Comprehensive Review of AP World History Units 1-5

Hey, it's AP World time. Get my chair. Hope you all enjoyed that. I know I did. It's good to see all you guys

here tonight. And uh we're going to be going through units 1 through 5 of AP World History. Your exam is May 8th. And

you know, usually we do these the three nights before the exam. They changed up some of the dates

and now it's, you know, all wonky. Uh but we're going to do what we can. So we'll be here tonight uh doing 1 through

5. We'll be here tomorrow night doing 6 through 9. And um couple things I wanted to talk about uh before we get started.

Yes. Yes, this will be posted after I'm done. Okay, so it'll be on the on the channel until, you know, exam season is

over. Um, so, you know, we get a lot of questions about that. If you see anybody asking that, you can just let them know

even though this chat is just screaming. Um, and slow mo slow mode is on. I don't I don't know. There's I'm glad you guys

are all here. Um, and uh want to let you know that um I will be doing uh super chats if you want to. Um, these are for

shoutouts, uh, as is my custom every year. And so if you want me to shout somebody out, teacher, class, whatever,

um, I'll do I'll do any of them until 9:00 p.m. So that has to be submitted by 9:00 p.m. where I am, Eastern time. So,

you know, you got to do the math on your time uh, zone. And but if they come in after that, I won't be able to to read

them. Speaking of not being able to read them, um, couple rules on the super chats. Even if you pay the money, put

them in. Uh, I have a marvelous team of moderators who are going through these uh before I get to them. Uh, so they

will be if there's anything, you know, you put any dirties in there, they're going to be taking them out. Um, and uh,

if you know, there's any like insults to teachers or anybody else or whatever, um, those will be taken out as well. But

I know you guys aren't like that. I I'm saying that for the other uh streams, so don't worry about it. But that's all. Um

I think I think that's it as far as um we'll try to go about 2 hours tonight um as far as the the review goes and then

probably two hours tomorrow night. And that's all the preliminaries. I think we ought to just get this party started.

But before we do, I you know, I know you guys are stressed. Uh exam is coming in a couple of days. Um this is for a lot

of you maybe your first AP examine. So let's let's begin also as is my custom uh with with a joke uh to get things

loosened up a little bit. So um I don't know if you heard about the this guy who had um had problems

with his vision. He was going for a walk one day and he fell down a

well because he couldn't see that well. Oh my goodness. Oh, that's so

that's so Stop it, you guys. No, that's that's so nice. Please. Please. Okay, that's enough. Okay. All right. All

right. All right. That was fun. Let's go ahead and get into it. So, uh, we're going to start with unit one and we'll

go through unit five. Each of these units is broken down into different big ideas. I'll tell you how many are coming

so you have a sense of where we are, but let's go ahead and get this party started in unit one. Um, all right. So,

big idea number one. In unit one, we've got six big ideas to get through. Okay. So big idea number one, Song China

maintained and justified its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy. Buddhism continued to shape

China society and the Song economy flourished during this period. Okay, so we need to talk about state building and

Song China. In fact, the whole first unit is really about state building. We're just going to drop in at different

points uh all over the globe and see how are they building states? How um how are they how in what ways are they building

states that are the same, you know, comparable to each other and in what ways are they different? Which ways are

they uh holding over things from previous um empires? Uh what are the continuities and how did they change

things? So let's just see what we can do here. So state building and song China um there are basically two sources of

strength that I mentioned already and these are considered continuities. Okay. So number one is confusionism and

confusionism is just a sort of a philosophical uh understanding of the world that is hierarchical. Okay. So

it's it's a hierarchical understanding of reality and it's a continuity because it was carried over from the Tong

dynasty. Now during uh the Song dynasty there was a revival of Confucianism during this period. Um and related to

that there was the expansion of the civil service examination. Um and so that led to a lot of order and stability

in the Song Empire and a meritocracy. Um so that you know people could secure bureaucratic positions based on merit

and not on birth and class and that sort of thing. So um so that was the first uh so

Confucianism you remember anything about China during this period definitely confusionism is a big one. Um that was

one of the first things that helped them build their state. Second thing is the um is the imperial bureaucracy. So uh

the bureaucracy is essentially by definition uh they're appointed officials and they carry out the

empire's policies in the vast stretches of the empire. And so you know again this is another continuity um because

the bure bureaucracy had existed for centuries but the song dynasty expanded it and through it were able to

consolidate their power um uh and rule. So we also have to talk about Buddhism in this big idea. So Buddhism uh in

China was the result of outside influence. Remember Buddhism came into China from India via the Silk Roads.

We'll get to that in unit two. But um once it came into China, it was itself innovated upon. Okay. So this is an

innovation um uh that we're talking about. So the Chinese innovation on Buddhism was Chan Buddhism or Chan

Buddhism uh which was essentially taking Buddhism and um melding it with uh traditional Buddhist uh or excuse me

traditional um Chinese ideas like like Daoism and so then Chan Buddhism spread from China to neighboring regions. And

there's an example of cultural diffusion from Song China. Okay. So now let's just turn the corner and go right into the

song economy. Now the song economy flourished. They were, you know, very rich. It, you know, China was the center

of the world. By the way, let me stop for a second. Uh I've heard from quite a few teachers that one of the persistent

uh misunderstandings that students have uh when it comes to this exam is that China during this period 1200 to 1450

was somehow isolated. Okay. that that that China is just its own thing uh you know in in the middle of that massive

land mass and they're not interacting with no that is not the case at all. China was highly connected to

neighboring regions um via trade um and uh and themselves influencing neighboring regions as well. Okay, end

of that parenthesis just don't get that wrong on your exam. Economy song economy. So it flourished because of

several innovations. Number one, Champa rice. H, where my Champa rice gang at? Let's hear it. Let's hear it. Um, if you

don't remember anything else, you going to remember Champa Rice. Um, so Champa, uh, Champa rice came in from the Champa

Kingdom in modern Vietnam. Um, it was a it was a a rice that could be planted more than once, harvested more than once

a year. Uh, and that meant more mouth holes could be fed. Uh another innovation that helped the Song economy

was the Grand Canal which was an internal waterway um which you know acted as a transportation system that

enabled China to become the most populous trading center in the world. And all of that and much much more that

I'm not mentioning uh gave way to the commercialization of the Song economy which leads us ladies and gentlemen to

big idea number two out of six. As the Abbasid caliphate was falling apart, new Islamic political entities emerged and

they engaged in significant expansion while creating the occasion for intellectual innovations and transfers.

