly reflecting to the profit or
not is it being useful to the organization objectives meeting or not regarding all that if information is
given then that is called as a controlled report so these are the three categorizations of characteristics of
management audit report what are those three things financial report information report and control
report I hope that's understood by you management report should be purposeful and CED to specific management
requirements so always management report should be based on management requirements that
characteristics are based on this now at last regarding management reporting is types of management
reporting these are actual types of management reporting it is categorized into nature
based and functional activities based nature based is subcategorized into two Enterprise report and investigative
report and functional activities are categorized into two individual activity report and Joint activity report what
are these types of reports we'll see see if management audit report is based on nature then it could be of two kinds
Enterprise report and investigative report what is enterprise report the detailed description
regarding entire Enterprise entire organization or operational activities financial
position what are the process what is the profitability regarding all details of it is given as a statement then that
is called as a Enterprise report it will involve all internal and external factors which could be useful for whom
for the bankers stakeholders customers so whoever external people are there who want to know regarding our information
if they see this Enterprise report they will get to know regarding our organization so that is based on nature
if it is a Enterprise report that contains all details regarding entire organization that is Enterprise report
investigative report if any report is prepared on the investigation of particular problem or particular risk
analysis any such kind of specific area if investigation is done then that is called as investigative report now based
on functional activities we have two individual activity report and Joint activity report as name itself is saying
if for one single Department uh where one supervision is uh where one supervisor is there to
check regarding the work done by in the department then that is called as individual activity
report prepared for a single Department under the supervision of an executive so one executive is there who supervising
that one Department regarding that information will be given in where individual activity report joint
activity report is quite opposite to the individual activity report multiple departments information is given in one
report that multiple departments are working under the same project and same execu so for one project multiple
departments are working then such kind of statement is prepared is called as joint activity
report so these are the types of management reporting based on nature sorry based on nature and based on
functional activities based on nature it is Enterprise report and investigative report based on functional activities it
is individual activity report and Joint activity report so this is the detail explanation regarding management report
I hope it is clear to you now getting into analysis we have different kinds of analysis as I have already told so first
analysis is performance analysis which are our concept two what is performance analysis as it is already telling it is
performance it is analysis of performance but whose performance that we are going to see performance analysis
is nothing but evaluation of of how effectively the work is done by individual or by Organization for a
specified time framework see for example if 3 months uh how that three months work has
been done by individual or organization is being evaluated then that is a performance analysis for yearly basis
for this particular year how the work has been performed then that is a performance analysis so specific time
frame is also important critical evaluation of how effectively they are achieving goals who individual or
organization within a specified time frame that is called as performance analysis why performance analysis has to
be analyzed when doing the management audit because it helps to identify whether there are any deviations from
the projected metrics what are this projected metrics see whenever any activity is being done a metric has to
be fixed they have to identify what is the performance metric metric is nothing but a standard which has to be met by
all the individuals who are working in that particular area of work see for example if you are going to give exam
for cost and management audit what is your metric your metric will be 80 plus marks or 60 plus marks for
example so what is that metric your metric is to have 60 plus Mark scor that is projected metrics so if performance
analysis is done then you will be able to know whether there is any deviation from that performance metrics so you
have fixed your metrics for 60 plus marks now your exam is completed and I am coming as a performance I am coming
as a management auditor and checking your performance analysis now as you as we have already have that
60 plus Marx metrics if I'm coming and doing the analysis will I be not able to tell whether there is any
deviation yes if it is less than 60 or more than 60 that is a deviation isn't it so that will be identified by doing
what performance analysis and next thing while decision making to prevent potential failures now you're giving
tests in that test you projected metric 6 60 plus marks I have done the performance
analysis and told you that here are some failures or here are some mistakes which you have to rectify it you will Rectify
it in your next examination and you will make the decision according to that while giving your answers in the next
examination isn't it so it will helping decision making for what purpose to prevent the failures in the next stage
so these are the two reasons why performance analysis are important in any
organization I've given example as an examination like paper but you can connect it with the management related
issues okay so what is performance analysis I hope you have understood why performance analysis has to be done I
hope that's understood now there are certain key components while conducting this performance analysis what are those
key components we have around seven key components what are those we'll see now see performance metrics and goals as
I've already told you when any management is being involved in any performance they have to establish a
performance metric they have to put a standard that has to be followed by each and everyone in the organization so
establish a clear company performance metrics that align with the business objectives Define what is the specific
goal against what is the performance has to be measured so this is the goal based on this goal you have to measure the
performance like whether they are performing correctly or whether they are not performing up to the mark based on
that everything has to be measured so before measurement we need to have a standard we need to have a goal we need
to have a metrics establishing that is the first key component in performance analysis
Anis now second key component is performance metrics has been fixed now identify the parameters for which
measurement has to be done which means a proper Benchmark has to be set what is the
Benchmark see for example same examination example I'm taking again see in June
24 we already have a question paper and in that one question has been asked for seven
marks now what I will tell you guys I will tell you that this is a benchmark always when I analyze past 10 ATMs
question paper this question is being asked for 7even Marks only so that is a benchmark so if this same question has
been asked in December 24 for how much marks they will ask they will ask it as seven marks question so
that is a bench mark so that is a standard way of doing anything so and also if till now when
that question is being asked for seven marks all students who are attempting that particular question are getting six
marks for seven marks now what I will tell you see this is The Benchmark if the same question has being asked in the
December 24 attempt you have to score six marks in that particular question so that is a benchmark which is being set
based on that Benchmark performance metrics will be uh established and based on that performance metrics what we will
measure we will measure the performance so first key component is nothing but establishing a performance metric
second identify the parameters for measurement or else you can write it as establish a benchmark third key
component is historical comparison historical comparisons is nothing but past periods analysis utilize past
periods analysis how past period performance is there based on that we will uh put certain standards see for
example as I've already told you till now students are being scored in that particular question six marks so that is
a how I telling you based on past period records if past if in previous attempts the question isn't asked new question is
being asked will I be able to tell it as a historical comparison no because it is asking for the first time but now I have
a historical comparison because same question has been asked in the previous attemps also so that is nothing but past
performance parameters look into the past performance how the performance is being done how it is being measured
based on that you will put a measuring yard stick which could be used for measuring purposes
that is our third key component fourth performance metrix is established Benchmark has been set and past
performance has also been analyzed now measure what is the actual performance that is our fourth key
component actual delivery measurement measure the actual delivery of result against the set performance metrics so
this is the performance metric which is to score 60 plus marks now what is actual delivery how much you have scored
is it 40 plus is it 80 marks how much is your actual deliver time frame consistency not only measuring the
performance is important measuring it based on time frame consistency is also important see for example there are two
students student number one and student number two who are giving their same examination December 24
examination now now this first student has prepared for just 3 months and scored 60
Mars and this second student has prepared for six months and scored 60
marks now can I compare student one with student two no because there is a time frame
consistency student one prepared for Examination for just 3 months but student two prepared for 6 months period
now if I am going to compare the student two I have to compare with the same student who has prepared for 6 months
then only the performance measurement or the analysis will be done properly ensure that evaluations are conducted in
equal periods or time frames that is our fifth component now sixth is root cause and analysis there will be deviation
from performance metrics no one can tell that all will have particular metric if if any particular metric is established
the management has to compulsorily follow it no one will be able to follow it isn't it so there could be some
deviations now if any auditor is there he have to identify a root cause what is the reason for the deviation they have
to identify it and at last feed back mechanism Implement a structured feedback process for employees regarding
business performance Improvement tell the employees that this is the performance tillum and you have to take
this particular steps to improve the performance so these are the seven key components which are there for what for
performance analysis what are the seven components performance metrics and
goals performance metrics and goals parameters for measurement historical comparisons actual delivery measurement
time frame consistency root cause analysis and at last feedback mechanism so these are the key components for
performance analysis I hope you have understood what is performance analysis now hoping with that getting
into concept three first analysis is completed performance analysis is done now capacity utilization analysis
is what is capacity utilization what is capacity you already know because we have already done it in cost on it isn't
it now capacity utilization analysis is nothing but what is actual company capacity and what is maximum capacity
the comparison between these two in a given time is nothing but capacity utilization analysis as we have already
know what is maximum potential we will consider it as an installed capacity and what is actual capacity comparison
between these two or percentage is nothing but capacity actual capacity utilization are you being able to uh
recall it install capacity actual capacity what is actual capacity utilization actual capacity divided by
install capacity into 100 this is a Formula I hope you're remembering it or recalling it so actual company's
production capacity at a given time comparing it with the maximum potential so what is capacity utilization actual
level of output divided by maximum level of output into 100 on this formula basis only capacity utilization analysis will
be done so this is what here is there here also capacity utilization is a measure
of how much a company production capacity is being used at a given time comparing it with maximum potential it
reflects the efficiency with Which business and its resources what are resources Machinery labor and raw
materials to produce goods are being used so how much is the efficiency and how much resources are being used that
will be known by which analysis by capacity utilization analysis this is the formula and what is the importance
of capacity utilization why we are doing this particular analysis capacity utilization indicates how
effectively management has utilized available resources so what are the available resources and how these
are being utilized by the management that will be known clearly if we are doing capacity utilization
analysis regarding plant and Machinery details regarding building land raw materials Manpower utilities all these
inform information and how these are being utilized by the management that will be known by analyzing capacity
utilization analysis so that's why capacity utilization analysis has to be done to know about all these how plant
and machiner are working how business building are working how land are working how many resources are being
utilized for them regarding that we'll know now getting into if higher capacity utilized then what are advantages
advantages of higher capacity utilization resource efficiency better utilization of available resources now
capacity has been utilized higher which means resources are utilized in a better way more resources have been used if
more resources are used better outcomes will also be bought cost reduction reduced per unit fixed cost leading to
improved profitability if higher capacity utilization is there then fixed cost will be reduced if fixed cost is
reduced profit will increase so these are the advantages of higher capacity utilization how any company will address
lower capacity utilization capacity should be used up to the Mark or maximum capacity but it
should not go to minimum capacity not not even once the capacity should be utilized lower which means
resources are not being used properly resources are being used in a wasteful manner which means profit is not
reflecting so lower capacity utilization should not be there in what way they can address like management can address
lower capacity utilization we'll see now for lower capacity utilization it's crucial to identify the reasons and take
corrective action so what is the reason for lower cap capacity utilization and what are the corrective measures which
has to be taken that has to be analyzed by whom by management machine breakdowns what are
machine breakdowns improve maintenance schedule to minimize downtime losing market share inves in R&D to develop
better and improved products nonavailability of key raw materials develop a relationship with the vendar
with suppliers then uh whenever we require important materials that will be
received in a right time nonavailability of electricity explore alternative energy sources like wind and solar power
if electricity is not able to be or not available then we can go for wind and solar power to generate the
energy so these are the reasons for lower capacity utilization they have to identify what
is the exact reason for lower capacity utilization and take the corrective measures to rectify this
lower capacity and to be able to meet the actual capacity utilization and this is nothing but
economic significance of capacity utilization like how capacity utilization will affect the economic
stages this you can just read but I hope you have understood till now what is capacity utilization what is formula for
it what is importance of capacity utilization and if higher capacity is utilized what is its Advantage if lower
capacity utilize how have to how the management has to address it so that is that is our concept three capacity
utilization analysis and now getting to our third analysis productivity and efficiency
analysis productivity and efficiency analysis what is productivity and
efficiency analysis is nothing but doing the analysis for productivity and
efficiency what analysis are being done ability to produce maximum possible output from given set of resources so
from input and output what what is the productivity how
much maximum productivity is being able to be done yes from input and output how much
maximum possible output is being able to be produced that is called as produ it analysis analyzing that maximum possible
output is called as productivity and efficiency analysis productive efficiency or
production efficiency can be called both wise refers to the ability to produce the maximum possible output from the
given set of resources how productivity efficiency Works productivity efficiency becomes vital in competitive Industries
with shared Limited resources in competitive Industries resources will be shared and will be limited so in that
kind of entities or Enterprises productive efficiency will work or be benefited more marginal costing and
improving efficiency what is marginal cost you have already known as production approaches its maximum
efficiency the marginal cost of producing additional units increases so as production approaches
its maximum efficiency when production capacity or efficiency is in maximum State marginal cost also increases so if
production increases marginal cost also simultaneously increases improving efficiency companies can improve work
flows enhance technical efficiency and Achieve economies of scale to overcome these limitations especially in a short
run so any organization objective is to reduce the cost so if production is increasing and
marginal cost is increasing this cost has to be reduced for that they have to increase the efficiency how by improving
the work flows by enhancing technical efficiency and achieving economies of scale to overcome these limitations to
overcome this debation they can follow all these so that is how productive efficiency
works there is an another world called as production POS possibility fronti ppf what is production profit possibility
fronti it is a graphical representation that illustrates about output limits of two products competing
for finite resources so for some resources if two products are competing with each other and if any graph is
representing regarding that that is called as production possibility fron yes it is a production possibility
front it helps to understand opportunity cost associated with reallocating resources from one product to another so
what is this ppf ppf is nothing but resources are being used between two products
how resources are being used effectively that graphical representation is called ppf it helps to understand what is the
opportunity cost what is opportunity cost to lose something see if one we are getting we are losing something so what
we are losing that is called as opportunity cost the next benefit reallocating resources from one product
to another when from one product to another product anything is being reallocated then what is the op
opportunity cause that we are losing regarding that knowing is called as ppf ppf helps us to know regarding the
opportunity cost so that is called as production possibility front now we have seen regarding
productive uh production productivity and efficiency analysis so this is called as productivity analysis now what
is allocative efficiency we have two different efficiencies one is productive efficiency one is Al allocative
efficiency what is difference between this productive efficiency and allocative efficiency productive
efficiency is nothing but called as productive efficiency and allocative efficiency are similar
