Comprehensive Review of AP Human Geography Unit 4: Political Geography Concepts

geographers the time has come to review all the major concepts of unit 4 for AP Human Geography now just like our

previous units to start make sure you click the link in the description of this video and get the study guide that

goes along with the video you'll definitely want it for this video as we are about to do a whole lot of learning

when you get the study guide don't forget to check out the rest of the ultimate review packet as well the

packet has unit review videos for each unit practice quizzes study guides answer keys full practice AP exams F frq

resources important vocab list exclusive videos and other resources that can only be found in the packet all of which will

help you get an A in your class and a five on the national exam all right now that you got your study guide out let's

start by reviewing the difference between a state and a nation a state is a geographic area that has a permanent

population defined borders a sovereign government and is recognized by other states if a state has a sovereign

government it means the government has control over its domestic affairs and international Affairs a nation on the

other hand is a group of people with the shared culture history Homeland and a desire to govern themselves one aspect

of a nation is a concept called self-determination which is a crucial aspect of a nation's identity referring

to their right or desire to self-govern cultural groups and Nations frequently seek territorial control to safeguard

their cultural heritage and tradition when trying to remember the difference between a state and also a nation just

remember that a state is referencing the government and land while a nation is referencing a group of people with a

shared culture and history now that we've gone over the distinction between a state and a nation we can delve deeper

into exploring the different political entities that you will see throughout this course the first is a nation state

which is a self-governing state with a relatively uniform population typically sharing a Common Language culture and

history these states often possess a strong sense of national identity and social cohesion often due to being

geographically Compact and having a history of relative isolation nation states tend to revolve around a single

nation Japan Iceland and South Korea are all examples of nation states where the majority of the population belongs to a

single ethnic group another type of state is a multinational state which consists of multiple Nations within its

borders these states have various ethnic linguistic or cultural group each with their own distinct identities and

traditions existing together as one state while retaining their cultural uniqueness typically a multinational

state has a dominant cultural group that controls the state's political economic and social system today we can see

Canada as an example of a multinational State Canada has two main linguistic groups English and French each with

their own unique culture the Canadian government recognizes and accommodates those differences through government

policies that promote multiculturalism and diversity next on the list is a multi-state nation which is a nation

that exists across multiple States for instance the Kurdish population extends over turkey Iran Iraq Syria parts of

Armenia and azerbajan making the Kurdish Nation a multi-state nation one other example of this would be the Bas who

were located in both Spain and France both the Kurds and the bases are also examples of a stateless nation which

refers to a nation with a history of self-determination but no officially recognized State a stateless nation

lacks one or more of the following control over their political boundaries a government with a sovereign Authority

control over internal and external Affairs and recognition from other states now two other political

organizations that you need to be familiar with is an autonomous region and a semi-autonomous region autonomous

regions are located within a state that enjoy a certain level of independence from the state such regions have their

own government and are granted a high degree of self-rule and control over their Internal Affairs in other words

the state in which the autonomous region exists has limited involvement and interaction in the Region's Affair an

example of an autonomous region is the Native American reservations in the United States on the other hand

semi-autonomous regions refer to Regions controlled by another state but are only granted a moderate degree of

self-governance these regions may have some control over their Internal Affairs but the controlling State retains the

authority to intervene whenever they deem it necessary an example of a semi-autonomous region would be Hong

Kong which is subject to the authority of the central government of China as you can probably already tell there is a

lot to this unit and there's a lot of vocabulary in order to help keep it all straight for you I've included some

extra exclusive videos and resources in my ultimate review package that specifically f focus on reviewing the

various terms from this unit be sure to check it out after you finish watching this summary video all right now let's

continue our conversation by delving into how different political processes have been shaped by historical events

starting with colonialism and imperialism colonialism is the practice of acquiring territories and settling

there to exert political economic and social control over the area while on the other hand imperialism is the idea

of growing a state or Empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without

actually establishing any settlements during the colonial era we saw Empires grow and expand which led to the