Okay, so we looked at China. Now we're going to go uh across the continent and look at the Islamic Empire. So um as the

Song Empire was flourishing, the Abbasid caliphate was crumbling. And as that was happening, other Islamic states began to

rise. uh for example the Delhi sultenate in northern India or northern South Asia that's confusing um and uh so we got the

Delhi sultanate we got the Mluk sultanate uh in Egypt and you know into the Levant um and both of those were

different from the Abbasid. So this is an example of diversity in these state building um uh state building things

whatever. Um and the the difference the the the way that those two were different from the Abbasids was that

they were Turk not Arab or Persian uh like the Abbasids. So this was the rise this is the period that marked the rise

of Turic Islamic empires. Um but even though that's the a very different thing they did rely on many of the same

practices to govern their empires as the Abbasids did and so you know taken altogether these states formed a

cultural region known as Daral Islam. Now big big spread of Islam during this period and that happened because of a

couple of major uh pushes. Number one military expansion. Okay so uh go back to the Delhi Sultenate which we'll talk

about in the next big idea. Um but that was a a a a prime example of military expansion uh and the creation of an

Islamic empire. The second thing that helped the spread of Islam was merchants. So uh during this period

there was you know a revival of trade on the silk roads and again uh you know we'll uh more than just goods for sale

are being taken across these uh long stretches of trails. uh these merchants are actually bringing their ideas and

their culture and and diffusing that as well. And so one of the a good example of this would be in West Africa. So um

as a result of the spread of Islam there because of merchants uh it created literate officials and it also helped

the rulers of those states have kind of a religious uh legitimacy uh to their rule. Excuse me. Um and also helping the

spread of Islam is uh the Sufi movement. Um the Sufi is Sufi Sufis. Um it's kind of a like a mystical form of Islam. And

uh the reason why it was more able to why it was uh better able to spread is because it was um able to adapt to like

local forms and cultures and that facilitated that spread. Now going to be important for you to know that there are

many intellectual innovations and transfers that were occurring um during this time amongst uh the Muslims. Um

let's talk about innovations first. Uh you've got innovations in mathematics. Uh they invented algebra and

trigonometry. So you know if you love those then you're welcome. Um there were also uh innovations in literature as

well. Uh but there are also um intellectual transfers that they were responsible for. So um the Muslims in

Spain on the Iberian Peninsula, Muslims in Spain, they translated the Greek classics uh like Plato, Aristotle, those

guys into Arabic. Okay. Um and through that means they were able to preserve those works uh to be later sort

of like rediscovered by uh European folks uh who are going to use those in the um uh not the Enlightenment. What's

it called? The um the Renaissance. That's it. Um but we'll get to that later. Uh also they transferred Indian

mathematics to Europeans. Uh they also adopted and adapted paper making from China uh which would then be transferred

into Europe which would later play a significant role in the spread of European ideals uh or ideas via the

printing press. Uh but again I'm getting ahead of myself. So let's stop getting ahead of myself and go to big idea

number three. Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam deeply influence state building in South and Southeast Asia. Okay. So let's

look at how these faiths influence state building um in each of these places. So in South Asia, let's start there. Let's

come back to the Delhi Sultanate. Um in the north of the subcontinent there, it was an Islamic state. Um even though the

majority of people there were Hindus um and uh some Hindus did convert, but many did not. And that meant they had to pay,

you know, a a a tax called the Jiza. Um, and so many of these conversions were about social mobility um from lower

casts into into upper cast. Um, and you know, the the Delhi Salt Nate never really maintained an efficient

bureaucracy. Um and that was part and part uh part of the reason why they were never really able to fully consolidate

power over the various regions of India. So so in the north we have the Islamic Delhi Sultnate. Um in the south there's

the VJ Anagara Empire. Now this was established as a Hindu kingdom. But interesting story it it was actually

started by two brothers who were part of the Delhi Sultenate who had converted to Islam for social mobility and then were

sent to the south to claim that territory for Delhi. Um but when they got there they just was like yeah they

converted back to Hinduism and went ahead and established a rival Hindu empire. So you know that's nice. Um okay

so that's a picture snapshot of how it was going in South Asia. Let's look at how these religions affected state

building in Southeast Asia. So the Southeast Asia region was very instrumental in trade. So um that means

that merchants uh introduced Hinduism and Buddhism which became the basis for new kingdoms um and new empires. So for

example, you got the Shrevij Jaya Empire uh which ended in 1025 and it was Hindu um and you know because of its strategic

location they really prospered by taxing ships uh who are using their seal lanes for shipping uh and then you had the

Majapahit kingdom um and this was Buddhist and it also prospered by controlling sea routes and you know etc

etc. So continuity in how these religions shape societies, but diversity in that these religions, you know,

affected these different societies in different ways. Okay, big idea number four. All right, let's go. We're

cooking. Uh the various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief

systems. Okay. So, couple good examples here would be uh the Cahokia, uh the Mashika, and the Inca. Okay. But we're

just going to focus uh on the Aztecs. Uh so, the Mashika people, which later became the Aztec

Empire, they demonstrated uh continuity and state building with early American states, most notably the Maya. So, the

you know, they had this magnificent capital city called Tennosh Titlan. uh these had built massive monumental

ziggurats and marketplaces and had a population of something like 200,000 people. I mean it was a very

cosmopolitan urban center and uh significant to their state building efforts was the tribute system. Now it's

important to know that the Aztec Empire was a decentralized state. Okay, now um that's a continuity holding over from

the Maya. And as they expanded their control, they sent local governors to extract tribute from those that they

conquered. And therefore, the Mashika could exercise political dominance over distant lands without being directly

involved. And so that's a big part of how they built their state and legitimized uh and consolidated their

power. Um all of that they did carry over from the Maya including the practice of human sacrifice which I

would love to talk more about but alas we have to go to big idea number five of six African state building was

facilitated through participation in trade networks and religion. Okay. So how is uh how state building going over

in Africa? So let me just tell you about the great Zimbabwe. So uh Zimbabwe prospered because of trade uh because of

agriculture uh because of their rich deposits of gold and like really important to their prosperity was their

participation in the Indian Ocean trade network. Okay, again this is continuity that connected them to East