but there is a difference between both productive efficiency is focusing on maximum output with limited resources
from limited resources what will be the maximum output gener ated that is called as productive efficiency it also helps
us to identify opportunity cost that is what we have seen just now now what is allocative efficiency optimal
distribution of goods or services achieved when marginal cost is equal to marginal benefit so when this allocative
efficiency will be uh bought when marginal cost equal to marginal benefit we will get this allocative efficiency
it is nothing but optimal distribution of goods or services ensures that both producers and customers benefit from the
market so allocative efficiency is also getting the maximum output but that maximum output is derived when marginal
cost equal to marginal benefit both suppliers customers and both producer and customer will have same benefit from
the market in that stage we will get this allocative efficiency so that is productive efficiency and allocative
efficiency while both productive efficiency and allocative efficiency related to resource utilization both are
similar to resource utilization but they are distinct from each other how productive efficiency mainly focuses
on getting maximum output from limited resources but allocative efficiency means optimal distribution of goods or
services so that is regarding productivity and efficiency analysis I hope that's clear what is
productivity uh analysis and what is allocative analysis so that is our concept
four yes next concept concept five is utility efficiency analysis and Energy
Efficiency analysis see utilities and Energy Efficiency analysis why it is getting struck just a
moment yes utilities and Energy Efficiency analysis when energy if it is using less to provide the same level of
product or services so if what what kinds of energy we have what are utilities we have already discussed
utilities as Transportation electricity water supply energies are also lightning Heating and transportation so both
utilities and energy are one and the same now if energy is utilized less to produce the same level of product or
Services regarding that analysis is done in utilities and Energy Efficiency analysis Energy Efficiency is to
practice of using less energy to provide the same level of product or Services always the energy utilities which are
used those should be used in a less quantity but the products or Services should be produced higher only then
we'll be able to get the profit isn't it such as Lightning Heating and transportation so Energy Efficiency is
nothing but effectively using the energy to produce the same product or Services same level of product or Services
utilities and Energy Efficiency analysis management Auditors can explore several Avenues to improve the Energy Efficiency
how they will be able to get to this Energy Efficiency by following all these energy generated per unit of fuel
analyze the energy generated per unit of fuel consumed for electricity and steam generation based on that they will try
to control it Trend analysis monitor energy cost as a percentage of total production cost so this is the total
product cost and this is the percentage of energy which is utilized for this particular product based on that analyze
what is the trend recycling explore opportunities for recycling materials like paper glass plastic aluminium and
generating energy from these things reduce energy consumption and Co to emissions capacity utilization improve
capacity utilization to enhance the input output ratio plant and Machinery upgrades replace existing equipments
with new equipments after conducting a cost benefit analysis and assessing payback periods calculate what is
payback period what is a cost benefit analysis and replace the old Machinery with the new Machinery or old plant with
the new PL so that plant and Machinery will be upgraded so these are the factors or analysis which can be done by
whom management auditor when doing the Energy Efficiency we have Energy Efficiency in
three industry homes and buildings and transportation Energy Efficiency in Industry if it is industry then what
management auditor has to do electric motors replacing old electric motors with Modern
Motors efficient versions can yield significant savings often covering the purchase cost in just few weeks so
management auditor can do the analysis for what for recycling older electronic Motors so if we are replacing old motors
with New Motors will that increase the Energy Efficiency regarding that analysis can be done steel production
the steel industry has adopted Advanced processes like thin slab casting and direct casting to save energy and reduce
CO2 emissions so what are the new techniques which are coming in place regarding that analysis can be done
whether the new techniques are being followed by the industry or not whether Enterprise is trying to reduce the cost
or not regarding that analysis can be done in where in Industry uh entities when Energy
Efficiency is being done by management auditor and in homes and buildings what can be done LED lighting transitioning
to normal bulbs to LED bulbs which can save energy up to 75% you all already know this energy efficient
appliances low electricity bill uh purchase the appliances which will uh lead to lower electricity bill through
which energy can be utilized in an effective manner in transportation improved engine Technologies advancement
in hybrid and Electric electrical Vehicles everyone are shifting to electrical
vehicles have increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions gases are not being produced and fuel is being reduced
fuel usage is being reduced mass transit systems investing in public transport cycling walking infrastructure the
directly telling not at all use the vehicles Go On by walk use public transportation go on cycling so that
energy will be utilized less use human energy more and use the energy which is produced by Nature limitedly walking
infrastructure can lead to lower CO2 emissions and improve air quality so nothing but how effectively we can
reduce the energy utilization by taking proper steps in industry in homes and buildings and in transportation are
nothing but Energy Efficiency techniques what is the recycling and its importance recycling materials like
paper glass Plastics aluminium is crucial for reducing energy consumption and Emissions for instance aluminium
recycling can save 95% of energy required for primary production if we are recycling glass it can reduce air
and water pollution if you're recycling paper 60% of energy needed for new paper production will be reduced Plastics 14%
of plastics are recycled efforts to increase Rec cycling rates can have significant environmental benefits which
means no one will throw off Plastics Plastics cannot be easily decomposed you all already know this so if you're
recycling plastic then environmental benefits will also increase so this is why they are trying to tell that recycle
everything like paper glass plastic aluminium recycle everything and try to produce the energy from it utilize it
again for the production in which energy will be red used try to take Implement techniques in the industry when uh doing
the energy uh when producing using the energy for production so regarding all these analysis has to be done by
management auditor whether they that particular entity organization company is complying with this recycling
techniques Energy Efficiency techniques are not so that is regarding utilities and Energy Efficiency analysis are
concept f hoping that you have understood it getting to our concept six contribution
analysis as you have already know what is contribution s same thing is there here
also contribution analysis is a tool used by business to assess how variable cost affects the net income what is
contribution sales minus variable cost so how variable cost is affecting the sales regarding that is called regarding
analysis of that is called as contribution analysis by measuring contribution margin
companies can understand profitability of individual product how they will analyze the cont how they will measure
the contribution margin total revenue minus variable cost which is called as contribution divided by total number of
units sold which is called as contribution margin contribution analysis is a
crucial tool used by business to assess how w able cost effect net income by calculating the contribution margin what
is contribution margin this total revenue minus variable cost divided by number of units sold now
decision making if product has a low contribution margin and variable cost cannot be
reduced see if contribution is less variable cost should also be less only then sales value will be correct but if
contribution is low and variable cost cannot be reduced then the company may consider to discontinue that particular
product due to which the sale price will also reduce contribution analysis helps to
identify strong and weak areas within the business and determines how each unit contributes to covering fixed cost
so contribution analysis not only help us to know which products to be discontinued but also it will help to
identify strong and weak areas within the business factors considered during contribution analysis managers must also
consider internal and external factors that may influence product performance up so what we have seen till now what is
contribution margin you already know it when contribution margin is low and variable cost cannot be reduced by doing
this contribution analysis we can get to know what products to be discontinued and what are strong and weak areas in
the business so for that contribution analysis has to be done and also what kind of factors to be considered while
doing this contribution analysis both in internal factors and external factors have to be
considered what is the importance of contribution analysis it supports in decision making particularly in
conjunction with budgeting processes and management accounting functions so it will help in decision making it will
help in budgeting process it will help in management accounting function so for that contribution analysis has to be
done PV chart profit volume chart what is profit volume ratio relationship between volume and profit is nothing but
PV helping non-technical managers easily understand the impact of sales volume on profitability so that everyone will know
regarding profitability and sales what is the impact on profit what is the impact on sales for that we have to know
regarding profit volume chart the contribution figure is treated as a variable in this chart so what we are
doing we are doing contribution divided by sales into 100 isn't it so that is called as profit
volume chart Break Even analysis what is Break Even analysis a point where there is no
profit no loss the point where net total revenue equals toal total cost margin of safety the margin of
safety indicates how much sales can drop before the business is reaching the break even point it can calculate in
percentage terms to assess the risk so everything what you already know in your sem that is called as contribution analy
analysis analyzing regarding all these things is called as contribution analysis what are the advantages of
contribution analysis ease of use it is a Str straight forward and helps managers to make informed decisions
decision making can be done because it is a straightforward these are sales this is variable cost this is Break Even
point this is margin of safety everything is straightforward nothing is there to analyze further isn't it
performance insights provides clear insight into how much profit each unit generates a Beyond Break Even point so
this is Break Even Point Beyond this how much can be produced regarding that performance insights can also be given
by contribut ution analysis what are disadvantages constant selling prices
and linear relationships contribution analysis relies on certain assumptions such as
constant selling price it's it thinks that selling price is constant over the period and there is a linear
relationship which may not always hold true so that is a disadvantage for contribution analysis so that is
regarding contribution analysis or concept six hoping that you have understood it
now getting to Concept Seven profitability analysis what is profitability analysis it is a process
of systematically analyzing The Profit derived from various activities various projects variable various products to to
analyze profit derived in a systematic way is called as profitability analysis why profitability analysis has to be
done two in increase profit business need to understand the drivers behind that profitability so what is the reason
for profit what is the reason for profit reducing regarding that business has to know so for that profitability analysis
has to be done create efficiencies in process that generate Revenue always check the process and improve the
efficiency of process which directly relates to the revenue reduce overheads and operational cost overheads are
nothing but indirect cost operational cost which means day-to-day activities cost try to reduce that particular cost
enhance product mix to maximize both shortterm and long-term profitability enhance the product mixes mix the
product merge the product in such a way that will help the shortterm and longterm to get the more profits support
budgeting by setting realistic goals and planning how to achieve them properly prepare a budget which is
realistic which is capable of doing it and try to make a plan to achieve that by doing all these it will reflect to
profitability whether the organization is complying with all this or not is nothing but checking of profitability
analysis there are certain methods of Performing profitability analysis what are those you already know regarding
this profitability ratios operating profit margin return on assets return on Equity earning before interest and tax
ebit by following all these ratios you can compute profitability ratios customer clusterwise profitability
analysis this method looks at customer segments or markets and their contribution to overall profitability so
what who are customers what is market condition and what is contribution based on this analysis profitability analysis
will be done qualitative analysis what is Trends and what is business cycle analyzing with that profitability
analysis could be done product profitability management this analysis focus on individual products evaluating
market performance product byse profitability pricing strategies by doing all these we can know about the
product profitability so by following all these methods we can do the what profitability analysis we can use ratios
we can use customer cluster wise profitability analysis we can use qualitative analysis we can use product
management by following all these methods we can do what profitability analysis key profitability metrics sales
to sales ratio sales to stock ratio net sales divided by average inventory this metric evaluates a relationship between
stock and sales how much sales is happening what is the current stock to know regarding that sales to stock ratio
can be computed gross margin gross profit to net sales gross margin shows how much profit a company retains from
every rupee of net sales so this is the net sales and this is the profit so this is cost this is sales and this is the
margin so that would also be know by doing stock sales to stock ratio and gross margin ratio we will know
regarding profit ility analysis and while doing this profitability analysis what management
Auditors have to do they have to monitor and aim the increase of sales revenue so how much sales are being increased that
has to be monitored they have to reduce raw material cost and utilities cost they have to increase the contribution
ensure optimal capacity utilization and D to increase overall profitability all these have to be done by whom management
auditor while doing profitability analysis so that is regarding profitability
analysis next working capital and liquidity management analysis are concept eight what is working capital
working capital is nothing but current assets minus current liabilities the capital which we are
using for day-to-day operating activities is called as working capital how we are going to Define working
capital current assets minus current liabilities is a formula for uh contributing uh or measuring working
capital effective working Capital Management helps the company to avoid liquidity issues reduce borrowing
prevent business disruptions so we will not have any liquidity issues we will not have any borrowing issues or we will
not have any business disruptions if we calculate working capital and if we do working capital analysis we can avoid
this however improper management such as extending to much credit can create cash flow issues and force the business to
rely on debt leading to increased interest burdens so for that working capital analysis has to be
done what is the importance of working capital management current assets often make up significant portions of
company's total assets we already know that shareholders weth is closely linked to cash generation which is driven by
proper working Capital Management by doing working Capital Management shareholders wealth can
impact to cash generation liquidity issues stemming from poor Capital working Capital Management could be
reduced we could escape from liquidity issues borrowing will be reduced current assets are nothing but total total
assets so by doing working Capital Management we can know regarding the current assets shareholders wealth can
also be identified so this all can be done by working Capital Management what is the objective of
working Capital Management ensuring that there is a liquidity ensure that the business has enough liquid assets to
meet its short-term obligations insufficient working capital may result in late payments leading to reputational
damage credit downgrades and even can go to liquidation so for that what we need money which is called as liquid
assets return on Capital employed an optimal level of working capital is needed to balance a liquidity with
profitability so always the liquid Li liquidity should be equal to the profitability return should be there if
no return is there no business will do any work we have liquidity ratios and
efficiency ratios which are just formulas which are very very important for practical questions from this unit
only you'll get practical questions from ratio analysis so try to see this formulas uh which you already know but
try to revise it these are important for practical questions what are liquidity r current
ratio and quick ratio efficiency ratios are inventory turnover ratio inventory days receivable days payable days and
sales to working capital formulas I'm not discussing enough you can revise it cash operating cycle what is Cash
operating cycle is a time between paying to suppliers and receiving cash from customers so whatever we are purchasing
for that we have to pay to the suppliers whatever we are Distributing or selling for that we have to receive cash from
customers whatever the period between these two is there is called as cash operating cycle a shorter cycle
indicates efficient working Capital Management and this is the formula for cash operating
cycle industry specific working capital considerations while doing this working Capital Management these can be followed
by any industry traditional manufacturing they can go for traditional manufacturing like maintain
large inventories of raw material working progress and finished goods modern manufacturing can also be
followed justtin time management can be followed retail sector retail J jines like Walmart Tesco may have low current
ratio because they negotiate long credit periods with suppliers so these are the techniques which can be followed for
working Capital Management what are though they can follow traditional manufacturing they can go
for modern manufacturing like Justin Time KAS and costing we all have the traditional like new modern costing
systems they can follow that or else they can go for credit periods long credit periods
by communicating with the suppliers so these are the techniques which can be followed for working Capital Management
what are key ratios inventory of raw material days and inventory of finished product days these are two key rtio isos
for management Auditors these are formulas which you have to remember compulsorily to solve practical problems
so that is our concept eight what is our concept eight working Capital Management and liquidity management
analysis now coming to our concept nine and very very important concept is Manpower analysis what is Manpower
analysis human resource analysis at a micro level Manpower planning helps to allocate human
resources to various departments effective efficiently with technology advancement like robotics AI automation