diffusion of different religions languages cultures resources people and ideas around the world unfortunately we

can see that often times diffusion though did not occur evenly both ways the culture of the colonizer was often

imposed on the colonized population with the colonized culture being forced to adapt and adopt the culture of the

colonizing power we can also see how colonialism and imperialism contributed to the establishment of different

political boundaries that continue to be relevant today as European powers expanded their control they often

established political boundaries that favored the colonial rulers and did not accurately reflect the local cultures

and population this can be observed in historical events such as the Berlin Conference where European powers

colonized Africa and created boundaries based on longitude and latitude and what worked best for them instead of

recognizing the different ethnic linguistic and cultural groups in the region the goal here was to create

states that benefited the Europeans and set up systems that would allow for the extraction of natural resources from

Africa to Europe however we can see the resulting colonies and newly formed states often lacked adequate

infrastructure education and were designed to be dependent on European power when African countries gained

independence many newly formed States had diverse Nations ethnic groups and linguistic groups within their borders

leading to conflicts Civil Wars and in some cases ethnic cleansing and genocide we can also see European powers exert

power over countries in Asia for example China where European powers divided the country into different spheres of

influence with the split of the area being between the different European powers all of which focused on the

colonial interest instead of the interest of the local population now as time went on we eventually started to

see colonies break away from their colonial rulers and become independent states this is known as decolonization

which is a process by which colonies gain independence from their colonizers in regions such as Africa we saw

decolonization occur primarily in the decades following World War II one thing to note though is that as colonies

became independent they often continue to depend on their former Colonial rulers African countries also

experienced conflict over land resources and political power partially due to how the colonial Powers had created the

different political boundaries apart from colonialism and imperialism the concept of devolution has also had an

impact on Independence movements and political boundaries around the world Devolution refers to the trans of

political power from a central government to a regional government this can happen in a variety of different

ways in some cases we may see Devolution involv the creation of new Regional government for instance we can look at

how Devolution impacted the United Kingdom and led to the creation of new political boundaries and Regional

government such as the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh assembly but in other cases we may see

Devolution result in only the transfer of specific responsibilities or powers from the central government to existing

subnational government this next part of the unit is all about political power and territoriality and to start let's

just explain what the heck territoriality means territoriality refers to the tendency to establish and

defend a specific geographic area territoriality involves the use of space to indicate ownership or occupation of

an area non-verbal communication control of boundaries military interventions promotion of specific political or

economic system and the regulation of activities within a region are all ways in which people and Country

Express territoriality today we can see that states around the world try to promote their interest in the global

Community by exerting their political and economic influence on other states around the world more economically

developed countries and multinational corporations often tend to exert control over less economically developed

countries through neocolonialism which is the indirect use of political cultural or economic power to influence

or control another country for instance when dominant countries or companies exploit their power to manipulate weaker

countries for their own benefit such as extracting resources and wealth multinational companies use their

economic might to exploit lowcost labor markets in less economically developed countries or will seek out regions with

lack regulations and low taxes to reduce their overall operational cost countries also use neocolonialism to promote their

own interests and culture for instance China has been expanding its power and influence across Africa using

neocolonial tactics to assert its dominance in the region China has invested heavily in African

infrastructure which often involves loans from the Chinese government and uses Chinese companies to complete the

project which puts countries in Africa in debt to China resulting in China gaining power over different countries

in the region now the majority of these loans that China is giving African countries have low interest rates but

also come with conditions that benefit China if the loans cannot be repaid China's goal here is to help create

political alliances and gain more influence and control control over countries in Africa China is hoping to

benefit from what will soon become a booming African economy as more and more countries continue to urbanize and

continue to advance in the demographic transition model and move from stage two to stage three now when looking at

countries around the world we can sometimes see different Geographic areas get caught up between larger powers that

are at odds with one another these areas are known as shatter belts a shatter Bel region is an area where countries or

people are subject to the political cultural and economic pressure from external powers that are in conflict

with each other this creates instability in the region and uncertainty for anyone living in the area Eastern Europe during

the Cold War is an example of a shatter Bel region where we can see that people were caught in the middle of a larger

conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union speaking of the Cold War we could also look at the Korean War

which is also an example of a shatter Bel region as both sides were fighting for control and influence over the