Africa to the Middle East to South Asia to East Asia. Um and so merchants had a big hand in the development with all

this you know intermixing of different cultures and languages. As they interacted with merchants that had a big

hand in the development of a new language namely Swahili which was a blend of Bantau um which is an

indigenous African language and Arabic which came from the Islamic merchants. And so again this is an example of

innovation. Now the capital city was the great Zimbabwe and it you know at its height it had like 20,000 people living

within its walls. Um and so and then it just sort of went away uh kind of mysteriously. But anyway, this is an

example of diversity like not not all states with in Africa were the same. In fact, they're very different uh from

each other. And let me just give you one example. Um so we talked about the great Zimbabwe. Now let's show how there was a

different kind of state in Africa uh with Ethiopia. Uh so this emerged in the 12th century and it was a Christian

kingdom not an Islamic kingdom. It was a Christian kingdom. Uh they built you know monu very well known for their

monumental architecture. These massive stone churches built uh that they built um which which is a way of those that

were in authority putting their power on display like who built that thing? Oh, I bet they must be in charge. Like that's

that's the idea of monumental architecture. And then Ethiopian Christianity developed largely apart

from Roman Catholic and Orthodox flavors of Christianity to become its own kind of thing. Okay, enough on that. Let's go

to the final big idea for this unit. Big idea number six. We're going to go over to Europe. State building in Europe was

characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies. Okay. So, religion is significant in

state building in um in Europe. Drank too much water before this. Excuse me. Um so, there's

significant cultural continuity in in Europe and namely the Roman Catholic Church. So, both universities and

artists were typically men of the church. Um but there was a strong Muslim presence on the Iberian Peninsula. So

there's some diversity there. Many of them were ejected after 1492 thanks to Ferdinand and Isabella's reconista which

would lead them, you know, lead to a revival of Catholicism in Spain and the impulse to spread um Christianity across

the world and we'll get to that later. Um but there was also a small, you know, but relatively influential Jewish

population in Europe. Uh although that also diminished after the reconista. Now in Europe as far as state building goes

uh it was characterized by decentralized political systems. There wasn't like an empire of Europe. There was lots of

little centers of power all over. Um and the organizing principle for that was feudalism. Okay. So feudalism kind of

organized society in a particular way. There was a a king uh who granted land to lords like the nobility in exchange

for their tribute back. And then the lords hired, you know, protectors, knights, uh, to protect the land and go

to war if necessary. And then the peasantry at the bottom of all, they were just there to work the land and,

you know, provide produce to the lords. Uh, and their lives were very much tied to the land. And so, I mean, basically

in saying that, I'm I'm starting to talk about the larger organizing political and social order uh, in Europe at the

time, which is the memorial system. Now the manor uh would basically what contained the whole village and and many

of these peasants many of these surfs lived there their entire lives without ever having left the manor. That was

this was how their whole society actually worked. Now last thing on this big idea we need to talk about

agriculture in Europe because there was some innovation there. Uh the chief innovation that we'll talk about here is

the three field system. So uh in this system crops were rotated through three fields. Okay. So, two of them were

planted, one of them was leftow, and then they would just rotate them. I know that sounds boring, but it was like a

massive deal because it enabled more food to be grown, more people to be fed, and that led to a population

explosion. Um, and that's it. That's it for unit one. So, that's exciting. That's exciting.

All right, y'all doing all right? Y'all doing good? I think I'm gonna read just a just a handful just a smattering of

super chats right now. Oh, stop. I know. I just I'm Stop. Stop. Okay. Thank you guys. You're too

good. You're too kind. Uh okay. Let me let me have a few of these

here. Okay. Let's start with Danny. Hi, Himler. I would appreciate it if you shout out the Lorettto senior class of

2025 and Mr. Dent Dentiger uh best AP government teacher and give a short sweet message for us. I love you guys.

Um oh by the way if you are going to put uh teachers and stuff in here uh super helpful if if it's you know spell it out

phonetically for me so that I can um say it right because I want to say it right. All right Chris Soul Himlerchan. Hi,

Nani Dauki. Okay. Yeah, got you. Parker K, hi. Wow, very generous. Thank you,

Parker. Um, Caleb Joe, hey, Himler, love your content. Can you shout out Mr. Lord Baron from Santiago High School? Feed

the family. Sounds like good advice. Shelton Shaun Skibbidy, shout out to Mr. Thomas in the sixth period. Also, your

Sigma. Thank you. Uh, Zara, can you give a shout out to my AP world teacher? Her name is

Michaela Schliker. Uh, say Schliker. Gotta like her. Schliker. Gotta like her. I like

it. I like it. Dom. Uh, can you please shout out Mr. Chapiga? He's a big fan. Well, I'm a big fan of him. Uh, Jaden

A1223. Shout out the goat. Mr. Sipco, class of 2027. Potato Man, I met you at Chipotle.

Remember me, Heimler? I do remember you, Potato Man. Uh, all right. Uh, one more. Uh, oh, Juliana, just super chat for

$4.99. Thank you so much. I appreciate that. All right. I'll get back to these, but I did want to start start working on

them. And I think it's about time, y'all, to get to unit two. So, let's go. All right. All right, we got four

big ideas in unit 2. Four big ideas and let's get the party started. Big idea number one, networks of exchange

expanded in geographical scope and led to the increasing interactions between states. Okay, so we're in unit two, but

we're still in the same time period as unit one. Unit one, we're dropping in on all the different states and seeing like

how are they actually building their states? How are they getting power, keeping power, expanding territory, that

sort of thing. this unit. It's the same time period and we're considering basically all the same

states again, but now we're really focusing on how are they connected. Okay, that's what we mean by networks of

exchange. So, um, did I already read that? I think I already read that. All right, so three trade networks or

networks of exchange that you got to know. Number one, the Silk Roads. Mainly along these routes, uh, luxury goods

were traded uh, for elite markets and the most prominent of which was silk. Um and as these trading routes grew in

popularity, many cities located along those routes grew in power and um and prominence because of their importance

to the facilitation of trade. Two examples here I'll just mention quickly. Qashqar and Samarand just remember one

of them and you're good. Um also the growth of commerce along the Silk Roads was facil uh facilitated by innovations

in transportation and uh commercial technologies. And let's look at a couple of each. Uh, as far as transportation