the demand for new skill sets is increasing when AI is being able to do everything which human he himself self
cannot do then human resource and manow is getting reduced the skills which are required from man are getting increased
especially in technology driving organizations this highlights the critical role of Manpower planning in
ensuring the right type of personal is employed to meet these modern requirements so any human or individual
who is being appointed in the organization should be in such a way that the the skills and experience which
he is getting is more than AI Manpower estimation assessing the current Workforce including job
descriptions age distributions qualifications and experiences regarding current Workforce assessment has to be
done by the auditor estimating future Manpower needs what is future Manpower needs considering factors like business
growth expansion and technological changes ensure that the organiz ation meets its objectives by having right
quantity and quality of employees at an optimal cost so these are Manpower estimations which are to be taken by
whom management auditor he have to first check what is the current Workforce then he have to
estimate what is the future Manpower needed and third he have to ensure that whoever man is whoever individual is
being employed that individual well is being able to meet the objectives of the entity so these are the three
estimations which have to be followed by the management auditor while going with Manpower
analysis objectives of Manpower estimation secure adequate high quality Human
Resources reduce recruiting and replacement cost improve employee moral and satisfaction prevent unnecessary
Workforce expansions or reductions focusing training resources efficiently so these why Manpower analysis has to be
done why to reduce recruitment cost to reduce uh unnecessary Workforce expansion to
reduce or to improve employee moral to see whether high quality human resources are being employed in the company or not
and at last focus on training higher employees or Manpower regarding Manpower analysis you have to
see that is important okay these are the strategies of Manpower planning collection maintenance and
interpretation of data human resource data periodic review of objectives whether they are being met or not
development of forecasting procedures utilization of Manpower allocation of work and surveys to identify performance
barriers so these are the strategies in Manpower planning so whatever Manpower analysis is being done for that a plan
should be there so these are the strategies for planning Manpower analysis and this is the process first
what is organization objectives that has to be determined then forecast future Manpower requirement inventory of
present what is the current employment status or what is the current Manpower anticipating Manpower problems planning
for Workforce program so this is a process of Manpower planning and uh steps there are steps
nothing but same anticipate Manpower requirements plan job requirements and description
analyze what are the skills that Manpower is holding selecting recruitment servers
sources so that is regarding Manpower analysis which is very very important which is simp similar you can write it
in your own words like what is Manpower analysis which is related to Human Resources recruiting what is current
Manpower analysis what how much Manpower is needed in future how that is related to technological advancement everyone
has to be having a proper skills and Technologies you can write it in your own words okay but try to inalt in your
answer the terminology which is there in this okay and that's it these are certain tools
which we use for management accounting Break Even Capital budgeting inventory analysis margin transaction Trend
analysis these are analysis which we use in management accounting you already know
this yes so these are different kinds of analysis which management auditor has to do when he's going with management audit
so that is what we have seen till now so what are the analysis which we have seen performance analysis capacity
utilization analysis productivity and efficiency analysis utility is an Energy Efficiency analysis contribution
analysis profitability analysis working capital and liquidity management analysis and at last we have seen
regarding Manpower analysis is so these are different kinds of analysis which we have in our unit two of section B I hope
you have understood everything yes now let us start with our Unity unit three in section B which is
management auditing different functions what we are going to see in this particular unit is under different
functions what are management when management audit is being done what are different types of audit which will be
under management audit in different functions like what will be corporate service audit what will be corporate
development audit and regarding social cost benefit audit CSR audit and proprietary audit energy audit and many
other kinds of audits so we have different kinds of audit in different functions regarding those kind of audits
in the detail we are going to see in this particular unit now coming to our first concept corporate objective and
culture so what is corporate objective the main objective or the main basis for which uh that particular organization is
running for what is the main goal of that particular organization that is nothing but corporate objective isn't it
so what is corporate objective a result a company aims to achieve which is nothing but a goal includ cluding
strategies time frames and resources availability so what is the time framework what are the strategies
included and what are the resources utilized combining all with this if any goal has been settled for a company to
achieve in this particular period of time that is called as corporate objective for example any company is
deciding to get a profit of around 30% of entire capital or uh 50% of capital something like that if it is aiming to
have a profit around like that in future periods around 3 years in future three years the profit should
be100 uh $10,000 or something like that then that is a corporate objective a value or a goal which company is aiming
for in a proper period in a uh particular time framework that is called as corporate
objective now business goals versus objective what is different between business goal and
business objective business goals broad primary outcomes or aspirations example becoming the largest bicycle
manufacturer that is a goal so becoming the number one in the market is a goal broad primary outcome the outcome is
very broad that is called as a goal when coming to objective specific which can be measurable and which is to achieve
the goal is nothing but a objective increasing sales by 2.5%
quarterly so objective is based on specific time framework so in this period of time like
within 3 years or within five years the profit should be around 10% or something like that within quarterly basis the
increase sales should increase about to 2.5% so there is a Time framework if there is any time framework of achieving
a goal that is a objective but there is no time framework but a basic objective that our company should be number one
company in the whole Market that is a goal business goal so that is the main difference between a business goal and a
business objective I hope that's clear to you now key differences what is difference between a goal and objective
be besides to this meaning of goal and objective goals are weak objectives are specific and measurable so it is a wag
like it is a random thing not a random thing but that is wag it is just like that so in this period of time we have
to achieve this that is a goal but objective it is a specific and measurable objectives are actionable
steps within a defined time framework so within this particular period of time these are the steps which we are going
to take to meet this particular objective that is called as a objective so this is a main difference between
goal and a objective main objective for small companies what could be objective for
small companies profit maximization ethical profit generation so how profit could be generated for small businesses
with following certain ethics survival sh shortterm and long-term sustainability so how small companies
will be included in sustainability growth in shortterm and in long term survival of small companies will also be
a major objective because there will be competitive Industries in the market there will be
large companies in the market besides to that or behind to that large companies in the competitive world
this small companies have to survive in meeting with the sustainability and ethical requirements that is the main
objective of small companies growth positive development in turnover profitability and Market reach on the
basis of turnover on the basis of profitability and on the basis of Market reach there should be a development
constantly if even in one year there isn't any development small company cannot come into the market they will
try to shed that particular company company so these are the three main objectives which will be there for which
companies small companies profit maximization survival and growth what is organizational culture a
complex often undefined aspect of an organization influenced by values behavioral and management what is
culture we usually tell if any particular companies there big type of companies like Google vipro or something
there will be corporate culture what is kind of corporate culture the behavior how the employees be in that particular
companies how management keep certain rules in that particular companies how the value of that particular company is
there that is nothing but a culture isn't it so that is similar to the organization
culture it is not a defined aspect but that culture is influenced by behavior management and values of the uh
individuals who are working in that particular organization this this is not the definition for organization culture
but yes organization culture can be uh influenced or can be get to known by what by behavior management and values
of the individuals who are working in that particular organization that is nothing but organization
culture factors shaping organization culture so these are the things which are influencing organization cultures
what are their factors which we consider while doing this organization culture shared values common values like outcome
orientation people orientation team orientation and Innovation when any organization culture is being identified
or trying to identify the organization culture what we'll do we'll try to know about the outcome orientation so what is
the basic outcome who are the people working orientation is nothing but to get to know something people to know
about the team and about the new Innovations so shared values everything is being shared degree of hierarchy
traditional channels of authority effects decision making speed if there is a proper hierarchy like first there
will be a head of the company like CEO CFO after that there will be uh managing directors after that there will be
directors after that assistant directors and under them there will be supervisors as Executives under the employees will
be there so there is a proper hierarchy based on which decision making speed is also increasing so it will affect the
decision making so this people will decide on the these particular matters and this people will decide on this
particular matters so like that likewise The Authority is divided and Authority is shifted to many people so that
decision making is speedly done that is degree of hierarchy people versus task orientation preference for people
focused or task focused on decision making when any decision making is done based on the people to recruit people or
to know which people will do this work properly then people focused or task focused that should be considered while
uh organization is taking any decisions functional orientation emphasis on specific functional areas
within the organization so some specific functional area should be categorized and that should be explored like risk
assessment or any factor or any activity in the organization any function in the organization which is not directly
affecting to the profit those kind of functional areas should be identified and those should be emphasized
subcultures variations within the dominant culture that can either support or undermine core values sometimes the
culture could be also get to a position of dominant culture this dominant culture can support the organization or
can under name the organization which means it can degrade the organization dominant culture is nothing but having a
dominant position use that dominant position can support and can under lame also so these
are the factors which influence organization culture so that is regarding corporate
objective and culture this is nothing but simply you can understand what is corporate objective what is organization
culture and regarding organization thing okay so what should be the major objective of the organization how the
culture of organization will be identified or defined So based on that concept one is there
okay now getting into our concept two corporate service audit what is corporate service audit
AIT Corporate Services refers to service oriented obligations of corporate entity to various interest groups including
consumers employees shareholders community and state so what is corporate service audit it means
to audit what service oriented obligation so how services are being Prov provided by that particular company
what is the obligation for that corporate entity to provide services to whom it will give services to interest
groups like shareholders stakeholders debenture holders whoever it could be consumers employees shareholders
community and state so as the name saying itself whatever corporate entity is a providing services
and what is the services related obligation of that particular corporate entity to do audit regarding that is
called as Corporate Services audit what is the scope of CSA corporate service audit is nothing
but Critical examination of services rendered by a corporate entity and evaluating its awareness and
responsiveness to stakeholders so it is nothing but to evaluate whether the corporate entity
is providing the services properly or not doing the examination of that is called as corporate service audit it is
also done to State the awareness and responsiveness to stakeholders so why
corporate service audit has to be done in any organization that importance has to be said to whom to shareholders so
that they will understand and they will Implement these Corporate Services audit in their
organization who will be the key stakeholders who will be the stakeholders consumers employees
shareholders Community fellow businessmen all will come under this stakeholders you already know who
stakeholders are conceptual approach of corporate service audit so how this corporate
service audit will uh be done evaluate contributions of business to societal quality of life over mere
profit maximization so this corporate service audit should not mainly focus on profit
maximization but the societal quality of life how services are being provided to the society how the services which is
provided by that corporate entity is affecting the consumers affecting the society affecting the
place like State Community shareholders employees consumers how everyone are being affected and how everyone are
being benefited by Services which are provided by that corporate entity that is nothing but societal quality of life
so corporate service audit is not done in any Organization for profit maximization but for societal quality of
life which means how Society is getting getting benefited by doing this corporate service
audit what are the key considerations which should be taken while conducting corporate service audit continued
customer relationships maintain and enhance connections with customers intelligence resource use optimize
resource utilization to prevent waste identifying social needs view social needs as opportunities rather than
artificial demands always the social needs should be taken as opportunity and give services to them not as demands
which are putting on by the public to the corporate entity fair pricing establish fair prices and equitable
distribution product development Innovative or improve products or services so these are the key
considerations should be taken while doing in the corporate service audit whether the entity is following with
these or not evaluating and assessing that is nothing but corporate service audit so that is regarding corporate
service audit I hope that's clear now corporate development audit which is
our concept three sorry corporate development audit what will be analyzed in this corporate
development audit both the structural aspect of the entity and and the operational aspect of the entity like
both internal aspects and external aspects how the organization is getting processed and how it is doing its
structure the entire organization structure and its operations analyzing both
structure of the organization and operations of the organization in meeting the objectives
of the corporate entity to of the entire organization is nothing but corporate development
audit so what is corporate development encompasses both potential which is structural and kinetic which is called
as operational aspects of the corporation so corporate development is nothing but at a time increasing or
developing the structural aspects of the entity and operational aspects of the entity both combinely if it is done it
is called as corporate development and what is corporate development audit evaluating that structure and process of
organization is done properly or not ensuring it is equipped to perform its functions effectively whether the or
organization is doing that structure and process of organization are proper or not and ensuring that the performance is
done effectively so checking and evaluating this is called as corporate development
audit the audit is ongoing we already know all kinds of audit is not a single audit it is ongoing corporate
development audit is a ongoing process proc not a onetime process based on continuous evaluation of internal and
external Environ menza essential dimensions of corporate development audit what are the
dimensions of corporate development audit regularity constant monitoring of corporate elements always what is the
corporate structure what is the operations which are being happened in that particular entity constant mod
monitoring of that is called as regulatory that is one dimension of corporate development audit systematic
check assessment of changing requirements in response to internal and external forces like even if it is
internal force or if it is external Force how that is being affected effect how that internal or
external forces are affecting the operations in the company or the structure in the company to know about
that is called a systematic check assessing any changes or if any changes required in
the organization because of internal and external forces that is called as systematic check review evaluation of
past performance quality and contributions to corporate goals addressing any deviation so what is the
past performance what is past quality what has passed contributions based on that this year's corporate development
will be settled based on that corporate goal will be settled so if there are any deviations from that goal to identify
and evaluating that is called as reviewing that is one dimension of corporate development audit and apprisal
detailed examination of corporate goals against resources used suggesting future action so what is the goal which is
seted is it properly being followed or not what are the resources which are utilized till enough to uh to follow
that particular goal and if there are any suggestive actions to be taken so there will not be any failures in the
future that part is called as apprisal so these are the four essential dimensions of corporate development
audit regulatory systematic check review and apprisal now what is the scope of
corporate development audit micro and macro perspective encompasses both internal aspects and
external aspects that we already know corporate planning and policy long-term planning that examines strength
weaknesses what that's what analysis we have isn't it strength weakness opportunity threat that will be
identified by doing this corporate development audit and that two is not for shortterm but for longterm long-term
planning that examines strengths and weakness in the relation to the environment corporate forecasting medium
and short-term forecasting what is the relationship between corporate plans and Industry T now if any company is getting
into any project it will not think what is current state of that particular project there will be something