Korean Peninsula the region ended up becoming part of a larger Conflict at the time and ultimately resulted in the

splitting of North and South Korea with a demilitarized zone splitting the two countries we can also see countries

Express political power over choke points which are Geographic areas that have to be passed in order to reach a

destination countries that wish to exert their influence and power over a choke point can do so by stationing military

forces in the area invest in infrastructure in the choke point to increase control over the region or

create treaties to regulate control over the area countries that do not physically control a choke point can

also influence it by using diplomatic pressures to influence the policies and decisions of countries that control the

area choke points are extremely important and the country or countries that control them often hold a lot of

political power in the region so as you can imagine countries around the world pay close attention to choke point such

as the Panama Canal the stra of horo or the Suez Canal and have a vested interest in making sure they remain open

and operational for everyone changing gears to political boundaries we can see that boundaries are often defined

delimited and demarc defining a boundary is often the first step here the boundary line is agreed upon and is set

once the boundary is fixed it is common for the boundary to be delimited which is when the boundary line is drawn on a

map and physically marked after that the boundary is demarcated which is when the boundary is marked with permanent

physical markers which could be in the form of a wall sign or other physical item to show where the boundary is when

looking at boundaries around the world we can see a variety of different types A boundary that uses straight lines and

follows the lines of itude and longitude is known as a geometric boundary such as the 49th parallel that forms the border

between Canada and the United States boundaries that existed before human settlement or the creation of the

cultural landscape are called anacan Boundaries these boundaries are often determined by local geography and not

influenced by cultural groups or the cultural landscape for instance the boundary between Argentina and Chile

which is formed by a mountain range when a boundary is no longer officially recognized but still fects the cultural

landscape it's known as a relic boundary the Berlin Wall which separated East and West Germany is an example of a relic

boundary although the wall is no longer an active border its remnants still impact the cultural landscape today the

next type of boundary is a superimposed boundary which is created by an external power or state without consideration for

the needs and wants of the local communities ethnic groups or linguistic characteristics of an area these

boundaries prioritize the interests of foreign States rather than the needs of those who inhabited the region for

instance the Berlin Conference established the boundaries for nearly all African states with out seeing input

from different nations and people who live there we can also observe subsequent boundaries which are

boundaries that develop along with the development of the cultural landscape today we can see that the majority of

Europe's boundaries are an example of a subsequent boundary since many of the boundaries are based off the different

nations linguistic groups and also cultural landscapes that existed before the boundaries were created another type

of boundary we can see is a consequent boundary which is a type of a subsequent boundary these boundaries are created to

separate the various ethnic religious or linguistic groups for instance the border between Pakistan and India was

established due to the religious differences we could also see an example of consequent boundaries when looking at

the boundaries that emerged after the collapse of Yugoslavia new boundaries were based on the different nations that

existed in the region lastly when looking at boundaries you may also hear in your class or see on the national

exam the concept of a this is a geographic area where no state has direct power or control over we can

see that each of the different types of political boundaries impact Geographic areas differently and each boundary

reflects different balances of power that have been negotiated or imposed on a specific area we can also see that

boundaries can be created based on negotiations between two states based on the physical features of an area revolve

around the cultural characteristics of a place or be forcibly created by another state now if you are struggling on

keeping the different political boundaries straight you can go back to my ultimate review packet where you will

find some resources that I have created specifically for the packet to help you with these different political

boundaries all right now that we have an understanding of the different types of political boundaries now let's go and

explore the functions of these boundaries to start let's go over the differences between International

boundaries and internal boundaries International boundaries are boundaries that separate one sovereign state from

another these boundaries are established through treaties and agreements between neighboring states and establish legal

and political connections between a state and a geographic area on the other hand internal boundaries or boundaries