innovation, you had the caravan sarai, which was a series of ins and guest houses all along the road, so merchants

could stop and, you know, chill for a little while and sleep and be safe. Uh, that greatly facilitated the expansion

of those networks. Uh, as far as animal tech goes, uh, you had the development of yolks, um, saddles and stirrups, uh,

that made, you know, traveling distance much more comfortable and easy. Um and then you have commercial technologies

that were developed that expanded the the scope of these um networks and also facilitated trade along them. Uh

probably one of the biggest ones is the development of money economies and this was first started in China and the

emphasis here is that you know we're using paper money now instead of you know giant bags of silver and gold or

you know whatever. Um and that was that was a big deal because paper money is a lot lighter as far as you know weight

goes than silver and gold and that means greatly facilitated and increased trade. Uh also you had new forms of credit. Um

this was based on a on a Chinese model and some European states sort of innovated on this by introducing banking

houses. Okay that's the Silk Roads. Now we need to talk about the Indian Ocean network. So up till about 1500, the

Indian Ocean network was the world's most significant sea-based trade network. And the causes you're going to

need to know some of the causes of the growth of this network. Um number one, a desire for people have desires for goods

that are not found at home. So things like Chinese porcelain, Indian cotton and and pepper, spices from Southeast

Asia, etc., etc. Um another cause of the growth of this network were technological innovations. things like

Latin sales, the magnetic compass, the astrolab, new ship designs like the Chinese junks and the Arab dows and

those sorts of things that made uh that made trade much easier across distance. And then something else was the spread

of Islam that facilitated um the growth of this network. Um so you know as as I mentioned before as that faith spread

across Afroureasia it created connections and friendly friendly relations uh among all Muslim traders

throughout the Indian Ocean which you know it's like a warm welcome and facilitated

trade also uh you need to know about the growth of uh with um we talked about Samarand uh and and uh how the cities

that were located at strategic points along the Silk Roads because of that position they grew and expanded in

influence and wealth and power. Uh same thing with the Indian Ocean. Uh a good example here is the Swahili city states

uh in Eastern Africa and basically they were just acting as brokers for goods uh originating from the African interior

things like uh gold and ivory uh enslaved people and then and then selling those things to merchants who

showed up uh on the the eastern coast. And so as a result, these cities grew fabulously in power and wealth. And you

also had another example, the sultanate of Malaa over on the Melee Peninsula. Uh you know controlled the straight of

Malaa. And that because of that they rapidly um why is why is my phone going off? Thought I had that on. Okay. Sorry

about that. Uh salt native Mala. Yeah, they grew wealthy because trade. Um now, uh the effects of the growth of this

trade network. Uh number one, the establishment of diasporic communities. I would be shocked if you didn't see

anything about diasporic uh communities. Uh the or diaspora um if you want it like that. Um so basically what that is,

you know, a diaspora is a settlement created by people living apart from their homeland. They're all together in

this other part of the world. Uh and that's a diaspora. So you had Arab and Persian communities established in East

Africa. You had Chinese communities established in Southeast Asia um and and many more. But the point of those

diaspora communities was that it helped facilitate trade by making the necessary connections that encourage those

economic relationships. And then also you had uh cultural another effect was uh cultural and technological transfers.

The most significant I would say was the voyage uh the voyages of Jung Ha during the Ming dynasty. His purpose was to

visit all these distant places throughout the Indian Ocean and enroll them in the Chinese tribute system. The

result was that China significantly increased their power and their influence over the Indian Ocean trade.

And I think that's all I'm going to say about that one. The third big uh network of exchange you

need to know is in Africa the transaharin trade. This connected North Africa and the Mediterranean with the

interior uh and West Africa. Um now why did this network grow? Um well there was innovations in transportation

technologies. I'm saying the same thing over and over and over again. Innovations in transportation

um uh strategic positions all that sort of thing. So get that stuck in your brain fold because you're going to need

it. Um so here the transportation technology was the introduction of the Arabian camel uh and later really the

the saddle to ride on that camel. Um and the I've never ridden on a camel. I'm assuming it's more comfortable with a

saddle. I don't know. Uh but it was a big deal. uh and the effect of that technology is that it further increased

interreional trade and expanded the geographical range of those existing trade routes. Now by the 12th century

new empires began to rise in Africa and part of that was because uh they were spurred on by trade but also then

influenced the growth of trade and the most significant was the empire of Mali. So

um Islam was introduced to Mali in the 9th century and then during our period 1200 to 1450 that faith connected them

commercially to Muslim merchants across Afrourasia. The chief figure to remember here is of course our boy Mansa Musa. Um

he was easily the most powerful and influential ruler in Mali. And so with

the expansion of Mali's power under the influence of Mansamusa, he was able to further monopolize trade between the

north and the interior of the continent. And that increased the wealth of Mali and facilitated the growth of existing

trade networks. That's all for big idea number one. It was four big ideas in this one,

but they're a little little more beefy. Okay. Uh big idea number two, a major effect of the growth of trading routes

was cultural diffusion. Everybody's favorite kind of diffusion. Cultural diffusion. Uh so

let's talk about some cultural transfers as a result of uh this interconnectedness because of

trade. Uh religion. Let's talk about religion and belief systems. So as I mentioned before, Buddhism entered China

from its origin in India via the Silk Roads. But again, Buddhism changed while it was there. we talked about Chan

Buddhism um and then later that was exported to um Japan where it was adopted as Zen Buddhism and underwent

some changes of its own there. Uh so cultural diffusion um Hinduism and Buddhism also entered Southeast Asia

through trade as well. We talked about the Svijay and the Majapahit um uh states and then Islam spread throughout

subsaharan Africa and Asia as a result of trade and conquest as well. So we talked about Swahili blend of language

uh Arabic and Bantto language which was a language that actually facilitated trade. Um we had Timbuktu in Mali uh

which became an international center for Islamic education. And then in South Asia Islam made a significant impact

with the arrival of the Delhi Sultanate. Also there were scientific and technological innovations. Uh Champa

coming in from Vietnam. Uh I I probably said too much about that before. population explosion, more food, mouth

holes are fed, everybody's happy. Um, now this increasing interconnectedness led to the rise and

fall of many cities. And I got to give you an example of a rise and a fall. So, as far as the rise, I already mentioned

uh Samarand and Qashqar among uh along the Silk Road routes. Um both of these were centers of Islamic scholarship and

centers of cultural flourishing thanks to their uh exactly where they were positioned along these really busy

routes in the Silk Road. But then there was an example of the fall of a state and for here uh of a um city and here

we'll talk about Baghdad. So um as the Mongols came in contact with the Abbasad Empire in the east, they sacked Baghdad

in uh 1258 and that led to a significant period of decline for that once vigorous city. Now again more things you need to

know about this interconnectedness uh that this increasing interconnectedness facilitated travels and and travelers

and there's three major examples here uh Iben Batuda uh Marjgerie Kemp and Kempy and um Marco Polo but I'm only going to

tell you about one that's Iben Batuta um because his name just gives me great pleasure to say Iben