forecasting there there will be budgeted priorly settled so what is medium forecast and what is short-term
forecast based on that also corporate development audit will be done to know what is the actual corporate uh plan
which is there and what will be the industry Trend in the future period analyzing that is also can be done in
corp development audit medium and short-term forecasting assessing the relationship between
corporate plans and Industry Trends corporate strategy evaluating of survival as a viable entity and Analysis
of ongoing strategies so what is the current strategy what is the future strategy and accordingly changes being
made as a ongoing strategies evaluating everything is a corporate development audit that is called as corporate
strategy corporate externalities external factors like economic factors technical factors
political factors social factors all these factors will influence the organization business directly or
indirectly regarding that evaluation and Analysis is also corporate development audit because corporate development
audit will include both internal aspects and external aspects corporate internalities which will be strengths
weakness opportunities threats for that particular organization so to know about all these is nothing but scope of
corporate development audit what will be helpful if we are doing corporate development audit
long-term planning can be done short shortterm and medium forecasting can be done to know about the corporate plans
and Industry trends that is a second Point third Point what is the ongoing strategies
what is the current strategy what is future strategy to know about strategy also corporate development audit can be
done and fourth to know about the external factors to evaluate regarding the external factors corporate
development audit will be done and to know about internal factors like strength weakness opportunities threats
regarding that also corporate development audit can be done so that is the scope of corporate development audit
I hope that's clear now coming to characteristics of corporate development What is the
characteristic of corporate development growth stage similar to human life cycle corporate development reflect growth and
decline success versus degrowth as there is a human life cycle corporate development will also have that stages
in life like introduction growth maturity decline we have that stages isn't it so
that is nothing but this corporate development will come in which stage growth stage corporate is being
introduced growth stage is there that is Corporate development stage then there will be maturity stage at
last there will be decline stage so corporate development is introduced as a growth
Stitch corporate development reflects growth and decline success versus degrowth what are the characteristics of
corporate development multidisiplinary teams require diverse teams with experience for comprehensive
audits if see for example if cost audit is being done who will do it CMA who is having experience in
analyzing cost statements cost records and cost related information they will go for cost audit Financial audit will
be done by CA who will have the work experience or uh knowledge regarding financial
statements and if any environmental audit management audit is being done then auditor who is related to
management or who is appointed by management company they will do the management audit similarly corporate
development audit has to be done by a diverse team members with different experiences to comprehend that
particular audit they have to know regarding corporate in and doubt what is internal what external regarding
corporate everything they have to know will one person entirely know regarding corporate no that is impossible
so for corporate development audit that particular organization will require a diverse team members which means each
one of the team member will be expertised in different aspects decision making planning and validation of
decisions are crucial for corporate development performance indicators what is
achievement what is failure what are inefficiencies and review process all these should be done in where corporate
development audit discussions rooted through empowered management Representatives
whatever development has been done till now whatever audit has been done till now that has to be discussed with whom
with the management and based on the expertise of or representations which are given by the management based on
that the audit should move on further process should be more so these are the characteristics of corporate development
audit so that is regarding corporate development audit what we have seen till now we have seen what is corporate
development what is corporate development audit and what are essential dimensions of corporate development
audit then we have seen scope of corporate development and character istics of corporate development I hope
that's clear so that is our concept three corporate development audit now evaluation of personal
development in this evaluation of personal development we are going to see how personal development will be
evaluated personal which means employees management directors regarding those things so employee development
strategies we have three strategies for employee development role of managers in employee
development formal employee development strategies informal employee development strategies I'm
sorry so yes what is the role of managers in employee development what managers have to
do delegation encourage employees by delegating the responsibilities rather than solving
problems for them so what managers have to do they have to not directly get an involve in everything they have to
assign the duties and responsibilities to the employees so main uh work of manager is nothing but to delegate the
responsibilities feedback provide harest and constructive feedback for employee growth if one manager is there and the
employee is doing work properly what will employee expect from management or manager they will expect the
appreciation they will expect some kind of motivation some kind of rewarding if that reward is not getting properly will
that employee be encouraged to do any work no so feedback is very very important as a role of manager in
employee development if proper feedbacks are given like in such a way even if the employees not doing their work properly
the feedback should be given in such a way that will motivate that employee see you have not done this work properly
this is the way of doing it try to do it in this way try to encourage that particular employee try to correct that
particular employee which will boost that employee confidence yes I have done a mistake and I have realized regarding
that mistake I'll try to rectify it from the next time so that is the kind of attitude which has to be bought by the
managers within the employees so that is a role of managers in employee development feedback development
opportunities suggest specific training and development opportunities if anyone you of you are working professionals you
will know in many of the companies training is being provided development opport unities like they
company itself is telling you to write exams telling you to take some courses telling you to take some certifications
give exams and try to take the certifications they'll suggest many certifications which has to be done so
that is called as development opportunities motivation Inspire employees to take a risk and pursue
rewards leadership attitudes what is leadership leadership is given as a definition or you can say
it is defined in our management audit leadership L is loyalty e is empathy a is accountability D is
determination and Duty fullness determination Dy fness any of that you can take e encouragement are is respect
s is selflessness H is humility I is integrity P Innovation both can be taken and P is Passion so leadership is
nothing but to have all these inly then that kind of qualities these all qualities should be included in one
individual then that individual will be called as a leader if he's loyal if he's empathized if he's accountable if he is
dutiful if he's encouraging if he's giving respect if he's having selflessness Integrity passion
about his work he's being Innovative with his work combining with all these qualities he'll become a leader so
manager should have the leadership quality so this all combining is the role of managers in employee development
delegation feedback development opportunities motivation and Leadership attitude formal employee development
strategies what are formal from the side of company training offer both General and specific training soft
skills and hard skills interpersonal communication public SK public speaking negotiation leadership skills these are
soft skills hardships nothing but technical skills like coding accounting system administration Etc so formally
how employee development can be taken place by providing proper training to the employees psycho metric studies
assessment capabilities for leadership roles try to make them motivate try to uh make them be loyal
enough try to increase the capability of that particular employee so mental capability
of that particular employee should be boosted so that he will be able to manage the leadership rules that is
called as psychometric studies so this is a form way of employee development now getting into
informal way on the job training learn from real work experience no one will come and tell you that you have to learn
this in your work no while doing the work you'll learn it by yourself that is in informal employee development
shadowing and mentorship allow newer employees to learn from experienced seniors coaching managers coach pro
missing employees for future roles like if you have done this particular project properly then you will be promoted to
next executive something like that they will be promising that is called as coaching managers coach promising
employees for future rules so these are informal employee development strategies so these are employee
development strategies role of managers in employee development formal employee development strategies and informal
employee development strategies now performance evaluation methods how performance evaluation will be
done annual performance evaluation can me done how SS employees against their assessed key result areas
KES so what is the main area in which that particular employee is doing very good what is the area in which he is
lacking behind key result areas that could be find utilize goal setting exercises to Define rules and
assignment establish a proper role goal for that particular employee based on which he will do his work and based on
that assigning work will be done to that particular employee conduct periodic reviews to T progress and make
adjustments as necessary annual review can be done aggregate feedback from previous evaluation so this all
combinely it is an annual performance evaluation yearly once they will check with regarding the key result areas
they'll set a proper goal based on the work will be assigned to that particular employee periodic reviews will be given
like when work is completed the work review will be given after that annual review will also be given so this is
annual performance evaluation orals some kind of evaluation techniques can be followed which is rating s skills
rate employee performance using numerical skill to identify top performance or 360° feedback can be also
given collect feedback from various sources like managers subordinates peers who are working with that particular uh
team members peers are nothing but who are working with us for well-rounded evaluation so 36 Dees feedback was
nothing but personally who are working with that particular individual going on to the managers directors supervisors
Executives and asking regarding that particular employees performance so these techniques can also
be followed management by objectives evaluate performance against
agreed upon objectives set at the beginning of the period targets will be given for employees isn't it based on
Target if it is satisfied then employee is performing very well if Target is not satisfied employee performance is not up
to the mark So based on that particular objective which is set Target which is set at the beginning of the period also
performance can be evaluated so this is regarding evaluation of performance development this can also be tell as
performance evaluation audit okay performance audit or performance evaluation audit you can call it in any
way okay so that is our fourth audit which is performance audit now coming to concept five
consumer service audit what is consumer service customer service encompasses The Experience customers have an interacting
with the organization so what is customer service customer service is nothing but what customer is telling
what is the experience of customer when customer is interacting with the management or the
organization how the services are being provided by the organization so what is the experience of that particular
customer that is called as consumer service audit including both business to business and business to Consumer
context so evaluating the experience of the customer when the customer is interacting with the management or the
organization that is called as customer or consumer service audit what are the key principles
respect for customer needs first what is a need of customer that has to be understood what is the requirement of
customer see if I need cost and management audit uh class and if I going to the management and asking regarding
cost and management audit class and they are giving me DT class what will happen what is my requirement that has to be
fulfilled as a customer I will give my experience as a good experience only if I get what I need isn't it so report for
customer needs commitment demonstrate dedication to serving customers always should be dedicated should be Innovative
bring new things to the customers so that customers will feel like yes these are providing us way more good quality
products so commitment should be there clear information should be provided provide relevant and accessible
information well- Tred staff ensure employees are customer focused and well trained Clarity in communication
communicate effectively with customers so these are the key principles of good customer service if all are there then
that is called as good customer service if the products are being delivered based on customer requirement if
commitment is there if clear information is provided Clarity in communication is there when train staff is there then and
combinely is called as customer service good customer service how we will get to know
regarding customer satisfaction see okay that something you have told regarding consumer service audit which has to be
done by the management auditor to know whether the management is performing good or not so in management audit there
is a consumer service audit that we will do okay so you have told that uh the relationship or the expectation which
customers is having review that customer is having on the organization to analyze and review uh to assess that is called
as consumer service audit now how we will know that that customer is satisfied or
not for that we have these things customer satisfaction monitoring so can be conducted use customer surveys often
conducted by Third parties to got satisfaction data analysis analyze survey results and feedback for
actionable insights collect data regarding surveys key performance indicators Implement and track kpis
related to customer service realtime feedback like collect colleague feedback and analyze Trends promptly so what is
the current Trend based on that Trend our products are being produced or not what is the colleague feedback
colleagues are nothing but whoever peers are there social media monitoring monitor social media channels whatever
it is there even if it is regarding product even if it is regarding any person everything will be there in
social media nowadays so monitor social media channels for customer input and response accordingly
so by following all these we will get to know regarding customer satisfaction isn't it so we can do customer satis
fraction monitoring by getting into surveys by doing data analysis by implementing kpis the realtime feedback
and going to social media what internal auditor has to do role of internal auditor when doing this
consumer service audit assurance provide reasonable Assurance over the customer services and
complaint resolution process so internal audit should
always know regarding customer service whether the customer service is provided properly or not whether there is any
complaint raised regarding the customer service that has to be assured by who
which auditor internal auditor has to assure regarding that utilization of metrics use customer service indicators
like complaints product recalls resolution times for reviews risk assessment include customer service
in risk assessment and periodic results if customer service is not taken as a risk will any organization will even
think about customer service no so that customer service has to be included in what risk assessment only then the
checking or uh any reviewing regarding customer service will be done in any organization independent Assurance
ensure controls are effective and in place ensure that internal controls regarding to this customer service is
there in that particular management and they are properly following and complying with that internal controls or
not cost of poor quality highlight cost of pure quality for product development opportunity so what is the poor quality
of the product based on that assessment also should be done who will do all these internal auditor should do to know
about customer service or consumer service so that is regarding consumer service audit I hope that's clear what
is consumer service a Now concept six audit of environmental
Pollution Control what is audit of environmental Pollution Control nothing but how company or organization
is doing any activity or taking any steps related to environmental pollution regarding that analysis is nothing but
audit of environmental Pollution Control a systematic documented review of operations related to Environmental
Compliance whether the com company or organization is complying with the Environ environmental rules or not
examines the interaction between business operations and the environment focusing on emissions legal constraints
and public perception so what is whether the company structure is focusing on emissions or not whether legal
constraints are being followed or not whether public perception is taken into consideration or not checking about all
these things and giving a documented review regarding everything is nothing but audit of environmental Pollution
Control what are the features of environmental pollution control or it role of management part of internal
control system to manage environmental performance so what management has to do in internal control system itself
they have to include the rules and regulations regarding environmental performance environmental impact
assessment predicts impacts before project starts whenever any project is being
started by the company before the project is being started itself what is the impact of that
particular project to the society to the environment that has to be assessed and predicted beforehand itself audits
assess existing operations systematic process organized approach ensuring replicability and comparability so what
is the organized approach uh to ensure that this is replicable to the environment this is comparing to the
environment systematic approach and systematic process should be followed documentation support findings with
verified data continuous review ongoing monitoring process regarding environmental performance should be
taken care of so these are the features which are to be followed for environmental Pollution
Control internal controls itself management has to include regarding the rules of environmental control before
starting off project itself they have to predict what is the impact on the environment a systematic process should
be followed everything should be documented and continuous review should be there these are the features of this
audit what is the major objective to check whether compliance is being followed or not what is the compliance
status environmental performance is being improved or not facility management assist with the facility
management increase environmental awar awareness across the organization risk management system should be enhanced
resources should be used in an optimiz manner so these are the major objectives of environmental pollution audit
environment Pollution Control audit what are the benefits of doing this
audit enhances Environmental Management System in the organization they are are complying with all the legal