that separate different regions with in a single state these boundaries are often established by the state's

government internal boundaries are often used to help distribute power throughout a state to ensure that different regions

and people are able to be represented in the state so we can see that International boundaries and internal

boundaries serve as a way to communicate ownership of an area now boundaries can be created in a variety of different

ways often times bound boundaries coincide with different linguistic religious or cultural patterns in a

specific area but over the time boundaries can become contested and changeed definitional Boundary disputes

occur over the interpretation of the original documents that Define the boundary these disputes May often end up

in court as States people or organizations will need a third party to clarify the original documents

locational boundary disputes on the other hand occur over the location of the boundary and the ownership of the

land for instance in certain parts of Mississippi land has shipped Shed from the state of Mississippi into the state

of Louisiana due to how the Mississippi River has shifted over time this has led to questions about the original boundary

as the shift in the river has altered the location of the boundary up next we have operational boundary disputes which

we can see occur when countries have different ideas on how to manage a boundary and handle different issues or

situations that occur on the boundary itself an example of an operational boundary dispute is the dispute between

India and Pakistan over the line of control which is by Kashmir the dispute arises from different interpretations of

how the boundary should be operated and enforced India believes that the boundary should be shut and secured to

prevent crossborder terrorism while Pakistan insists that it should remain open to allow for the movement of people

and goods across the border then there is allocational boundary disputes which occur when countries have a dispute over

the use of what is on or in the boundary most of the time these disputes are over natural resources for example if there's

oil on the boundary who has the right to extract the oil now since we're on the topic of boundaries and natural

resources we also need to talk about unclo which stands for the United Nations convention on the law of the sea

in 1985 the United Nations held this conference to try and help countries better understand how to deal with

allocational boundary disputes in the sea the result was in 1938 the international law of the sea was adopted

the law of the sea consists of three parts the first part is the territorial Waters this Zone extends 12 nautical

miles from the shore in this Zone States May set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states for the most

part any laws that exist on the main land apply in this area here the state has both political and economic control

the next zone is the contiguous Zone this is between 12 and 24 nautical miles from Shore here a state may enforce laws

concerning pollution taxation customs and immigration the last zone is the exclusive economic zone or EZ this zone

is between 24 to 200 nautical miles States here have the sole right to the natural resources in the area such as

oil and fish after that you're in international waters and no state has Direct Control if conflicts or disputes

arise over the resources or any disagreements about the law of the sea states can take their disputes to the

international court of justice today one of the biggest disputes over the law of the sea is in the South China Sea where

currently seven countries have a claimed to part of the sea the majority of these countries use the law of the sea to

justify their claim China however has ignored the law of the sea and has claimed a historical claim so now that

we have spent some time looking at International boundaries let's switch gears and now look at internal

boundaries these boundaries are often established by the state's government examples of internal boundaries would

include the United States congressional districts County boundaries City boundaries and even school districts

another type of internal boundary would be voting districts which is a geographic area organized together for

the purpose of administr election this is a generic term adopted by the Bureau of the census to include a wide variety

of small polling areas such as election districts precincts or Wars over time populations undergo changes and

fluctuations that make it necessary for these districts to be redrawn in order to better reflect the area's population

this is known as redistricting and it takes place after the census is conducted depending on the location the

redrawing of districts is usually carried out by third-party organizations or state legislators for instance most

European countries utilize independent commissions to establish Compact and homogeneous districts the aim of

avoiding bias towards any voting preferences while in the United States state legislators are primarily

responsible for creating District although some states do use an independent commission to draw their

state and federal district they are however in the minority states that allow their state legislators to create

voting districts may experience Jerry Mander which is the process of redistricting a voting district in a way

to favor one political party over another sometimes politicians will gerrymander a district by using a

process known as cracking which is when like-minded voters are spread across many districts this makes it so

like-minded voters are the minority in each district and reduces the likelihood that their vote will have an impact on

an election for example here we can see the blue party has gerrymandered these voting districts by using the cracking