Batuta that's Okay, I'm good now. Um, so he was a young Muslim scholar from Morocco, uh, who, you know, over the

course of about 30 years traveled all over Darl Islam. Uh, and he wrote detailed notes about the places he

visited, the the people and the rulers he met and um, and you know, the cultures that hosted him. And the reason

why he's important is because I mean it's just interesting. But the reason why he's important is because his

travels were made possible because of those trade routes and because of the interconnectedness of the world. That

leads us to big idea number three. Three of four. Three of four. The increasing interconnection facilitated by trading

routes led to significant environmental consequences. Okay. So uh one of the significant effects of the increasing

connectivity in the world during this period was the spread of various crops and diseases along trade routes. So

let's start with crops. Um and you know just for poops and giggles, let's talk about bananas. Bananas in Africa. Um

banana was originally domesticated all the way across the Indian Ocean in Southeast Asia, but it was introduced to

Africa thanks to the Indian Ocean trade and led to the rise of powerful chieftdoms and larger kingdoms. was all

that from a banana. Um, and then same story with chompera rice in East Asia. My Chomper rice gang still with me? I

know you are. I know you are. Um, okay. So, spreading of food um into new regions can have powerful consequences.

Also, the spreading of disease can have powerful consequences as well. So, that increasing connectivity created the

occasion for the spread of one of the deadliest diseases in world history, the bubonic plague. also known by its

sassier name, the Black Death, which now I all of a sudden feel bad for joking about that. I'm Is it too soon? Is it

still too soon? What? Yeah, it's like two, 1800 years later. Maybe it's still too soon. Okay, that's it. Uh, let's go.

Big idea number four. Um, all right. All right, the Mongols created the largest land-based empire in history, which

facilitated further interconnection and interaction across Afro Eurasia. Here we go. Mongols, baby. Uh, now the most

important thing to remember about the Mongols is to understand how they created the condition for increased

interaction among distant states and the cultural and technological transfers that came as a result of that. But I

don't know. We want to talk about how they like, you know, put bodies in catapults and, you know, all the all

that's whatever. Unfortunately, for your purposes, all you need to really know for the exam is, I should say, the main

thing you need to know is how they facilitated connection and cultural transfers. Uh, so let's talk about that.

they were able once the Mongols took over uh the whole stinking con, you know, Afroureasian landmass. Um well,

not Afro really, but whatever. Okay, let's keep moving on. Uh they were able to facilitate

trade because they basically controlled the entire the entirety of the Silk Road network. can the silk road network

actually traditionally works best when large empires controlled their routes because they could provide safety and

continuity along the roads and you know no better example of that than the Mongol Empire and so you know as the

entire Eurasian world comes under the domination of the Mongols they encourage international trade and you know

extracted great wealth uh as the facilitators of that commerce on the Silk Road. The Mongols also led to uh an

unprecedented increase in communication and cooperation across Eurasia because like you know Persian and Chinese courts

often worked together across great distance by sending skilled artisans back and forth and exchanging

ambassadors and sharing military intelligence because the Mongols controlled all of that. So that

facilitated uh cultural exchange. Um but there was also we have the Mongols to thank for technological and cultural

transfers as well because of what I just said like because it was the Mongol policy to send

skilled people to various parts of the empire that transfer of people encouraged the transfer of technology

and ideas and culture. So for example, science and technology um you know the the authorities in the Ilanate region of

the former Mongol Empire, we're skipping ahead just a bit. Um they made significant advances in astronomy uh and

um astronomical tools. Um for example, they increased the accuracy of calendars. They improved tools like the

astrolab which then helped further facilitate more growth in Indian Ocean trade and that sort of thing. Um and

through these tools you know along with their massive observatories they were able to predict solar and lunar eclipses

with great accuracy. I mean the the scientific innovations and uh developments during this period because

of the rule of the Mongols was astonishing even though they themselves were not a scientific people uh to begin

with. Um the way that they were able to control all that land and and facilitate that connection led to those transfers.

That is what you need to remember. And that is the end of unit two. All right, do a few more super chats here. Hope you

guys are feeling good. Read a couple of these. All right, I'm at Lacy Kelly.

Shout out to Mr. Cruz. He's the best. And I've got Audriana Murin. Uh, which I don't see uh I don't see

anything here. Um, I think you must have just uh donated, but thank you. Um, Lorbius, shout out to Miss Prietto and

Miss Harvin from Harbor Fields High School. Uh, Podzole, shout out to Mr. Row Raul and his third period AP world

history class. Uh, Klouse 919. Thank you. Very generous. Um, hi. I'm writing a school article about my class and I'd

love to write a section on you. Could you answer a quote question so I can include a quote from you? Thanks. The

question is, what's your goal in making videos to serve students who are struggling to understand, who don't

believe that they can understand, and I just want to be their Obi-Wan Kenobi and just say you you can learn the ways of

the force. Uh, zero. Thank you, Mr. Heimler. Shout out to uh Mrs. Mloud uh for being

the best teacher I've ever had. A that's sweet. Uh Morsel Clash, Donahheimler, bro is speedrunner

of AP world history. I'm feeling that tonight. Uh Dylan Stricker, shout out to my boy Luke

Dressing Dress. Uh I'm not sure if I got that right. Tazzy, shout out to Mrs. Flora from Seven Lakes High School.

Fourth period best AP World and Euro teacher in Texas. A lot of teachers in Texas. That's quite uh quite a

compliment, Hawkins. Thank you, Hawkins. Uh Himler, please shout out our goat from Cambridge High School, Mark

Schuler. Hey, Mark. Schuler. Uh you're the goat apparently, and I agree.