requirements environmental laws reputational risk is being reduced risk mitigation if they're complying with the
rules the risk is being reduced stakeholders expectations if environmental controls are there in the
organization then trust will be bulled between the customers and stakeholders will
also uh Trust on the particular organization reputation brand Goodwill of that particular organization will
increase cost reduction identify areas for cost effective Environmental Solutions awareness and responsibility
increases employee awareness on the environmental practices and helps in decision making provides a database for
management decision so these are the benefits if any organization is complying with this audit of
environmental Pollution Control what are the stages of environmental audit there are four
stages pre- audit onsite or field audit post audit followup or review audit so four four stages first stage is pre-
audit before audit is done planning of audit collect background information and Define what is the main objective of
that particular audit what is the name nature of audit what is the scope of audit to Define all these preand
planning everything is called as pre- audit that is the first stage select audit team and develop audit protocols
onsite or field audit conduct facility tools and inspections after planning is done inspection will be done evidence
will be connected the the auditor will interact with the staff and workers employees who are working in that
particular organization he will interact and try to collect the information data and evidence that is onsite or field
audit coming to next post audit share outcomes with the management evaluate findings against past audit so what is
the findings which has been uh collected in this particular step will be discussed with the management that is
post audit after that at last they will track the actions for implementation and measure measuring the progress so these
are the four stages of environmental audit after environmental audit is done at last report should be given isn't it
so what will be the contents of report executive summary entire summary regarding the audit will be
given introduction and audit background regarding this step information will be given what is the
objective and scope audit observations recommendations agreed actions with Target dates audit criteria evidence
used all these contents should be there in where environmental
audit tools and techniques what tools and techniques can be used similar to the other audits checklist can be used
by the auditor questioner can be settled observations can be taken like frequent monitoring can be done photographs
Visual Evidence can be collected research background investigation to inform audits can be done so these are
the tools and techniques which can be used by environmental auditor or internal auditor when doing the
environmental audit so this is our concept six regarding audit of environmental Pollution
Control I hope that's clear now coming to Concept Seven audit of energy and utilities what is utility
audit what are utility expenses expenses for electric natural gas water sewer cost so regarding all
these is nothing but utility expenses so audit which is doing review of this utility expenses and to identify if
there are any billing errors if there are any savings opportunities if there there are any efficiency improvements to
check these three things in an audit process in a process is called as utility audit whether there
are any billing errors whether there are any inefficiencies or wastages of using anything if we could save any energy if
efficiency can be improved reviewing everything regarding the utility expenses is called as utility audit what
is the main objective of doing utility audit cost reduction identify if there are any errors and opportunity to save
the utility expenses process control monitor consumption and optimal equipment design so how the optimal can
be brought how the utilities can be utilized in an optimal manner how it can be monitored the consumption which is
taken how the energy is being consumed regarding that monitor can be done that process how we are controlling it that
can be done by using the utility audit so main objective is nothing but cost reduction and to have a proper procedure
to monitor how these utilities are being consumed and whether there is any opportunity for us to optimally utilize
that particular utilities so that is the main objective of utility audit cost reduction mechanism how cost can be
reduced ensure accurate billing rates from service providers are given maintain accurate consumption records
ensure that everything is regarding to Regulatory Compliance assess the age and efficiency of equipment by doing all
these or by taking all these measures cost reduction can be done this is regarding what utility audit now coming
to energy audit a system assessment of energy usage identifying Improvement opportunities for Energy Efficiency and
management so these are utilities now coming to energy audit how energy is being utilized in which way it is being
utilized is there any opportunity to efficient utilize this energy to reduce the consumption of energy is there any
opportunity to know regarding that to assess regarding that is called as energy
audit Energy Management balances energy inputs with usage identify energy streams and recommends efficiency
improvements why energy audit is being done so that energy is used in an optimal manner balances energy inputs
with the usage so if any energy is being utilized uh any energy is bought as an input then that should be utilized up to
the mark it should not be over utilized identify energy streams and recommend the efficiency improvements for this
purpose only energy audit is being conducted we have certain steps in energy
audit first collection of data collect a baseline data on energy consumption what is cost and what is production metrics
first data collection after that analyze regarding the data identify what are the trends
identify whether there are any inefficiencies if there are any areas for improvement do the analysis
regarding the collected data then after that implementation of Energy Efficiency measures short-term measures medium-term
measures longterm measures based on the uh Improvement area or based on the inefficiency based on Trend we can take
the implementation criteria if it is short-term routine maintenance Employee Engagement can be taken if it is
medium-term small investment can be taken if long-term significant investment which will uh change the
overall design of the process that can be taken so this is the stepwise procedure for energy
audit key functions of energy auditor what is the function which has to be done by the energy
auditor quantify energy cost and usage basically energy audit is done to know regarding the cost cost of energy so
what is energy cost how the energy is being used to quantify it correlated correlate energy cost with production
Trends what is energy cost what is production Trend have to correlate it identify major energy consumes and
inefficiencies identify the area in which energy is overly utilized whether there is any inefficiencies in energy
utilization that should be identified by whom energy G auditor recommend whether there are any further improvements if
anything can be improved if in any area there is an opportunity of reducing the energy those recommendations has to be
given by whom energy auditor so these are the functions of whom energy auditor energy auditor seeks to focus on
possible sources for conserving energy they can follow all these to reduce the energy usage steam generation can be
done steam distribution can be done steam utilization can be done electrical energy utilization total Energy System
diesel exhaust recovery so energy can be utilize generated from different sources from Steam from uh diesel by using
electric uh energy utilization there are many ways in which energy can be consumed in a better manner that can be
cons conserved so that kind of uh sources can be taken by the energy auditor types of energy audit we have
two types of energy audit preliminary audit and detailed audit quick assessment to establish energy usage so
what is current energy usage how we can save it that is preliminary audit detailed audit comprehensive analysis
for accurate savings estimations implementation plans what is current state of energy usage how we can save it
accurately what is the implementation plan a detailed review regarding everything is there that is called as
detailed audit we have two types of energy audit preliminary audit and detailed audit so that is regarding
utility audit and energy audit these two are different when it comes to audit okay utility audit what we have seen
regarding what is utility audit what are the objectives of utility audit and how the cost reduction can be uh taken by
using some Mechanics for utility audit this much only we have seen for utility audit when it comes to energy audit what
is energy audit we have seen and what are steps in energy audit what are the types of energy audit when energy
auditor is coming to do the energy audit what are the functions to be followed by that energy auditor that all also we
have C so that is our concept S I hope that's clear to you now coming to concept8 productivity audit or
efficiency audit when it comes to here energy audit and utility audit so these are two audits but here productivity
audit or efficiency audit both are same what is productivity it is a ratio of output to input so what is input what is
output ratio between input and output is called as productivity what is output goods or
services what is input men material machine land Capital energy organization whatever it is putting that is input to
get output which is goods or services so ratio between input and output is called as productivity
expression of productivity how productivity can be expressed raw material output per unit of raw material
raw material per unit of output electricity output per unit of electricity direct labor measured in
terms of number of direct labors man hours value of wages plant and machiner capacity utilization as a percentage of
installed capacity cap capital employed profit as a percentage of capit Capital employed
so these are nothing but how we going to measure it how productivity can be expressed now we have seen what is
productivity and how it will be expressed now productivity audit Critical examination of various
efficiency ratios efficiency ratio is actual production in terms of standard hours to
actual hours work what is efficiency ratio so what is standard hours what is actual hours actual production in terms
of standard hours to actual hours that is called as efficiency ratio activity ratio is actual production in terms of
standard hours budgeted this you already have seen in SC standard costing so efficiency rati activity ratio
examination of efficiency ratios is called as productivity audit what is the main objective of productivity audit to
scrutinize standards and actual performance so what is standard what is actual to scrutinize and to ensure that
both are equally matching something like that to evaluate productivity so that is a main objective of the productivity
audit what are the limitations or problems in productivity audit diverse measurement units Factor inputs have
different units are yeah Tech productivity like we have seen it can be expressed in many ways so diverse
measurement units are there it is not a standard unit like productivity is measured only in terms of rupees only in
terms of units we cannot tell like that because it has many measurement units interdependent of inputs always
productivity cannot be independent it is dependent on something input like if we are calculating productivity based on
labor it is dependent on labor if it is productivity is expressed as a Machinery then it is uh in dependent on Machinery
so different inputs like labor M materials Machinery are closely interrelated comp comp comp complicating
measurement so always inputs are interdependent to know what is the productivity complexity of
simultaneous equations subjectivity in dver deriving Solutions a unique mathematical solution is
challenging we cannot get into more mathematics in cost auditing or management auditing so when productivity
is being done this efficiency ratio actual ratio standards actuals in that mathematical formulas it will be like
mathematical formula isn't it so more mathematical related cannot be uh easily understand it will be way more complex
so that is a limitation of productivity audit so this is regarding productivity and productivity audit so we have seen
what is productivity how it will be expressed and what is productivity what are its objectives and what are its
limitations that is our concept eight regarding productivity audit I hope that's clear to you now com to concept n
proprietary audit what is proprietary which meets the test of
public interest so what is proprietary proprietary is nothing but the word proprietary is defined by Coler as that
which means the test of public interest so whoever is doing
work in related to or in terms of public interest that is called as proprietary proprietary audit seeks to ensure that
the planned expenditure would yield the optimum returns and there is no other better alternative available so what is
proprietary audit main objective to ensure that whatever planned expenditure is there that is actual expenditure and
in no other way this planned expenditure or actual expenditure could be reduced that is called as proprietary
audit ensure that planned expenditure would yield Optimum returns so this is the planned expenditure this is the
actual expenditure and this is the return which we are deriving from that there is no other way that the return
which is going to be get derived is going to change there's no other better
alternative available so ensuring that is called as proprietary audit it seeks to ensure that the expenditure is not
only appropriate circumstances of each case but also has indeed achieved the objective for which it has been incurred
so proprietary audit not only ensures that planned expenditures are having optimal returns but also it
ensures that expenditure is not related to any one particular case but it is related to the entire overall objective
of the that particular organization so it seeks to ensure that expenditure is not only appropriate to that particular
case but also has indeed achieved the objectives for which it has been incurred so what is the main purpose for
which that expenditure has been incurred is that fulfilled or not to know and to ensure regarding that is called as
proprietary audit see first what is proprietary audit proprietary audit is ensuring or
evaluating whether planned expenditure is there whether planned expenditure is marting with actual expenditure and this
planned expenditure is yielding the optimal returns or not that is proprietary audit and proprietary audit
not only ensures that this expenditure has been incurred for that particular case only or not but also whatever the
result which we are getting or the main objective for which that expenditure has been incurred that objective is
fulfilled or not that will also be ured where in proprietary audit whether the main objective for which this
expenditure has been incurred is it fulfilled or not regarding that insurance is also done in proprietary
audit so how assessment of proprietary audit will be done check for lack of coordination leading
to waste whether there is any lack of coordination checking regarding that can be done identify any ongoing losses
whether only losses or not identifying that can be done analyze performance against similar schemes how performance
is there for our scheme and same similar scheme is there for another organization how performance is there in that
particular organization analyzing it putting a benchmark for it SS if physical targets are met on time or not
verify if expenditure objectives were achieved or not these are the assessment criteria So based on all these things
assessment can be done for proprietary audit what are its limitations decision making will be delayed scrutiny May
hinder switch Swift decision making why decision making will be delayed in proprietary audit
because in proprietary audit we are taking the decision based on planned expenditure so what is the planned
expenditure what is optimal return returns based on that we are taking the decision so we have to wait till the
planned expenditure is actually expended so decision is getting delayed isn't it decision making delays compliance
constraints ru tools may limit innovative solutions and achievement of objectives so what is expenditure based
on that only the decision for proprietary audit can be taken innovative solutions cannot be
bought like we are taking for another audits because it is already pre-planned this is budgeted that is actual based on
this only you have to take the decision we cannot go for any other changes in middle of the audit so compliance
constraint is also there timeliness delayed report reduce their usefulness especially post loss after loss is there
report is given what is use of it no use of it so if report is delayed decision will be delayed so the usefulness of
report will also be go waste so these are the limitations of what proprietary
audit now forms of organizations benefiting from proprietor audit what are the kinds of organizations which
will benefit from proprietary audit government companies audit of government companies
will be done by whom controller and auditor general of India private companies Chartered Accountants cost
accountants who are conducting Financial or cost audits under companies act for them for private companies proprietary
audit can be done limited companies for limited companies also proprietary audit can be done so which kind of
organizations will get benefited from proprietary audit government companies private companies and limited companies
public limited companies so that is regarding proprietary
audit I hope that's clear now coming to CSR audit corporate social responsibility audit whatever you have
in your company law regarding the CSR same thing is there here why is there Sr audit has to be done because there is
something called as schedule 7 whether that compan is complying with that schedule 7 requirements or not to know
about that CSR audit has to be done in that particular company same thing is there here
also corporate social responsibility governed by section 135 schedule 7 applicable to companies who are coming
under that particular threshold limit of profits turnover net worth crsr is defined as project or
program related to activities in schedule 7 or undertaken by CSR committee as per company CSR policy so
what is CSR CSR is nothing but whatever activities which are there in schedule 7 regarding that programs and projects are
taken then that is called a CSR or if there is any CSR committee uh if there is CSR policy in that particular company
and CSR committee will be formed so whatever work conduct taken by CSR committee is called as Corporate social
responsibility what is the main goal of following CSR companies are expected to contribute social welfare and
environmental sustainability going Beyond just profit generation so why any organization have to follow
CSR yes so what are the benefits of CSR we have external benefits and internal
benefits what are external benefits a good positive corporate image Goodwill will be uh brand reputation will be
increased for that particular organization that is external benefit internal benefit is employee loyalty
will be there everyone will trust regarding the organization that they are following with the proper ethic
principles so these are the external and internal benefits if that particular organization is complying with the CSR
policy stakeholders disclosures what stakeholder disclosure should be given CSR disclosures aim to build credibility
among various stakeholders for employees to boost confidence in system anal analyst and rating agencies to enhance
the reliability of reports for business partners to strengthen the supply chain and for communities to establish trust
with local organizations so for these people to know about these things disclosures will be given as CSR
disclosures so in report the CSR disclosures will be given the our compan is complying with this schedule seven
requirements this much of amount is uh allocated to CSR policy that disclosures will be given in the report what is
internal auditor should be uh done what is the role of internal auditor internal auditor can contribute to CSR by
advising on CSR self assessment activities auditing CSR programs coordinating CSR report verifications
ensuring expenditures align with CSR objectives so what is CSR self assessment activities based on that
advice can be given by the internal auditor what is the CSR programs regarding that auditing internal auditor