method notice how the new districts spread the red voters out between all of the districts causing them to be the

minority in each district which ultimately leads to the blue party winning all of the districts now

cracking does not always result in one party winning every District but it is an effective way way to reduce the

chance of the opposing party winning another way in which politicians Can gerrymander a district is by using a

method called packing which is when like-minded voters are stacked into just a few districts this may result in the

opposing party being able to win some districts however it diminishes their ability to win in all the other

districts for example here we can see there are two districts that are all blue this allows the blue party to win

those two districts but tips the scale in favor of the red party in all the other districts resulting in the red

party controlling the majority of the District now if you noticed in both of these examples of Jerry Mandarin the

only thing that was changed was the districts themselves the breakdown of the population was the same the blue

party has 60% of the votes and the red party has 40% of the votes if the districts were created based on the

perfect representation we would get districts that would look like this three of the districts would go to the

blue party and two of the districts would go to the red party but when the districts are gerrymander the results

end up being skewed towards one particular party now I do want to highlight that both parties in the

United stat States use Jerry mandering to try and get an advantage in elections the problem with gerrymandering is it

often leads to unfair representation as elected representatives end up not reflecting the people that they're

supposed to represent Jerry manderin also decreases the competition in political races and ends up weakening

the Democratic process since politicians can create safe districts which will allow them to get easily reelected the

next part of unit 4 focuses on different forms of governance historically power has been observed to be either

centralized at the national level or decentralized among Regional government states that have their power

concentrated with the national government are called unitary States the national government here creates laws

policies and systems for the entire State unitary states can also have a strong sense of national identity and

can quickly create and Implement new laws and policies for the state however they may also not be able to address the

needs of local communities minority groups and other day-to-day issues in a quick and efficient manner traditionally

unitary states are Geographic rically smaller and have a homogeneous population for example many nation

states would be an example of a unitary state on the other hand we have federal states which is when power is

distributed between the national government and Regional government this system is typically used by states with

a large geographic area have a high level of diversity or with states that have isolated population federalism

allows states to respond quickly to local issues cater to the needs of minority groups and develop laws and

policies that reflect the needs of the local population however implementing significant policy changes may take

longer and States may have more inefficiencies and a greater chance of experiencing Devolution often times

multinational States will use this form of governance so for 4.8 we are going to connect back to a concept we mentioned

earlier in this video which is Devolution remember Devolution refers to the transfer of political power from a

central government to a regional government this can happen in a variety of different ways in some cases we may

see Devolution involved the creation of new Regional government factors that can lead to the Devolution of a state

include the physical geography of a state divisions between different cultural groups political instability

economic and social divisions governments abusing their power and irid denm states that are fragmented whether

it be due to a mountain range ocean River or just because the state is geographically large often have people

living in isolation from one another which may lead to different cultures and identities to form over time as cultural

groups start to become more distinct they may want more local power and control over policies that impact them

resulting in Devolution as pressure is put on the national government to pass power down to Regional governments we

can see cultural division impact states and Devolution as well when looking at states that are made up of different

ethnic groups with a history of self-determination these states may see those ethnic and National groups want

more autonomy from the national government if a person or group starts to identify more as their own ethnic

group than as a citizen of the state and wants more political power or wants to separate from the state it is known as

ethnic separatism examples of ethnic separatism can be seen when looking at the Bas and the catalans in Spain or the

Kurds in the Middle East we can see that the Bas are separate from other parts of Spain by a mountain range and have a

desire for more autonomy and Independence the basks have their own language which is not Indo-European and

still retain their own unique cultural identity from the rest of Spain all of which continues to put devolutionary

pressures on Spain as the Bas continue to seek for more control over their daily life the catalans on the other

hand reside in Catalonia an autonomous region of Spain over the years the catalans have seek independence from

