Optimizing Mitochondrial Function: Essential Nutrients and Health Insights

foreign for people to log in you can see participants

um logging in okay so good evening everyone and thank you for joining us for this bant webinar

tonight so my name is um Alma ahmovich I will be your host this evening thank you to everyone who's attending live they we

had a really great response to this um to this webinar and I'm very much looking forward to

um learning more about mitochondria so just before we start just a little bit of housekeeping the webinar will last

um around an hour so there'll be about 45-50 minute presentation and then we will have 10 to 15 minutes for questions

and answers if you do have any questions as we go along please feel free to type them in the chat box and I will run

through them at the end of the presentation so the webinar will be recorded and available from the band's

website in a few in a few days um our presenter this evening is Jillian Crowder this is part one of a three-part

series and you will be notified about part two and part three Jillian is a naturopath and a nutritional therapist

she's been a senior member of the Academy of nutritional medicine since 2010 and is their director of research

Jillian specializes in complex multi-system disorders and finds it mitochondrial dysfunction underlines

many of today's chronic diseases so tonight Dylan will talk to us about optimizing mitochondrial function and

why that is of great importance in every aspect of health so without further Ado it is my pleasure to introduce to our

presenter Jillian please welcome thank you very much thank you Elmer and um thank you so much bent for giving me

the opportunity to talk about the mitochondria the great passion of mine today's talk is called our biological

microchips optimizing mitochondrial function part one and um part two will be about reducing

oxidative stress in the mitochondria and part three will be about regenerating intact mitochondria involving mitophagy

and autophagy as well so um this is very evidence-based and very appropriately asked me to base most

of what I say on good you know random controlled studies and so I've done that and

um first of all just a little bit of introduction to the mitochondria overall

we should have around 40 quadrillion of them in our organism

every organ and every part of the body has different numbers cardiac cells have for example about ten thousand

and the substantia negra that produces dopamine in our brains contains about two million mitochondria per Axon

so the numbers are absolutely incredible and I love this um screenshot from a very beautiful very

short video on YouTube made by biovisions um actually produced by two Harvard

professors because it shows so many mitochondria within one cell most medical textbooks just show one two or

three floating around and that really doesn't represent the latest understanding

so they really are the orchestrators of ourselves this is a lovely article that describes their structure function and

Dynamics and um explains how they constitute an integrated metabolic circuit that

receives processes and transmits signals to manage cell fate that is

cell proliferation differentiation and depth [Music]

um they are best known for producing our high performance adenosine triphosphate

the energy currency of our bodies but um they do so much more as well I love this particular illustration because it shows

the Krebs cycle as well as the electron transport chain two very vital

um aspects and one often forgets that the Crypt I mean one shouldn't but uh you know a lot of focus is put on the

electron transport chain with its five complexes but uh one has to remember that the Krebs cycle is absolutely vital

and without the um precursors from that you're not going to get

energy produced in the electron transport chain which is here and of course without the precursors

from glycolysis that need to feed into that you're not even going to get energy being produced within the Krebs cycle

so just to go through um a bit more of that electron transport

chain the five complexes produce 36 ATP approximately of course it does vary per molecule of glucose and

far more from fats interestingly our mitochondria um really prefer to be driven by fatty

acid and they'll produce 146 for example ATP from one molecule of oleic acid and more from other fats so

there's a lot of Truth in um so looking at key terms as a vital

source of energy for the um mitochondria but it is a very very complex process

and you can see from here it's like sort of a little diesel engine with the ATP synthase complex at the end that really

does rotate and produce ATP from reconstituted ADP and all the different electrons it is called an electron

transport chain and does what it says on the tin it transports electrons along um to the end and so much can go wrong

so um interestingly it's increasingly being found that um mitochondria don't always look like the um sort of almost

quite cartoon like illustrations of them though in parts of the body they definitely do look like this this is the

first um illustration here at the top and then an actual electron microscopy of one here in the middle but look at

how they're packed into muscles and this is mitochondrion mitochondrial reticulum which

um if you remove the myocytes these are the gray portion of this picture you've got these absolutely packed um

mitochondria appearing in green um that don't look like these um sort of sausage shapes at all

and um they are responsible for so many different functions um the bioenergetics we've just

discussed and we'll be talking about more also fatty acid oxidation in other words the breakdown and Metabolism of

our fatty acids the biosynthesis of our pyrimidines without which we cannot make DNA or RNA