Um Ken Benuelos, that's my last one. Kin Benuelos. Uh, low-key shout out to

Robert Kder. Robert Kder. All right, thanks guys. Hey, I really appreciate this and I'm glad I

get to to shout him out for you. Um, but we're here to review some things. So, let's go on to unit three. Now, unit

three, we're talking about land-based empires. We're moving into a new time period now, which is 1450 to 1750. And I

have a grand total of three big ideas for this unit. So let's get this party started. Big idea number one. Various

land-based empires developed and expanded through for throughout 1450 to 1750. Most significantly through the use

of gunpowder. Good night. The one thing you have to remember, I hope your teacher emphasized this. The one thing

you have to remember about land-based empires, gunpowder. Gunpowder is the thing. If you forget everything else

about, just remember gunpowder. Gunpowder is the chief means by which these land-based empires were able to

expand, consolidate power, all of it. Okay, gunpowder. That's it. Okay, but let me

try to get a little more specific. Let's talk about the Ottoman Empire. Um, all right. So, the the Ottoman

Empire, uh, founded in the 14th century. uh it was very small in the beginning but it grew significantly because

anybody the adoption of gunpowder weapons. So by 1402 a lot of southwestern Europe uh was under their

control and by 1453 the Ottomans sacked Constantinople and named it Istanbul. Why? Gunpowder. Say it with me. Say it

with me. Um now they were also able to expand because of their fierce uh military. Uh there was you know section

known as the Janiseries which were enslaved Christians who were converted to Islam and trained into an elite

fighting force uh in gunpowder weapons. So that was how the Ottomans were able to expand. Same story pretty much with

the Safavidid Empire in the Middle East. Um this was established in 1501 under the leadership of um and under the

leadership of Sha Ismael was made into a Shiite Islam Islam Islamic what what's the adjective Islamic dynasty. Um and

that's important to remember. It's important because that decision put it at odds with the Mughals and the

Ottomans who were Sunnis. Okay, they're all they're all Muslim, but Shia and Sunni, different sects of

Islam, and that's going to cause some problems um a little bit later. Um one of the later rulers, Sha Abbas, built up

the Safavid military, which included the adoption of, wait for it, gunpowder weapons. And just like in the Ottoman

Empire, uh the Safavid cavalry cavalry were not interested in learning to shoot guns from horses. So Sha Abbas

established an enslaved army which were you know in the very same way as the Ottomans they were you know enslaved

Christians conquered uh from that that were taken into the empire from conquered regions. Okay so you're seeing

a lot of similarities here with the Safavids and the Ottomans. Now let's move over to the Mugal Empire uh in

South and Central Asia. In uh 1526, a leader named Babber Babour um established the Mughal Empire

by displacing the Delhi Sultanate. Anybody got a guess as to how he did it? That's right. That's right. It was

gunpowder. It was absolutely gunpowder. Um so fast forward a little bit under the leadership of Babor's grandson

Akbar, uh Mughal rule covered about like half of the Indian subcontinent, which is like a metric buttload of land. um

and under his rule, you know, it was he was tolerant of all kinds of religious beliefs and w was actually quite

masterful about administering uh his empire. That's all I can say about that one. Let's move to the fourth of these

land-based empires. You have to know theQing dynasty. Um and uh this was an interesting one. This is over in uh

China. Now um during this period, Mongol rule is starting to decline rapidly. Um, and then a new dynasty in China was

established after the Mongols, the Ming Dynasty. Okay, we're talking about theQing dynasty, but I'm trying to just

like kind of give you the context. Always a good thing to give context. So, by the early 1500s, the Ming dynasty was

weakened because of, you know, divisions within external wars, all sorts of things, all sorts of things like that.

In 1636, the Manchu people of the north raided China, established themselves as the leaders, and began a new dynasty

that was theQing dynasty. So, don't miss this, okay? Because this is super important. Most of the Chinese

population were ethnically Han. Okay? But theQing rulers were Manchu. Okay? That is going to cause so much tension

later. Put that in your pocket. We'll come back to it. Now, um, as these land-based empires are expanding,

growing, it it was inevitable that they're going to, you know, clash with one another. And so, there's when you

talk about rivalries between these states, um, and I'm only going to give you one, and that's the Safavidid Mugal

conflict, uh, in the Middle East. And this was a series of wars uh, that was fought between these two Muslim empires

in the 17th century. And both had uh, conflicting territorial ambitions and also conflicting religious beliefs.

Remember, we had Shia versus Sunni uh, Muslims here. and uh that was causing an awful lot of tension and ultimately this

conflict led to several wars over the course of decades and you know neither of them could really claim a clear

victory. Um another example of these this kind of war is the Songhai Moroccan conflict but again we don't have time

for that. It's just another example. I'm going to go to big idea number two cuz I'm feeling sassy.

uh rulers of land-based empires gained power and maintained control by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring

the creation of art, centralizing tax collection collection, and developing large militaries. Okay? So, when we're

talking about I'm I'm going to be real with you guys. You don't have to raise your hand.

You you don't have to admit this, but when I say legitimizing power and consolidating power, I'm just going to

go ahead and bet that at least some of you still don't know what that means. And that's okay. I It's your journey.

I'm not here to judge you, but I'm sure that you're going to see these terms on uh the exam. So, let me just let me just

explain it up real nice for you real quick. When we talk about a state legitimizing their power, those are the

methods that a ruler uses to communicate who's in charge to say these are all the ways that uh they try to convince the

people that I'm the legitimate ruler. Okay. Consolidating power are are all the methods that um are used to transfer

power from other groups to a single ruler. So when you consolidate something, you bring it all lots of

things all together in one. So consolidating power are the methods that transfer power from other groups under

under a single ruler or you know a small handful of of folks. So the question is how do these land land-based empires do

these two things? How do they legitimize their power? How did they consolidate their

power? Pretty consistently across all of them was the formation of large bureaucracies. So the Ottomans for

example used the dev sheer system to staff their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals. And we'll

talk a little bit more about the other ones in a moment. Another way that all these empires did it was through the

development of uh military professionals. Okay. Um I already mentioned the janiseries and the

Ottomans. In uh Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate, the ancient warrior class known as the samurai were put on the

government's payroll and became salaried uh warriors, but mostly bureaucrats. Okay. Um, so another way that rulers uh

legitimized and consolidated their power was through religious ideas and art and monumental architecture. And for this,

let's just go over to to Europe for a little taste. Um, in Europe, uh, the kings there, the monarchs there claim to

rule by divine right, which means that, you know, the king or queen is basically saying, I'm ruling I'm like

representative of God on earth. like you can't oppose me and that it's very difficult to oppose when you know your

belief is that you don't oppose God. And so, hey, I'm the God, God's representative, you don't oppose me

either. Um, as far as monumental architecture goes, it's hard to do better than uh Louis the 14th of France,

our boy, the Sun King. He uh he used architecture to consolidate his rule when he built the

big honking palace of Versailles. And the way he did it was, you know, this massive complex and he forced a lot of

the French nobility to live there where he could control them. And so that meant less power for them, more power for him.