Spain for instance in 2017 they held a referendum on Independence however the referendum was declared unconstitutional

by the Spanish government and did not result in Independence if we look at the Kurdish Nation we can see that they

speak Kurdish their religion is Islam and the Kurdish people do not consider themselves to be Arabs they consider

themselves to be kurd the Kurds have a historical claim to the proposed nation state of Kurdistan however as of today

they still do not have their own state which connects back to a concept we talked about earlier in this video the

Bas the catalans and the Kurds are all examples of a stateless nation since they have a history of

self-determination but do not have their own State we can also see cultural devolutionary factors at work in Nigeria

as well Nigeria is made up of a variety of different ethnic cultural and linguistic groups over the years Nigeria

has experienced ethnic and religious conflicts between different cultural groups tensions with the government and

unequal distribution of resources throughout the state all of which has led to an increase in the devolutionary

pressures on the state now sometimes we can see devolutionary movements occur just because of the languages that are

spoken in a geographic area for example in Belgium where we can see the country is split into two major groups the

Flemish Community known as Flanders and the french-speaking community known as wallonia the Flemish are in the northern

part of Belgium and speak dut but the walloons in the South speak French this has led to somewhat of an identity clash

with some speculation that we may start to see more power shift from the national government and move to the

regional level Devolution is also more prone to occur in politically unstable States including those with high crime

rates or States facing terrorism terrorism involves the use of violence and or intimidation against civilians to

instill fear for political purposes when citizens feel unsafe they are more likely to demand government intervention

and May desire a greater control over their protection another devolutionary force is the economic and social

inequalities experienced by citizens in a society states that fail to create enough job opportunities provide equal

opportunities for Citizens and promote positive economic and social growth are likely to frustrate citizens the greater

the disparities are between different parts of a state the more likely it is to experience devolutionary pressure

there's also government corruption and abuse that can lead to Devolution for instance governments that participate in

ethnic cleansing often lead to increased pressure from their citizens and the International Community to be removed or

to be radically changed unfortunately we can see ethnic cleansing in Myanmar where the government has denied rights

and citizenship to the minority ringan group in 2017 the government and Military started a brutal campaign

against the rohinga people burning settlements and killing the ringan people ultimately forcing many of the

people to flee the country and become refugees lastly there is irid dentis which is a movement by a nation to unite

other parts of its nation that are located in another State's boundaries irredentism can lead to Devolution as

Nations who are split between different States seek to be United with members of their Nation who are residing within

another state if we look at the Ukrainian Russian war we can see an example of

making it a great example of irid dentis ultimately states that have more devolutionary factors are more likely to

see challenges to their sovereignty as Citizens will often demand changes in where power is located and may even

pressured the state for Independence now that we've explored different devolutionary factors let's change our

Focus to how technological advancements globalization and supernational organizations can all challenge a

state's sovereignty sometimes shifting power from the national government to a regional government just isn't enough

and a state May disintegrate this means that the states will break up into smaller parts essentially the state

ceases to exist in its current form and new states are created for instance we can look at Sudan and South Sudan which

were initially a single country but in 2011 a referendum was conducted resulting in South Sudan becoming an

independent country another example would be the former Soviet Union which faced several challenges to its

sovereignty during its existence after the Soviet Union collapsed it disintegrated into 15 separate and

sovereign states as technology continues to Advance it becomes increasingly easier for people to share information

across the world allowing for people to influence other people and states to experience more challenges to their

sovereignty today social media and the internet can contribute to Devolution disintegration of a state or create new

challenges for a state access to more information can also reduce the control and power of autocratic government as

people become more aware of their government's actions and potential alternatives for example during the Arab

Spring revolutions occurred AC across Northern Africa and the Middle East where people used Facebook and Twitter

to share information on government corruption and abuse Additionally the internet provided access to information

about how people lived in other countries ultimately contributing to the downfall of various dictators such as