CoQ10 biosynthesis and the metabolism of some of our amino acids

the synthesis of heme no less three steps are take place within the mitochondria and again if the

mitochondria are not functioning um properly then you'll get disordered and down regulated heme synthesis

um cholesterol is cleaved within the inner mitochondrial membrane and without that you won't get Downstream

steroids for your hormones so of course it's not every mitochondria in the body that's going to be suffering and um so

it'll just be disordered hormones that you'll get so it's worth considering mitochondrial

Health when you have someone with a hormonal problem because that's uh you know cholesterol is the essence of those

and um much much more in fact what we lose if our mitochondria

go down is not just bioenergetics the high intensity energy metabolism that we've

just looked at briefly but also biosynthesis of heme urea

a lot of the Uriel cycle is also in the mitochondria and much much else and also signaling so

that's um signaling of calcium um the release of reactive oxygen species T cell function neutrophil

activation and sensors for oxygen for vasoconstriction are also at least partly under the control of the

mitochondria and apoptosis cannot happen if the mitochondria are dysfunctional because

you need to be able to release cytochrome C which is under the influence of the mitochondria so just

think of cancer and the need to be able to epoctose over proliferating cells that's not going to happen if your

mitochondria are not working so just to mention that um one shouldn't always talk about mitochondrial

dysfunction because they are such intelligent creatures that they will down regulate

um in intentionally if they see the need and that's a protective mechanism that has increasingly been elucidated over

the last decade um Dr Robert navio was absolutely seminal in his work on this beginning in

2014 the cell danger response so there's a lot that you can read about that if you'd like to this is just a summary of

it that I wrote for I can and I've given you the um reference there at the bottom if

you'd like to look at that also the article itself that first of all triggered this um

very very important Discovery really of how the mitochondria do

integrate their activity with the cytosol to actually discontinue their own

use of oxygen in order to push it out into the cytosol to deal with pathogens where the viruses or bacteria fungi or

parasites um to really attempt to prevent them from

if it's about pathogens prevent them from being able to multiply and if it's chemicals the mitochondria together with

the rest of the cellar doing their very best to eliminate them and physical shock of different kinds will

also lead to the down regulation of the mitochondria for all sorts of beneficial purposes

so um as this article and many others written by this group indeed the NIH gave it

Millions for a study on mecfs that was concluded I think in 2016 so um lots to read about this if you wish our

mitochondria down regulate as a protective mechanism due to a conserved response from Evolution that's activated

when a cell encounters a threat that could injure or kill it so um

this is just an extract of the systems regulated by the mitochondria um when it's in this cell danger

response and if you look at though no doubt not just when it's in that response because look at the different

um systems here it's absolutely incredible to think that the mitochondria control

autophagy mitophagy sensory processing transluterminase activation in other words when this is underway and the

whole pH of the cell has shifted because you don't have oxygen within the mitochondria so much you have much more

in the cytosol the enzymes can't be activated as they should and you'll get a sort of transitory

gluten intolerance in your patient autonomic nervous system Dynamics hypertension cardiovascular stress

responses and then of course something continuously under the influence of the mitochondria energy

glucose and lipid metabolism so um this is all from those hugely

significant articles of Dr nabios and his team so just now to talk about the different

vitamins and cofactors and minerals that I'll be covering today as I say focused primarily on those for

which there are really robust human studies not just you know rodent studies in randomized controlled trials and I

did actually put together an entire list of studies that I was able to find I mean there are of course many many more

but um 33 very robust studies are here in the nutrition evidence database um that's already been published and

I've also gone through and actually done reviews of several which are here under the second link

so um I'll now go on to the targeted nutrients for actually feeding the mitochondria that we'll be

covering today and this tremendous article here called feeding mitochondria

does um explain where the different nutrients have their primary role and of

course many of them are repeated and this is along the electron transport chain here you have complex one

two three four and five and by the way if you need to or would like to find out more about the actual mechanics of

the innards of the mitochondria which is all I won't say more academic but certainly um involves a lot more hard

science then I will be giving you some links at the end of my talk where you can find out about that so this

really is about mitochondrial nutrition and um so this is here the TCA cycle and

um the nutrients that are primary for that and of course you're feeding in fats this is here where the fatty acids

enter they kind of leap over these individual complexes and go straight in but only if carnitine acetyl transferase

one is working well so to look at the B vitamins to start with which is so hugely important

they're essential for maintaining mitochondrial function this review does go through the role of

the different B vitamins and for example B2 is required for the flavo enzymes of the respiratory chain

um B3 particularly in its niacin form I'll be talking about more in a moment

pantothenic acid without that you can't even get acetyl COA formed at the beginning of the

um mitochondrial process and um thiamine B1 vital for other processes too so all of them have their role and

this describes here or at least shows where antoinate the um B5 nutrient is needed for acetyl COA in order to enter