can be given CSR report certifications internal auditor can do to align with CSR
objectives internal auditor can take so these are the roles which can be done by internal
auditor CSR audit program May cover all or any of the following effectiveness of operating framework for CSR
implementation effectiveness of implementation for specific large CSR projects adequacy of internal controls
and review mechanisms reliability of measures of performance and management of risk associated with external factors
like Regulatory Compliance what are these this is nothing but CSR audit program if any CSR audit program is
there then what it should cover it will cover regarding the operating framework how CSR is being implemented regarding
that details CSR audit program will cover large CSR projects how they are being implemented regard regarding that
detail CSR audit program will cover internal country control and review mechanism based on that also CSR audit
program will cover performance measurement regarding that uh requirements also and regarding
Regulatory Compliance every details and information will be there in where CSR audit program so this is regarding CSR
audit if any CSR audit question is there you can write everything regarding section 137 schedule 7 all are there in
our syllabus also but I have not included in this concept book because everything is already there in law isn't
it so this is different from law if any question for uh regarding CSR audit has been asked in cost audit then
what you have to write you have to write regarding CSR requirements after that you have to write this CSR audit
okay now coming to concept 11 social cost benefit analysis what is social cost benefit
analysis it is a systematic process for identifying evaluating and assessing the cost inputs and benefits what is cost
what is benefit of alternative activities to achieve economic and social goals what is economic goals what
is social goals how we are going to achieve it what kind of alternative activities can be taken Tak place what
is cost what is benefit to identify evaluate and assess everything in a systematic manner is called as social
cost benefit analysis as you have already know regarding cost and benefit doing any analysis that is called a
social cost benefit analysis audit am I fast okay regarding cost regarding benefit doing analysis is
called a social cost benefit analysis audit what is purpose of social cost benefit analysis audit to measure
expected future economic and social benefits from Project or activity so if any project or activities taken by the
organization what is future economic and social benefit to know and to measure that social cost benefit analysis is
done calculate net benefit from the project what is the actual benefit from the project identify projects that he
maximum benefit in relation to economic standards and social goals based on social goals based on economic standards
which type of project will give us maximum benefit to identify that also social cost benefit analysis audit can
be done basic requirements what are the basic requirements for doing this audit
first Define what is the goal of that particular audit then measure future benefits if any project is there what
will be the direct benefit and indirect benefit that has to be identified measure relevant cost what is direct
cost what is indirect cost what is imputed cost what is committed cost regarding all kinds of cost we have to
identify and measure present value calculation should also be done calculate the present value of benefit
because benefit will be derived after completion of everything cost will be incurred now but benefit will be derived
afterwards so what is the present value of that benefit based on that we have to analyze the cost and benefit analysis
okay so these are the requirements for doing social cost benefit analysis first Define what is the objective then
measure what is the benefit then measure what is the cost after that calculate the present value of benefit after that
we'll do the analysis for cost and benefit clear we have three techniques for
social cost benefit analysis what are three techniques u n o method theology little
and mirrorless approach Indian Planning Commission methodologies are these important these are not important okay
you can just write these it will be more than sufficient this is regarding social cost benefit analysis audit our concept
11 now coming to our last concept ESG audit what is ESG audit sebi regulates Securities and protects
stock stakeholders interest we already know that what sebbi will do sebi introduced
prsr what is brsr business responsibility and sustainability report so sebbi has
introduced first business responsibility and sustainability report to know regarding the
sustainability reporting now this business responsibility and sustainability report
which has been first introduced by sebi has been revised and replaced as business
responsibility reporting which is brr business responsibility reporting objective what is the main
objective of this business responsibility reporting to standardize disclosures on ESG parameters and sust
stainability related risk what is ESD
environmental e is environmental responsibility s is social responsibility G is governance practices
so ESG is nothing but economic social and governance audit ESD is economic social and governance audit so this is
the introduction of ESG audit how ESD has been introduced first sebi has introduced vs
after that it has been changed to brr brr is nothing but to standardize a way of disclosing regarding ESG parameters
like every entity is following ESG parameters or not regarding that disclosures are standardized in a format
uh in a system called as business responsibility reporting so this is the overview of ESG
environmental responsibility which means focus on min minimizing carbon emissions reducing waste conserving resources and
adapting echo-friendly Technologies environment everything regarding environment to control
environment to protect environment social responsibility involves how companies treat its employees customers
Community Society states that is social responsibility governance practices
concerned with corporate governance and ethics including bro board diversity executive
compensation and shareholders right so everything is governance practices so this is the overview of
ESG what are the merits enhanced reputation reputation will increase risk will reduce cost saving will be there
long-term value creation will be there if there are merits there will be demerits what are demerits High
implementation cost lack of standardization it is short-term Focus like if any environmental social or
governance practices are being done or audit is done that is only for shortterm no one can tell that our project will be
useful for environment for lifelong it will be helpful for social it will be helpful for customers for life long no
one will tell even if they tell no one will believe so it is for shortterm Focus that is a demerit
steps in planning for ESG audit what are the steps first identify their stakeholders who are customers who are
shareholders who are investors regarding stakeholders they have to identify First understand how these stakeholders
perceive their company's business activities how they are being involved in business activ how they are related
to business that has to be understood sorry identify risks and opportunities related to ESG issues develop a plan for
reporting on these issues as well as procedures for evaluating them regularly so first identify who are the
stakeholders then understand what is the relationship of that stakeholders with the business activities third what are
the op opportunities and risk related to this ESD uh audit that has to be identified fourth develop a proper plan
to know or to uh overcome these issues which are there in ESD so this is the stepwise procedure for ESG
audit what is the process of for for ESG audit first which issues are to be evaluated that has to be
identified when is the assessment being carried out and which period on time framework are being studied what is the
time frame when this assessment is being carried on this part describes how the audit will
be conducted third is methodology how audit will be conducted company should keep in mind that a good methodology
should have layers of checks background check has to be done regarding environment check social check
government check everything has to be checked that is third methodology four is to evaluate whether the organization
under audit have sustainable marketing Focus or not so this is the process of what ESG audit so that is regarding
our unit three in section B what is unit 3 management audit in different functions in this we have seen
different kinds of audits in management audit in different functions what are the different kinds of audit which has
to be taken into consideration while doing management audit so that is regarding our unit three from section P
I hope you have understood everything is this unit important it is very very very important one question from this unit
will be definitely asked in the examination see for example in one question paper corporate service audit
has been asked in one corporate development audit has been asked so one question from this is compulsory
compulsorily it will be asked in the examination so this is is important you have to learn for seven marks it will be
asked so write it down as a 10 points seven marks question it will be more than enough okay so that is regarding
unit three management Audi in different functions I hope everything is clear to you yes now we are going to start with
our unit four in section B management audit which deals with evaluation of of corporate image what we are going to see
in this particular unit is what is corporate image and what are elements of corporate image why for any organization
corporate image is important how they are going to measure this corporate image in any organization or entity
regarding these details we are going to see and after that we going to see what is evaluation of corporate image we have
certain techniques which is given in our syllabus in this unit uh techniques of evaluation of corporate image regarding
that concept also we are going to see and corporate image can be positive and negative why for any organization
positive corporate image is important how any organization can build this corporate a positive corporate image
regarding all these Concepts we are going to see in this particular unit in detail so let us get into our first
concept which is a corporate image what is corporate image corporate image refers to the perception of the
organization in the minds of stakeholders so what stakeholders think about the organization what is their
perspective regarding the organization and not only stakeholders public customers whoever it could be who are
external parties to the organization what they think regarding the organization that is called as corporate
image reflecting its reputation and identity so what is this corporate image directly it is replicable of the
reputation of the business or the organization or the identity of that particular entity it represents what
people Envision or think when they hear the company's name if we talk about any renowned company like Tata Vio t is what
we see they are big organizations they have better corporate image they have better Goodwill they have better uh
standards they have Better Business culture these are the things which will come instantly from our mouth isn't it
so that is the corporate image which they have buil over the period of years a strong corporate image can provide
tangible benefits if any organization has a good corporate image or a positive corporate image what will it benefit to
it will benefit to improved Customer Loyalty customers will easily believe and be loyal to that organizations they
will continuously purchase the products which that organization is producing even if it is a new product which isn't
yet launched into the market they the customers even uh don't have any idea regarding that product but even though
will believe that that particular product will be useful for them and they will buy that product instantly without
even getting into reviews of that product they will go and buy that product because that product has been
produced by that organization which has a positive corporate image so a strong corporate image will have a improved
Customer Loyalty sales sales will also become increased and he he and even higher stock valuation when sales are
becoming higher when customers are purchasing products of that particular organization on a continuous basis when
investors are coming and investing into that particular company when everything is working correctly in that particular
organization having profits good assets are there in that entity everything will lead to higher stock valuations even the
stock value will also increase for that particular organization so this is regarding a corporate image what is
corporate image what does stakeholders and public have perception or what they think regarding the organization that is
called as a corporate image a strong corporate image can benefit in three things one it will improve the customer
loyalty two it will increase the sales three it will increase the stock valuation
yeah so these are the three benefits which any organization will have if they have a strong corporate image that is
our concept one now coming to concept two elements of corporate image what are the elements of corporate image we have
six elements in the corporate image one is Core Business and the financial performance the Financial Health and the
operation success of the company will be a element of corporate imag see for example there are losses for that
particular company which means Financial Health is not that good there are frequent losses for the past period of 3
to 5 years will that company have a positive corporate image no when operational success operations of that
organization doesn't lead to success but leads to failure well that organization will have corporate image positive
corporate image no so Financial Health and operation success will be also a element of the corporate image isn't it
yes so that's our first point Core Business and the financial performance second brand reputation the performance
and the perception of its brand referred to as a brand Equity what is that particular brand based on that also
corporate image will reflect if the brand is lowest brand like cheapest brand then
that will have a different positive image different corporate image if it is a biggest brand which is mostly used by
celebrities business tycoons then that will have a different corporate image so what is the performance of that
particular product what is the brand value of that particular product or that organization will also lead to a
corporate image Innovation and technological Powers the company reputation for Innovation often
based on tangible achievements if there is any organization which is producing same
product from 80s till 2024 will that be a game Cher for that Organization no because timely timely technology is
increasing day by day customers or the public want newest products they are launching for new products and new
technology new techniques of production every customer needs newest products on daily basis even though it is uh daily
use product even though it is a luxury product they need a new one no one will take a repeated product yes if they are
very frequent with that product or very uh habituated to that product they can but not all customers will take the same
products till 40 50 years back isn't it so Innovation and Technology should upgrade on uh periodical basis with the
organization also if they are following the same techniques which used to follow in the previous years of 70s and
80s now techniques are also become very upgraded in the uh manufacturing industry indries if they are not
implementing new Innovations into their manufacturing process that will not helping help that particular
organization to upgrade with the newest products so this will also reflect the corporate image of that entity next
employee policies the company's treatment of its salaries employees and workers now there are many employees
working in that organization they're not getting their pay is on timely basis they're not getting any bonuses they're
not getting any incentives they're not getting any insurance policies nothing is being provided by that
organization will the employees of that organization talk positively regarding that sorry will that employees talk
about positive about that Organization no that they will talk negatively only because they are being
uh the victims of the activities which are done by the organization isn't it so employees what employees need they need
their pay on timely basis they need incentives they need bonuses they need increments on yearly basis they need
hikes if any of this is missing employees will give a negative review regarding the organization so how the
organization is treating its employees and and its workers will also reflect on the corporate image that organization is
holding next fifth point is external relations relationship with customers shareholders and the community like we
have many social things which companies have to do if it is any manufacturing industry then what is the
emission which they are having regarding that also they have to yes how the customer shareholders and
community relations are being maintained by the organization those will be treated as external relations so
external relations will also reflect in the companies corporate image and lastly
Market Trend public perceptions of the trends in the markets where the company operates as I've told you technology is
changing Trends are being changed on timely basis now when the organization is not properly following the trends
then also That Could lack in the competition world so these are the elements of corporate image what are
those core business and financial performance brand reputation Innovation and technological Powers employee
policies external relations and market trends so these all will directly influence what corporate need
now coming to the concept three measuring of the corporate image how any entity organization or company will
measure the corporate [Music] image corporations assess their image
assess is nothing but how they will try to know regarding their image through surveys similar to political polling by
selecting representative samples and conducting interviews they also rely on quantitative measures like sales and
stock performance how any company will know about corporate image directly it will be able to know regarding the
corporate image by sales and stock performance how the sales are being happened in the market if the customers
are purchasing the products and the sales are becoming increasing day by day then that means that company's products
are having a good corporate image and if stock performance the stock value is getting increased day
by day then also it is having a good and positive corporate image isn't it now other than this other than the
operations of that particular organization how will that uh organization will know about that
corporate image by conducting polling by conducting surveys by doing the sample checks up by giving the newest products
as samples how the public is reacting to those samples are they uh interested in this kind of products are they liking
this samples or not to by knowing by doing these all small activities they can get to know regarding the corporate
image so corporations access assess their image through surveys similar to political polling by selecting
representative samples and conducting interviews they also rely on quantitative measures like sales and
stock performance public perception a well informed public can drive sales and profits while negative or outdated
perceptions can harm the company's reputation so as we have already this uh discussed corporate image will mainly
depend on Public's perception if it is well informed public which means if they are giving a good perception regard if
they are having a good perception regarding the organization that will drive into sales and profits but if it
is having any negative impact then it will harm the company's reputation so if it is good the good will happen to the
organization if the perception is bad or negative then negative will happen to the organization so directly and
indirectly public perception depends uh the corporate image depends on the public perception so that is our concept
three now getting into concept four business and corporate image corporate image is closely linked to reputational
risk encompassing per perceptions from employees customers suppliers and the broader Community factors influencing
corporate image include brand names website design product or service quality timeliness in payments promote