Mubarak in Egypt or Gaddafi in Libya we can see that around the world the internet often gives citizens a greater

role in the democratization of their state allowing them to participate more in their governments and have their

voices heard advancements in technology ology and globalization have also challenged State sovereignty as now

countries need to consider the impact of their decisions on the global Community for instance many countries are reliant

on Commodities such as oil and natural gas which are traded in the global market while this allows countries to

obtain better prices for their resources it also makes them dependent on other states that have these resources as a

result a country's political decisions may be influenced or constrained by their Reliance on these resources and

the country may be hesitant to implement certain policies that could lead to retaliation from other states on which

they depend speaking of global Community we can also see how supernational organizations impact a country's

sovereignty a supernational organization is an alliance which consists of multiple countries traditionally three

or more that work together to achieve common goals or address specific issues or challenges that impact the states

often times these goals and challenges revolve around political aspirations economic factors the environment or the

military political super ational organizations often seek to maintain political stability in a region or

around the world for example the United Nations seeks to maintain peace and stability around the world the African

Union which is made up of 55 different African States seeks to promote stability across Africa and eradicate

all forms of colonialism in the region the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was first created to counter the

diffusion of Communism and the spread of the Soviet Union but still exists today as both a political and Military

Alliance which seeks to provide security to its members moving from political and Military organizations to economic

supernational organizations we have groups that are created with the goal of promoting economic prosperity for

example the European Union is both a political and economic organization that helps all countries in the European

Union compete with other countries around the world another economic supernational organization would be the

association of Southeast Asian nation which strives to accelerate economic growth social progress and cultural

development in the lastly we have environmental organizations which seek to achieve specific goals that protect

the world's natural resources such as the Arctic Council which is the leading intergovernmental Forum promoting

cooperation coordination and interaction among the Arctic States Arctic indigenous peoples and other Arctic

inhabitants on common Arctic issues in particular on the issues of sustainable development and Environmental Protection

in the Arctic when a country becomes a member of a supernational organization it agrees to abide by the rules and

regulations set by the organization which results in the country surrendering some of its autonomy and

sovereignty despite this country's joined these organizations because they believe it will benefit them in the long

run by increasing their economic and political power if you need more help with supernational organizations

Devolution and challenges to State sovereignty you can check out my ultimate review packet for more help in

the packet you'll find some extra resources specifically created to help you with these Concepts art geographers

you are almost at the Finish Line the last part of unit 4 is all about centrifugal forces and centripetal

forces Concepts we've already talked about back in unit 3 remember when talking about centrifugal forces we are

looking at forces that divide people a state or a group and when talking about centripetal forces we are looking at

forces that unite people a state or a group uneven economic and social development can lead to certain regions

of a state being deprived of goods services or job opportuni while other regions may have access to a larger

variety of these resources creating frustration among citizens and leading to division all of which

would be examples of centrifugal forces cultural differences such as language barriers or conflicting religious

beliefs can also act as centrifugal forces as can negative stereotypes and discrimination lastly we can see how

political corrupt governments businesses and other institutions often alienate their citizens and create division

within a state all of these different centrifugal forces could lead to a state to become a failed state which is a

state that no longer has a functioning government which means the state can no longer perform its basic Duty and loses

its authority over the land this can happen when the citizens of a state no longer view the government as legitimate

and the state no longer functions properly if centrifugal forces around cultural divisions become strong enough

it may lead to ethnic nationalist movement which is when a specific cultural group wants to be separate or

wants control over themselves based on the specific ethnicity or nationality for example the catalonians wanting

their own State based on their cultural identity oddly enough we can actually see ethn nationalism a centripetal force

as well for example nation states such as Japan have their identity revolve around their nationality now speaking of

centripetal forces we can see that states that have a strong sense of patriotism a variety of economic and

social opportunities for all citizens lack corruption and discrimination have a shared history language and religion

and have a strong national government to often experience more centripetal forces all of which help keep the state United

and together all right now hopefully your head is in spinning now comes the time to check the answers to your study

when you're done checking your answers don't forget to take the unit 4 practice quiz in the ultimate review pack also

don't forget to check out the other exclusive resources and videos in the packet as well all of which will help

you get an A in your class and a five on that National exam as always thank you so much for watching I'm Mr sin and I

will see you next time online