What's that called? Consolidation of power. Okay, get it. Let's fly over to the Americas and see how they did it

there. Uh with the Aztecs, they had the practice of human sacrifice. This is one of the ways they used religion to

consolidate and legitimate legitimize their power. Um, so during the human sacrifice rituals, rulers would put on

this massive display of their wealth and that communicated to the, you know, the legitimacy of their power to the people.

It's like, well, look, he's got so much gold. That guy must be in charge. Um, something similar over in the, uh, Inca

Empire, uh, with the sun temple at Kusco for them to facilitate uh, festivals of worship. Incan rulers built

this sun temple which again was another example of architecture. You know the the walls I mean it's magnificent. The

walls are covered in gold um and courtyards contained all these golden statues and so it just had a way of you

know just a guy passing by on his way to the grocery store looking at that going dang whoever built that they must be in

charge. Okay that that was the function of these things. That's legitimizing power. Let's go see how they did it in

China. Um, for this let me introduce you to our boy Emperor Kongi. Uh, he was uh aqing ruler and he used art to

consolidate power. Um, and remember here, take take that back out of your pocket because I I told you to put it

there and we're going to get back to it. TheQing were Manchu, not Han. Okay? So, they were a different ethnicity than the

the majority of the of the Chinese population. So, what's Kongi going to do? They they're all looking at him with

side eyes like you don't belong to us and we don't belong to you. Um so what Kongi did was he had these portraits

made that you know display these imperial portraits that put himself in prominent places throughout the empire.

And if you've seen them, hopefully you've saw them in your class. You know, he's surrounded by books which suggest

confusion wisdom. And you know, basic essentially what these are are Kongi's public relations campaign to the whole

of the Chinese population, the Honchinese population, saying, "Look, I'm a guy just like you. I I love

Confucianism. I I'm in the line of, you know, Confucian wisdom." Um, it was a way of trying to convince uh the people

that he was the legitimate ruler. Another way uh states uh consolidated power was through tax collection

systems. Everybody's favorite way of consolidating power. Um so in the Mughal Empire you had the Zamandar tax

collection system. Um and remember the the Mughal leaders were Muslim but they ruled over a population in South Asia

that was almost entirely Hindu. A good comparison with you know uh what was going on inQing China what I just

mentioned. Um so in order to consolidate power uh they um uh they put in this uh tax system in place that was carried out

by a group called the Zamandars and they they were elite land owners who were granted authority to tax peasants living

on their land on behalf of the imperial government. And then you go over to the Ottomans and they had something kind of

similar not near not not the same but similar uh known as tax farming. And basically this was, you

know, the right to tax the people on behalf of the empire went to the highest bidder. All these, you know, sort of

wealthier folks would would uh bid for the right to tax people and uh you know, whoever won that had the right to

collect taxes from a particular group of people and they would charge them a little extra, skim it off the top, and

they would become rich through it. Uh and that's why nobody likes the tax farmers. That brings us to big idea

number three. That's is big idea number two. Hold on.

Okay, that's it, though. That's it. It's just labeled wrong. All right. Belief systems could play different roles in

and among land-based empires. In some cases, shared beliefs bound people together. In other cases, conflicting

beliefs caused conflict. Okay. So, let's talk about belief systems in Europe for a moment. Uh, Christianity here. So,

since the first century CE, Christianity had been, you know, a shared cultural belief among most Europeans. But in the

16th century, we had the Protestant Reformation, which caused a fundamental breakdown of that unity. So the

Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther denounced the corruption of the Catholic Church um and wrote it all up

in his 95 thesis, nailed it to the church of the the Vittenberg door of the church, excuse me, and uh then it was

on. Um but there were a lot of reformers before Martin Luther. Um but the reason why this particular reformer sort of

spread like fire is because the recent advent of the printing press in Europe. So Luther's ideas were printed in bulk

and spread rapidly throughout Europe thanks to this new technology. Long story short led to a

major split in Christianity in Europe. uh split between the um the cath the Roman Catholics and now the Protestants

under Martin Luther and later uh John Calvin and Zwingley and those guys. Now the result was that various rulers

across Europe either remained Catholic or they imposed Protestantism uh upon the people that they ruled and so you

know this religious division also intensified often political division. Can you imagine religious division

intensifying political division? It happens and it has happened. Um and that led to you know a series of religious

wars in Europe until 1648. Now after the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church

responds with their own reformation known as the Catholic Reformation or sometimes you'll hear it called the

Counterreformation. Different names, same thing. Why do they have two names? Because history hates you and doesn't

want you to do well in this test. But you're going to you're going to the Catholic Reformation

uh you know introduced a lot of reforms. They heard they heard the Protestants were like, "Okay, okay. we we hear you.

There's a couple of things that probably could be changed. Um, and so they addressed them. Uh, and that was marked

a significant change, but there's also continuity because at the Council of Trent, the Catholics reaffirmed their

ancient doctrines of salvation by faith and works. Uh, the nature of biblical authority and, you know, like just a

host of other ideas that made basically the split between Catholics and Protestants permanent. Now

um there's also uh so we talked about Christianity there's also uh the Sunni Shia split uh in Islam uh that

intensified as I you know mentioned before with the the Mughal and the Safavid and Ottoman empires um but so so

that's another example of conflicts in religious beliefs but sometimes on the other hand interaction of belief systems

uh you know of all these different peoples produced new belief systems so for example you've got Sikism in South

Asia Um this was a syncratic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines. Um and uh and in

that blending there's a whole new faith that was different from the other two. And that's all I'm going to say about

unit 3. We made it guys. We made it. Yeah. Yeah. We made it. We made it.

