Comprehensive Overview of Unit 2: AP Government - The Three Branches of Government

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Overview of Unit 2: AP Government

Introduction

  • Focus on the three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.
  • Discussion of the bureaucracy as an unofficial fourth branch.

Legislative Branch (Congress)

  • Structure: Bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
    • House of Representatives: 435 members, 2-year terms, closely tied to constituents.
    • Senate: 100 members, 6-year terms, broader responsibilities.
  • Powers:
    • Enumerated Powers: Explicitly listed in the Constitution (e.g., taxation, declaring war).
    • Implied Powers: Powers not explicitly stated but necessary for executing enumerated powers (e.g., establishing a national bank).
  • Leadership: Speaker of the House, Majority/Minority Leaders, Whips in the House; Vice President and Senate Majority Leader in the Senate.
  • Committees: Essential for legislative work, including standing, joint, select, and conference committees.
  • Legislative Process: Steps for a bill to become law, including committee work, debate, and voting.
  • Budgeting: Mandatory vs. discretionary spending, the impact of political polarization on legislative efficiency.

Executive Branch

  • Presidential Powers: Formal (veto, foreign policy) and informal (bargaining, executive orders).
  • Policy Implementation: The president's role in enacting policies through executive orders and appointments.
  • Communication: The use of the 'bully pulpit' to influence public opinion and legislative outcomes.

Judicial Branch

  • Structure: U.S. District Courts, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and the Supreme Court.
  • Judicial Review: Established by Marbury v. Madison, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
  • Precedent and Judicial Philosophy: Importance of precedent (stare decisis) and the roles of judicial activism vs. restraint.

Bureaucracy

  • Structure: Composed of cabinet departments, agencies, and commissions.
  • Functions: Writing regulations, compliance monitoring, and issuing fines.
  • Iron Triangle: The relationship between bureaucratic agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups.
  • Accountability: Oversight by Congress and the president, and the impact of public opinion on bureaucratic actions.

Conclusion

  • Summary of the interactions and checks among the branches of government, emphasizing the complexity of the U.S. political system. For a deeper understanding of the foundational principles of the U.S. government, consider reviewing the Civic Literacy Workshop Summary: Understanding the U.S. Constitution and Government. Additionally, if you're interested in how these branches interact with societal factors, you might find the Comprehensive Review of AP Human Geography: All Units Summarized helpful, especially in understanding the broader context of governance and population dynamics. For a focused look at the legislative process, check out A Comprehensive Review of Unit 2: AP US History (1607-1754), which provides insights into historical legislative actions that shaped the government.

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