Effectiveness so corporate image closely related to what reputational risk risk of your
reputation if corporate emerges positive reputation of that particular organization will be higher the risk of
reputational damage will not be there if corporate image is a negative way then there will be a reputational damage for
that particular organization encompassing perceptions from and employees customers suppliers and the
community what does they talk and think about the organization these all will depend upon the corporate image and also
what are the factors which will influence corporate image brand name reputation brand if if the brand name is
good then the corporate image will be good website design if website is in such a way that it will tell everything
about about the organization what kind of projects it had done in the past what kind of projects it is doing in the
present what is the benefit did they derive from all these years what is the Goodwill did they gain till now
everything should be there in that particular company's website website nothing but have to Define what does
that organization mainly do if website is giving all the details which the viewer needs then the website design is
successful if it is not giving the sufficient information with the viewer needs then viewers will not view that
website because they'll not know anything they'll not understand what's happening in that particular business so
website design will also influence corporate image product or service quality if products and services which
are provided by that organization is not quality enough then damage will be there for corporate
image timeliness in payments if payments are not given on timely basis then that will also affect promotion Effectiveness
if they are not promoting uh enough regarding their products or if they're overly promoting both can affect the
corporate maage so that is our concept four regarding business and corporate major in this we have seen what are the
major factor fa s that influence the corporate image what are those brand names website design product or service
quality timeliness in payments and promotion Effectiveness so these are the factors that will influence the
corporate image and next up coming to concept five evaluation of corporate image what is
evaluation of corporate image what does it mean evaluating corporate image what does that mean it means a a comp Le Lex
examination of various internal and external business Trends so knowing about internal Trends and external
business Trends to examine the trends is called as evaluation of corporate image involves a complex examination of
various internal and external business Trends steps include what are the steps in evaluation of this corporate image
desirable attrib compile a list of essential attributes for evaluation first we have to prepare
a list of internal and external trends which we have we have to prepare a uh list of attributes which we are going to
examine that has to be done first that is desirable attributes and next classification
organize attributes into main groups with specific qualif ifications like which uh thing has to be examined first
what has to be in a first place of examination next what has to be it has to be grouped into specific
qualifications weight assessment should be done prioritize attributes based on importance first it has to be placed on
a specific qualification basis next it has to be prioritized which should be examined first then which should be
examined expert involvement engage experts to rate attributes using factual data and Technical studies so if we want
we can take help of the expert opinions to know regarding the examination results summarization consolidate
ratings under selected groups composite uh evaluation present findings to the management comparing actual results with
the anticipated ones so these are the steps which we have in the evalu ation of corporate image what is the step
process which we have seen just now first what they have to do they have to desire a attributes they have to prepare
a list of both internal and external trends which is there in the business then they have to classify it into
specific qualifications then they have to prioritize which has to be examined first and which has to be examined
second after that they have to take the expert opinion regarding this attributes by using factual data and Technical
studies they have to take the opinion from the experts after taking opinion from the experts they have to
consolidate everything which is given by the experts which has been analyzed by them they have to consolidate all the
data and prepare a report regarding that that findings which has been prepared as a report that has to be given to the
management and management will compare regarding compare on the actual result and the
anticipated or expected ones so this is the entire stepwise the process for evaluation of corporate
image we have six steps in evaluation of corporate image Now concept six techniques for
evaluation we have five techniques which can be used by any organ ization while doing this evaluation of corporate image
what are those five techniques one is graphical method second is point method third is index method fourth survey
method and fifth is ratio method so these are the five methods which or techniques which can be used by any of
those who want to do the evaluation of corporate image what is graphical method to maintain updated graph s for each
evaluated attribute so everything whatever data information regarding these internal and external business
factors are there those will be represented in graphical manner that is called as graphical method Point method
assign points to each attributes based on the evaluation so it will be given in the pointwise index method compare
actual attributes with the estimated ideal indices what whatever estimated ideas are there that will be compared
with the actual ideas and then indexes will be prepared based on that that is index method survey method use
questionnaires to gather the information you know regarding the survey ratio method analyze events and Trends to
deserve to derive into the ratios so we'll analyze what is the event what is the trend and based on that we'll go to
the ratios so these are the five techniques which can be used in the evaluation of corporate image which is
our concept what are those five techniques which we have graphical method Point method survey method ratio
method and index method these are the five methods or techniques which we have for evaluation of corporate
image now coming into our Concept Seven benefits of positive image we have talked now regarding the
corporate image what are the elements of corporate image and what is the basic techniques for doing this evaluation of
corporate image what is evaluation of corporate image everything we have discussed enough now getting into
positive image if any organization is having a positive corporate image then what are those benefits which that
organization will get a strong corporate image can lead to attracting talented employees employees they themselves will
come to the organization that they wanted to work in that particular organization now even after completion
of your CMEs or if you are working professionals already and listening to this
class if any higher uh or reputated organization is there won't you be interested to work
in that organization like if TCS weo or Tata consultant uh Tata groups is coming to you
or it's not even coming to you you are searching for the jobs then will you not go to those companies which is having a
good positive image you will go isn't it so attracting talented employees when professional employees or
talented employees are there they wanted to work in this organizations which have a positive image securing support from
institutions and Banks when a good positive image is there in utions and banks will not step behind when it's
coming to support financial support they will provide the financial support throughout successful public offerings
of shares and debentures everyone public customers or whoever it could be they will show the interest to buy the shares
and debentures of that particular organization competitive product sales sales will also increase government
support for projects so the these are the benefits of positive image talented employees will initiate
themselves to come and work in our organizations there will be a constant support on the financial terms from the
institutions and Banks offerings of shares and demures everyone will show interest in buying our shares and
demures competitive product sales will be there and government supports our projects so these are the benefit which
we have for a positive corporate image and concept eight build a positive image how that company will build a positive
image now we know that there will be a positive image and the organization should have this positive image should
to get these benefits now how the organization will build a positive image organizations can employ several
strategies to cultivate a favorable image and these are the strategies which can be taken up by the
organization to build a positive image advertising effective advertising particularly through televisions can
reach to diverse audience go to the advertisement go to the television uh companies and
advertise quality products and customer service delivering quality and excellent service Fosters long-term Customer
Loyalty social contrib utions engaging in community development through public amenities and sponsorship enhances
reputation so even if the products are working good what they have to do they have to constantly come to the public
mentorships they have to sponsor to many of the other organizations trust support during calamities
humanitarian efforts during crisis are remembered positively by the public when any floods are being happened or when
when it comes to any disasters in the Earth or in the world what these companies have to do they have to
provide their products in free basis they have to give complimentary products to them in that case they will take that
company into higher levels they will think that they are very good companies when we are having trouble then they
gave our products on this this kind of calamities and crisis periods majorly public will uh think of the
organizations which could freely give them food or any kind of products which they want necessarily if you are
providing those kind of products then they will be in need of doing that isn't it so they will utili make use of it
properly so support during calami is also will help to build a positive image for the organization so these are the
strategies which can be used by the corporates to build a positive image what are those one it can advertise two
it can uh give good products and give good customer service three it can do social contributions four it can give
support during the calamities so these are the strategies which can be utilized by the entities or corporations to build
a positive image so these are the eight Concepts which we have in this particular small unit called as
evaluation of corporate major so yes I hope you have understood all the eight Concepts in this
particular unit of evaluation of corporate image all the concepts which I have included in this unit are important
for the examination so try to remember those six points or five points which I have given so it will benefit you to
write the answer answer if these questions are being asked in the examination so yes so that is our unit
four evaluation of corporate image from our section B management audit yes now we going to start with our
last and fifth unit from section B management audit which deals with information system security audit what
we are going to see in this particular unit is what is information system system security and how this information
system security is related to management audit in management audit why we are learning a topic called as information
system security and after that we are going to see regarding information system security audit there is it
security audit and then we are going to see what is the main objective of this particular audit what is the scope and
we have most important concept which is being frequently Asked in the examination from this unit is
it system audit uh approaches information system security audit approaches regarding those approaches
questions are being asked frequently and after that last concept we have regarding uh cyber security and computer
forensics that is also a very frequent question which is being asked from this particular unit so these are the
concepts which we are going to see in this particular unit let us start with this information system security what is
this information system security audit audit is nothing but independent review of doing something now what is
information system security audit it is independent review to evaluate system records activities and documents for
security improvements so whatever computerized documents which management will have what is the
management Duty or management responsibility management responsibility is to prepare records prepare
information and to store that particular information isn't it so what is their main responsibility their responsibility
is to prepare financial records cost records uh relevant information which is related to manufacturing process
production those information has to be collected that data has to be stored preserved so this is the main uh role
which has to be done by the management for do these preparation of statements they will have certain internal controls
also so this is the responsibility or work done by the management now if the records which are prepared by the
management if those are stored in electronical format or in computerized manner then we need this information
system security audit so it is nothing but independent review to evaluate system records and system activities and
whatever doc doents which are uploaded in the systems for what for security Improvement so that those documents are
securely preserved no unauthorized access has been given to those records or documents those records and documents
information is not uh in such a way that it could be easily hacked no one could steal that particular information or
data which is there in system computerized manner so to do all these is nothing but information system
security audit what is the importance of this audit the importance of this audit is to
protect against threats like hackers malware viruses and cyber crime so mainly to avoid all these four hacking
uh malwares or mal malfunctioning like we will have uh those walls isn't it even if we uh have so much secured uh
data or Security in our uh computerized way but even though there are certain uh things which could happen against that
those are called as malwares viruses or any cyber crimes to avoid all these four what we have to do we have to get in
with the information system security audit what does this help with it helps businesses optimize security designs and
processes so that's the so that these designs and processes are in securitized manner security framework a collection
of documents tools and resources guiding institutions on information security planning management and auditing so what
is the security framework the security framework is nothing but to the corporates giving awareness
regarding this information system security planning management and auditing that is called as security
framework provides a structure approach to ensure efficient security practices so for this security or to avoid all
these into the information or the documents records which are stored in the computerized manner all
organizations have to follow what information system security audit this is related to the management work so it
is included in the management audit it is a ongoing process security is a continuous and requires a regular
followup and updates auditing of information security is still a developing field requiring clear
Frameworks it is still developing we doesn't have a proper framework for this it security audit but yes it is into
implementation to avoid those malfunctions or viruses cyber crimes hackings in current period or in uh in
recent periods we are being able to hear many hackings cyber crimes which are happening in the outside world So to
avoid those cyber crimes in the current generation every organization has to get into with this information system
security audit so I hope you have understood what is it information system security audit and what is its relation
with the management audit why this particular concept we are learning in management audit because the main
objective or the main role goal of the management is to prepare the records and documents in the organization and to
preserve those documents if these records documents which are prepared by the management if those documents are
preserved or stored in computerized manner so to have a proper security for those we have to get into with this
information system security so that is the basic introduction regarding this information system security audit and
its relation with the management audit now coming to our concept two it security audit what is this information
uh technology security audit an IT security audit is a detailed evaluation of organizations information security
system so what is it security audit is nothing but doing a detail examination or evaluation of the operations which
are taking place in the information security system in the a organization conducting regular audits helps in
identifying vulnerabilities whether there are any changes whether there are any risk in the it security whether
there are any hacking malware viruses cyber crimes to check to identify all these we'll get into with this it
security audit conducting it on regular basis will help us to easily identify these
vulnerabilities within the it infrastructure verifying the effectiveness of security controls and
ensuring compliance with the regulatory standards as we have cost audit management audit this it security audit
is also a statutory compliance so to get into with regulatory standards or regulatory framework to comply with
those we have to do it security audit what are the benefits we have if if organization is doing it security
audit what are the benefits which that organization will get as we have already told it could identify vulnerabilities
the audit helps to detect if there are any weakness in the hardware software Network and data center so if there are
any weakness any risk any threats that will be easily be identified eliminate unnecessary tools it highlights any
redundant tools or processes that do not contribute to the security see while getting into this it security we will
Implement many processes we'll take into certain techniques which could be helpful which couldn't be helpful by
implementing only we'll get to know whether these technique is useful or not so we have to implement all the
techniques we have to implement all the processes now after implementation some processes might work some process might
not work so eliminating that also is very important isn't it now which kind of processes are not uh related to this
security or not helping with the security to identify those processes this it security audit will help us so
by identifying what are the process which are not contributing to the security that will be identified by it
security audit which will help us to eliminate those processes from the entire
system strengthen defenses it assess the company's ability to handle security threats and recover from incidents like
system outrages or data breaches it will allow to handle security threats and also if there are any incidents like
system outrage like if system is in downfall or any breakdown in system has happened to uh come out with that also
it Security will help us and if any data breaches happen in that case also it security audit will help us addresses
flow flaws if vulnerabilities are found the audit suggests concrete steps to fix them it will not only help us to
identify what are the vulner vulnerabilities but also it security audit will give us certain strategies to
cover up this vulnerabilities also to get to solve these vulnerabilities also so these are the four main benefits or
advantages which will be there for the organization if they are following what it security
audit now compliance Assurance many organizations are required by laws and regulations to conduct the it security
audit now management audit is it mandatory requirement no it is not mandatory
requirement it is not a compliance tool that all organizations have to comply it no matter what no management audit could
be done may not be done it is not a compliance tool now when it comes to it security audit as required by laws and
