Steve Jobs: Life Lessons on Passion, Failure, and Death

Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then

stayed around as a dropin for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why' I drop out? It started before I was

born. My biological mother was a young unwed graduate student and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very

strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates. So everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a

lawyer and his wife except that when I popped out, they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.

So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, "We've got an unexpected

baby boy. Do you want him? They said, "Of course." My biological mother found out later that my mother had never

graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final

adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the

start in my life. And 17 years later, I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as

Stanford. And all of my workingclass parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After 6 months, I

couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to

help me figure it out. And here I was spending all the money my parents had saved their entire life. So, I decided

to drop out and trust that it would all work out okay. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back, it was one

of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out, I could stop taking the required classes that didn't

interest me and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a

dorm room, so I slept on the floor and friends rooms. I returned coke bottles for the 5-cent deposits to buy food

with. And I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hari Krishna

temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless

later on. Let me give you one example. Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction

in the country. Throughout the campus, every poster, every label on every drawer was beautifully

handcalliggraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I

decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and sand serif type faces, about

varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.

It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture and I found it

fascinating. None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But 10

years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me and we designed it all into

the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in

college, the Mac would have never had multiple type faces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just

copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. [Music]

If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on that calligraphy class. And personal computers might not

have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course, it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I

was in college, but it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later. Again, you can't connect the dots

looking forward. You can only connect them looking backwards. So, you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect

in your future. You have to trust in something, your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. Because believing that

the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart even when it leads you off the

well-worn path and that will make all the difference. My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky. I found what I love to do early in life. W and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20. We

worked hard and in 10 years, Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with

over 4,000 employees. We just released our finest creation, the Macintosh, a year earlier, and I just turned 30.

And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started?

Well, as Apple grew, we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me. And for the first

year or so, things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling

out. When we did, our board of directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out and very publicly out. What had been the

focus of my entire adult life was gone and it was devastating. I really didn't know what to do for a

few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down, that I had dropped the baton as it

was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noise and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I

was a very public failure and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to

dawn on me. I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I'd been rejected,

but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. I didn't see it then, but it turned out

that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful

was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of

the most creative periods of my life. During the next 5 years, I started a company named Next, another company

named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's

first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the

world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought Next, and I returned to Apple. And the technology we developed

at Next is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Loren and I have a wonderful family together. I'm

pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine,

but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life's going to hit you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm

convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And

that is as true for work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life. And the only

way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you

do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking and don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when

you find it. And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep

looking. Don't settle. My third story is about death. When I was 17, I read a quote that went

something like, "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right."

It made an impression on me. And since then, for the past 33 years, I've looked in the mirror every morning and asked

myself, if today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has

been no for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is

the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost

everything, all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure, these things just fall away in

the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know

to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow

your heart. About a year ago, I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the

morning and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this

was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable and that I should expect to live no longer than 3 to 6

months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It

means to try and tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years

to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy

as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. I live with that diagnosis all day.

Later that evening, I had a biopsy where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach, and into my

intestines, put a needle into my pancreas, and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife who

was there told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope, the doctor started crying because it turned out to

be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and thankfully I'm fine now.

[Applause] This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get

for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when

death was a useful but purely intellectual concept. No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to

heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet, death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And

that is as it should be because death is very likely the single best invention of life. It's life's change agent. It

clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now, the new is you. But someday, not too long from now, you will

gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it's quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma, which is living with

the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most

important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to

become. Everything else is secondary. When I was young, there was an amazing publication called the Whole Earth

Catalog, which was one of the Bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stuart Brand not far from

here in Menllo Park. And he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late60s before personal computers

and desktop publishing. So, it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like

Google in paperback form 35 years before Google came along. It was idealistic, overflowing with neat tools and great

notions. Stuart and his team put out several issues of the Whole Earth catalog. And

then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid 1970s and I was your age.

On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find

yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words, "Stay hungry,

stay foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off, "Stay hungry, stay foolish." And I have always

wished that for myself. And now as you graduate to begin a new, I wish that for you. Stay hungry. Stay

foolish. Thank you all very much.