All right. All right. All right. All right. Do a few more super chats before we get into unit

four. Um, okay. From Eric, please say Dom has the Skippy toilet

riz. Here we go. It's that magical time of year where you guys love making me say ridiculous things on the internet,

but I'm here for it. I'm here for it. Um, Antonio M, shout out Miss Rung from Pompano High. Liliana Cast Castana,

shout out my teacher, Mr. or Miss um, it's MX, I'm sorry. Uh, Sipco, please. Sipco. Um, Spike, shout out Mr. Cashwell

the Goat. Sophie, shout out Mr. Mrs. Brown. She's a huge fan. Well, I'm a huge fan of Mrs. Brown, too. Gabby,

please shout out Footbind Sisters. and my AP world teacher, Peter Cernac. Cernac, uh, he the goat and deserves

five big booms. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. Uh, Ace the defender. Shout out to the best teacher,

Mrs. Tullus B. Banana Bambi. Please shout out my teacher, Mr.

uh, Ihovids. I I hope ehoves ehoves I hope I said that right maybe. Um but I love you

anyway. Uh Martin Ambreeze, shout out to uh Lord and Savior Mr. Grande GBE84. Thank you very much. Um

Mr. Easley students at Walnut Grove High School. Y'all have faith in yourselves and swack this exam. Just whack it. Just

whack it. Um all right, one more. One more. Aiden Lopez, shout out Aiden, Alex, and Mr.

Morrow St. Cloud High. All right, thanks guys. Uh, I think we ought to get into old uh, unit four here. All right,

unit four. Let's go. All right, we have seven big ideas in unit four. Seven big ideas. So, let's

get the party started. Big idea number one, uh, new and updated maritime technology

facilitated trans oceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires. Okay, we're still in the period 17, excuse me,

1450 to 1750. And now we're we talked about land-based empires in the last unit.

Now, we're talking about same time period. This is all happening at the same time roughly. Uh, now we're going

to talk about maritime empires. Do not get this wrong. Maritime empires means sea-based empires. Goodness gracious.

There was a there was a I think a DBQ one year, I can't remember. It wasn't that long ago where it was about

maritime empires. So many students didn't know what a maritime empire was and just totally messed it up. Um I

would love it if they just said sea-based empires, but alas, they don't often show you that kind of mercy.

Maritime empires are sea-based empires. Okay, so let's talk about it. Um let's talk

about borrowed and uh updated knowledge and technology. So um so Europeans began borrowing from classical uh Islamic and

Asian worlds. Um various technologies that helped uh Europe kind of come to ascendancy during this period. Uh

technologies like the astrolab um which was borrowed from Greeks Greeks and Muslims. The magnetic compass which was

borrowed from China. uh the Latin sale which was borrowed from the you know Mediterranean trade network. Um and then

you've also got Europeans innovating for themselves uh specifically with ship design. So you got the Portuguese and

the Dutch making all kinds of new ships like crazy. Uh the Caravl uh excuse me the Portuguese made the Caravl which was

uh you know much a much smaller ship. It was very nimble, very navigable, exceedingly fast. Uh it had a

combination you know if you're into this kind of thing. It had a combination of square sails and latine sails. And the

big reason why this is important to know is because it had these had pretty decent sized cargo holes. And these

would carry the the Portuguese to to trade dominance at least for a while because they were able because these

ships were far better to for trading than anything else that was out there at the time. The Dutch had a little uh

innovation of their own. The Dutch flout. Okay. The Flout, also a big trading ship, except this one had a

metric buttload of cargo space, which enabled the the Dutch VOC or the Dutch East India Company to dominate trade on

the Indian Ocean. And we'll get we'll get more into that in a second, but for now, let's go to big idea number two.

European state sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and transatlantic contact with the Americas.

Okay. So there are basically three reasons that states sponsored exploration. Wealthb buildinging

uh spread Christianity and competition with other states, right? Gold, God, and glory. Gold, God, and glory. Why are

they going out right now? Gold, God, and glory. Okay, let's talk about them each. So wealth building. Uh these European

states wanted access to the lucrative um Indian Ocean trade. um and and with Southeast Asia and those states over

there. Um problem was the Muslim empires controlled the land-based routes uh between Europe and China and Southeast

Asia. Um and so they weren't able to really trade on their own terms. So that led them to seeking other ways to get

there via ships uh via the water. Uh also they wanted to you know spread that Christianity. So you know European

states tended to tie Christianity very tightly to their political structure and that meant there was a strong impulse to

spread that religion just as there was a strong impulse to spread you know the states territory. So those all kind of

got mixed up together and then glory um this is the other reason why the third reason why states are going out and

building empires right now maritime empires is competition with other states. Um maybe one of the chief

mechanisms of this was mercantalism. Um like- which I I'll I'll bring up here in just a minute. Um but the point is if

like if this is the way global dominance is going to be had, no one can really afford to fall behind. And so it's like

yeah, let's just get out there and start making uh strides toward these empires. So the first big mover in the maritime

uh empire game was the Portuguese. and they established what's known as a trading post empire all around um Africa

and into the Indian Ocean. Um now this is not like a traditional empire um that you would think of. It's like you know

basically it's just made up of small uh strategically located trading post all around the African coast and throughout

the Indian Ocean. They're not like establishing what you would think of as like a traditional colony, right, with

with people there. And that's what that's not what they're doing. They're just setting up these little trade

posts. And their goal in doing that was to possess a complete monopoly over the spice trade. And they came pretty dang

close. Uh they they did really well in the beginning. But then coming in to challenge them is

Spain. So uh the monarchs uh Ferdinand and Isabella um saw the the control of the Portuguese all around Africa and

into the Indian Ocean. And so they decided to sponsor Christopher Columbus. Um and instead of you know just directly

challenging the Portuguese by going through those routes, they they sent Columbus west or I guess I know Columbus

sent himself west um with their money um to in order to seek a new water route to facilitate uh Spain's participation in

the Asian spice trade. Now the effect of that was that it dramatically increased interest in transatlantic sailing

because um you know once uh once Columbus you know ran into these two giant continents

um you know the English and the French and the Dutch all all of these began sponsoring explorers to sail west uh to

find this sea route to Asia. Um the problem is they just they couldn't find that sea route to Asia. I mean, you

know, I don't know why they just didn't go down to the Panama Canal, you know, bunch of