regulations to conduct the it security audit these audits ensure that data handling process meet legal standards
concerning the collection usage retention and disposal of the sensitive data now management audit is not a
compliance tool but if in any organization it security audit is there then directly or indirectly they have to
do the management audit also so it security audit is a mandatory law and Regulatory requirement but management
audit is not a mandatory requirement that is regarding the compliance
Assurance types of it security audit we have around two types of it security audit what are those two types one is
internal audit and second is compliance audit what is internal audit internal audit is conducted by internal teams to
assess overall security posture and ensure the compliance whether all the Securities are in proper place or not
whether they are being able to detect these hackings or any cyber crimes or not to know that it is internal audit
and also to ensure that every Everything is as per compliance to the laws and
regulations or not so checking this both things whether the overall security is in posture and to ensure the compliance
for this both we will do the internal audit when it comes to compliance audit often carried out by certified third
party Auditors to verify compliance with specific laws and regulations so compliance audit will be done by whom by
certified third party auditor so so these are the two types of it security audit which we have which are internal
audit and compliance audit now getting into our concept three which talks about steps in security
audit we have around five steps in security audit what are those first step is to define the objective set a clear
goal for the audit ensuring that they align with the company's overall objective before getting into any audit
it could be cost audit it could be management audit it could be internal audit it could be statutory audit what
is the main first step it is the first step is to define the goal of that particular audit what they are going to
find out in that in that particular audit what they're going to examine what they are going to verify what they are
going to find out in the audit that is the objective of the audit so defining the objective
for what the Auditors are going to work is called as uh objective set clear goals for the audit
ensuring that they align with the company's overall objective is the first step second step to plan the audit
Define the roles and responsibilities of the auditing team management and it Administration Next plan the schedules
tools to be used monitoring and Reporting tools and Logistics like taking equipment offline for inspection
document and share the audit plan to ensure that all staff members understand the process so entire planning of audit
has to be done in the Second Step third step performing the audit work how they are going to perform conduct scans and
assessment of it resources such as file sharing Services database servers and SAS
applications so first is nothing but to conduct a scans of the uh it it resources and then they have to check
network security user across levels and system configurations so performing the audit work is nothing but doing the
verification or doing the examination isn't it first examination they have to conduct the scans regarding the it
resources whether the resources are in proper way or not that has to be checked after that they have to check the
network security who are the users who can have the easy access to the all levels system configurations regarding
that has to be checked perform a physical inspection of the data center for disaster recovery measures whether
they are following this disaster recovery measures like if there are any fire floods whether the backup is
provided in the data centers or not regarding that physical inspection should be done interview non it
employees to assess their understanding of security policies and procedures directly go oneon-one and interview the
it employees whether they are being able to understand the policies and procedures which are taken by the
management ining this it security audit so these are the four uh steps or four uh points which we have in performing
the audit work and then report the results create formal report for stakeholders or or regulatory agencies
that highlights any detected vulnerable vulnerabilities or risk so after performing the audit what they
have to do they have to prepare a proper report what will be there in that particular report if they have find or
found any vulnerabilities if they have found regarding any hacking if they have found
regarding any cyber crime regarding any risk which could happen in the future regarding all those information and data
should be there in where in the report and that report should be given to the stakeholders or regulatory authorities
include recommendations for mitigating the identified risk if any risk has been identified not only reporting the risk
is important but also to recommend certain steps to mitigate this risk is also a duty of that particular auditor
when giving the report for it security audit next take necessary actions as are last step implement the recommendations
from the audit report this could include fixing specific security flaws providing security training for the employees
implementing best practices for handling sensitive data acquiring new technologies to enhance security and
monitor risk regularly so whatever it could happen any of these things could include but fifth step is nothing but
whatever recommendation is given by the Auditors that has to be implemented into the IT security system by the management
so yes these are the five steps which we have in security audit what is the first step first step is nothing but to Define
what is the main goal of the audit second step is to plan the audit third step is to perform the audit fourth step
is to report regarding the vulnerabilities and risk and not only to uh report regarding the risk but also to
recommend certain ways to mitigate these risk also and fifth step is nothing but to implement the recommendations which
is given by the auditor by the management so these are the steps which we have in the security audit concept
three Now concept four what are the objectives of this it audit why it audit is being
done objectives of it audit first risk identification and prioritization what kind of risk which we have in this
particular it security regarding risk identification and also to prioritize which risk should be uh taken first or
should be analyzed first next which information should be taken prioritization is also important next
compliance with security policies whether policies and procedures are being followed or not whether they are
into compliance with the laws and regulations or not that is the major objective to check to ensure that
everything is compliance with the laws and regulations verifications of policies and procedures to constantly
verify the policies and procedures which management implemented security for it roles for all roles for all employees
giving a proper security minimizing computer abuses and crimes major objective which we have already
discussed to minimize or to prevent it from H hacking cyber crimes all these Improvement in security
controls also uh improving security control so these are the six objectives seven advisory role to the management
and also ethical and Professional Standards so we have eight objectives of it security what are
the major objectives risk identification prioritization compliance with security policies verifying this
policies and procedures uh security to it risk and monitoring this uh hacking whatever cyber crimes are that
monitoring them and also Improvement in security controls advisory role to the management to be this it security audit
should help be helpful to the management as if they want any advice they can take the advice from this it security team
ethical and Professional Standards so these are the main eight objectives which we have for it security
audit and then concept five scope of is audit what is scope of information system security
audit collection and evaluation of evidence nothing but collecting evidence or evaluating the evidence whether the
crimes are being happened or not information system planning and organization monitoring and management
of information system activities and adequacy of information system personal whether the information system
professionals whether they are performing in adequate manner or not to checking all these is nothing but the
scope of is audit which is information system audit this is the scope of is audit I
hope you have understood what is a scope scope is nothing nothing but what this audit will do what is the basic scope
entire thing which audit will be done it will collect it will evaluate it will plan it will organize it will monitor it
will manage and it will give the adequacy also for the personal like how the personal are working so doing
collectively everything is called as a scope of is audit I hope it is clear till con concept five now getting into
our concept six which is information system audit approaches this is very very important question has been asked
in the past terms so we have around three approaches in this information system audit approaches what are the
three approaches of information system audit first is auditing around the computer second is auditing through the
computer third is auditing with the computer so these are the three approaches which we could follow for
doing this information system audit getting into first approach auditing around the computer this approach checks
the output against the input without assessing the internal processing so what does this main auditing will do it
will do around the computer so audit will be done around the computer what is input what is output regarding that
analysis and and verification will be done without accessing the internal processing so what is output against the
input only will be checked regarding internal processings that will not be assessed it's preferred when the auditor
lacks technical skills when he doesn't know anything much about information system security then he can go around
the computer what is input what is output regarding that analysis can be done by the
auditor High Reliance is placed on user controls rather than computer controls if the auditor who's doing the it
security audit is more reliable on the management internal controls than this computer controls then in that case also
he can go to the auditing around the computer he is believing and he's being reliable on the management performance
that they will have a proper internal controls due to this internal control there will be no any failures in the it
security audit he has that presumption based on that his experience he is going to auditing around the computer the
system is simple with a clear audit trial low risk and stable operations how the system will how this approach will
work it is a clear audit Trail so what are the audit activities or what are the audit responsibilities that are very
clear he will only go and assess what is output what is input low risk because he did not get into entire internal
processing check each and every detail He he'll only go with the above thing which is low risk stable operations the
operations will be very much stable use cases bat system with the traditional controls like prepar
separation of Duties systems using generalized packages that are well tested and minimally modif so these kind
of organizations which utilize bat system with industrial controls or traditional controls like separation of
Duties and all they can go with this particular approach called as auditing around the computer what are the
limitations it provides no information on the system's ability to adapt to changes not suitable for complex systems
so it is basically going only overview of audit what is input is output so it is just an overview of the
entire system it security it is not going in detail and in depth so we cannot check regarding the systems
ability whether it could change to new things or not so that is a limitation of auditing around the
computer now what is auditing through the computer the approach involves auditing the internal processing of the
computer system so in this case internal processing will also be audited requiring knowledge of the systems logic
hardware and software what auditor should have auditor should have the technical skills to understand regarding
the internal processing how Hardware will work how software will work and how the systems logic will be there
regarding all these understanding and knowledge should be there to the auditor compliance and substantive test are
applied to the software and data to verify the Integrity of the system so they will check the entire Integrity of
the system everything in the system is being recorded as per the laws and regulations or not whether they are
complying with the everything or not regarding everything will be verified what are advantages it provides
deeper insights into the system as we are getting into deeper thing isn't it we are in this particular approach what
auditor will do he will check regarding entire internal processing which means deeper inside into the system will be
there increases confidence in the audit findings because everything will be analyzed so everything is as per data
valid data not an estimations any reports given by the auditor because he is verifying each and everything is
giving a report what is the disadvantage time consuming and requires technical expert expertise as internal processing
are being verified the auditor should have the expertise he should have those skills he should have those
understanding ability to get into this particular kind of audit and also as the auditor is going to check in deeper
getting into all insights internal processing everything will be checked it is a time consuming so that is a
auditing through the computer now auditing with the computer in this approach the auditor uses the
computer as a tool to analyze largest data sets and perform substantive test so in this in this auditing what will
happen audit will be done in the computer itself so auditor will take the use of computer tools and through which
he'll do the auditing the auditor retrives data from the system and runs queries using specialized tools like
computer assisted audit tools this is given as McQ cat stands for computer assistant audit tools
so what auditor will do auditor will retrive all the data which has been missed and he will try to solve all the
queries by using tools like computer assisted audit tools now these are some kind of common tools which are used in
auditing with the computer audit softwares like package program pre designed for data processing special
purpose program tailored for special audit task utility programs perform common
functions like sorting and printing so these are some kind of audit softwares which can be used and test data
techniques can be used insert sample transactions into the system to compare output with the expected results so
these are the common tools which can be used General audit software ACL can be used to uh audit the particular
records what is the major advant age of following this tool which is called as computer assisted audit tool improves
audit coverage and independence from the technical perspective saves time and provides more control over the audit
results so it it saves time it will give more control on the audit result it will be as per technical experts and it will
cover all the things what are the limitations requires technical knowledge to use effectively for auditing through
the computer and auditing with the computer the major disadvantage is that it will need the major
expertise for the auditor to get into this work so this is the information system
audit approaches which is audit around the computer audit through the computer audit with the computer so these are the
three approaches which can be followed by the auditor when he is doing the information system audit this is very
important concept please do understand it please do learn it okay now getting into our Concept Seven and
last Concept in our unit five and entire section B management audit also so yes what is this Concept Seven
cyber security and computer forensics what is cyber security the practice of protecting
systems Network and data from digital attacks unauthorized access and damage so
protecting the system Network and data from unauthorized access and damage is called as cyber
security it involves implementing measures and protocols to prevent cyber threats and to ensure the
confidentiality integrity and availability of information so nothing but to
prevent the data and the information from the Cyber crimes is called as cyber security Now what is computer forensics
the process of recovering analyzing and preserving data from computer systems networks and digital devices often for
the purpose of investigating cyber crimes or data breaches so to protect cyber crimes cyber
security is done two do the investigation regarding cyber crimes we use computer foreign six it involves
collecting evidence in a way that maintains its Integrity for the legal proceedings so to prevent and detect
cyber crimes we'll get into cyber security and after cyber crime is there to investigate regarding the Cyber
crimes will go to computer foreign six so here I have given in a tabular form what is difference between cyber
security and computer forensics this is important question has been asked in your
examination what is the major focus of cyber security to prevent cyber attacks and data reaches but coming to computer
forensics recovering any lost or encrypted data often related to Crime nature of work for cyber security it is
proactive aims to prevent incidences from occurring computer forensics react responds after cyber incident or dat L
to preventing before any cyber crime has been what is cyber security after cyber crime has been done it has been detected
to cover it or to uh respond for that cyber crime is called as computer foreign
six primary goal of cyber security is to create secure system and network to prevent the breaches coming to computer
forensics to uncover and preserve data often for criminal investigation so computer
forensic is mainly done for criminal investigation now Industries involved in cyber security broad application across
it system businesses and governments usually involv in cyber security coming to uh computer forensics mostly law
enforce M legal investigations and corporate data recovery agencies these involve in computer fores what are
examples of task implementing secure passwords setting up firewalls penetration testing
these are for cyber security recovering data from suspects device identifying digital evidence in the criminal cases
this is for computer forensics what is the approach it is a defensive protective and preventive approach for
what for cyber security cyber security is a preventive protective and defensive approach but computer forensic is
investigative reconstructive and evidence Gathering approach when will be applied before or
during a potential cyber threat before cyber threat has been bought only to prevent and detect it is called as cyber
security but after cyber incident has occurred to do investigation regarding that is called as computer forensics so
this is the main difference between cyber security and computer forensic so yes we have also completed
our Concept Seven cyber security and computer forensics by this we have completed the
entire unit five of information system security audit in our section B management audit so entire section B
management audit also so completed what we have seen in management audit thoroughly in management audit we have
five units unit one is basics of management audit unit two is management reporting issues and Analysis unit three
management audit in different functions and unit four evaluation of corporate image unit five is information system
security auditor these are the units which we have covered in this particular Marathon I've covered all these five
units in section B management audit so entirely in this uh part two Marathon we have covered section B section c and
section D in our syllabus and in part one Marathon I have covered entire section A cost audit so combinely part
one marathon and part two Marathon covers our entire 100% syllabus coverage of this paper 17 cost and management
audit I hope you have understood all the concepts which we have discussed in part one and part two Marathon yes uh make
use of everything if you have any doubts please do contact please do give in the comment section in the telegram Channel
and I will be there to address your doubts hoping everything has been understood by you till now all the best
for your exams we'll see you in the next video till then Happy studying bye-bye
Heads up!
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