the mitochondria and I think I've got um yes a yellow sort of line here

showing where the mitochondria begin this here is outside in the cytosol and um various different

um blocks are possible I won't be talking about those a lot today again I will be linking to various sources of

information on the different environmental and endogenous stresses that can prevent the mitochondria from

working well but you can see here that magnesium alpha lipoic acid and B1 B2

and um B3 are absolutely vital as well as B5 for this introductory process and that you may find it's blocked by high

levels of arsenic or um Mercury or antimony high levels of lactic acid of course are

a sign of that because if the um pyruvic acid isn't able to find its way into the mitochondria then it will

be recycled back in the cytosol 2 lactic acid and that of course can cause pain indeed huge levels think of fibromyalgia

if um that that process is continuing and it needs to because this is the

emergency um method of producing ATP is in the cytosol there you'll get two ATP

per molecule of glucose but a it will only be produced from glucose and B um you're getting a far lower Harvest

than if you get into the mitochondria where as I mentioned before you're getting around about 36 from glucose or

um around about 150 from fatty acids so to continue um this is an excellent article that

shows you uh further detail about vitamins B1 to B12 and their individual roles do note how often nicotinamide

adenine dinucleotide features all around the Krebs cycle and indeed there are articles

um that I've been looking at recently from NASA suggesting that certainly large quantities of it landed on Earth

in meteorites it doesn't mean to say that there wasn't any before that but it's very interesting to think that um

this is well I mean we do know that this is one of the absolutely Central nutrients without which

organisms would not be able to tick um so

I think the next article this again is the yellow indicates the mitochondrion the next article does talk about niacin

in more detail this was an excellent clinical trial by um Professor piranan who came over and

spoke at mitochondria day not long ago organized by bio lab and this has an amazing title and of

course it does carry through with it in in the actual text which is niacin cures systemic NAD deficiency and improves

muscle performance in adult onset mitochondrial myopathy so look at all the different properties of IT muscle

strength increases mitochondrial Mass oxidative phosphorylation which is the production of ATP from oxygen along the

electron transport chain in the mitochondria exercise performance increases Etc so

that is an article that's very very worth reading and natural sources of B vitamins are

listed here glv comes up a few times and that stands for green leafy vegetables

um it's actually very difficult for a chronically fatigued patient to go out shopping obtain all the foods that

contain exactly the vitamins that they need and to prepare the foods in the right way so if they don't have a helper

to do that it can be extremely useful to either look out for synergistic mixtures if they're able to

tolerate them of the extracts and to give them those or to consider Foods where you can obtain all the bees

together for example bee pollen or rice bran or nutritional yeast but I

don't need to tell you that I know you know that but it's um actually uh so beneficial isn't it to be

able to give patients Foods if you can and not many many different supplements but of course sometimes they are able to

tolerate mixtures and there are actually lovely um synergistic mixtures of vitamins and

minerals for the mitochondria specifically so you may want to keep an eye open for those

so another nutrient um often forgotten actually uh some of these are alphabeticals so we've had the

bees and now we have the C is choline which is a crucial methyl group donor for synthesizing Sami

which is an essential metabolite for DNA and protein methylation and um

dietary coding can of course be obtained from foods that I'll show you in a moment but again just have a look at how

much of this process involving dietary choline which then goes down to be broken into the various

nutritional components is actually within the mitochondrion incredible really

that a lot of methylation takes place there particularly the metabolism of folate

later in the cycle it is actually um citadine

59 diphosphatidyl diphosphercholine which abbreviated as

CDP Cho that is an essential precursor for de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis

and um this article for example explains how it restored basal oxygen consumption rate

and ATP synthesis and corrected impaired oxidative phosphorylation so that's pretty major

um in being able to stimulate energy metabolism and you can obtain that from a

supplement by looking for citicoline and the foods that contain codeine are listed here

and there'll be others too this is a number of them so to go on

um CoQ10 of course is vital particularly for these steps here in the electron transport chain

hopping from complex one through two to three um the the Q here is CoQ10 and without

CoQ10 to carry the electron trans the electron along the ETC that's the electron transport chain you're not

going to get your high performance ATP so um it is quite literally an electron carrier

and this article describes that beautifully but actually it's probably the most you

know the best um researched nutrient of all their entire books on CoQ10 and um studies

Galore on its importance and I summarized that a little bit in an

article I'm just looking for where that is an article here in the natural dispensary magazine

called only natural the miracle of CoQ10 where I went through the um pros and cons of using ebiquinone as

against ubiquinol which is the reduced form of it but much more expensive so that is

um something quite interesting to look into and the arguments the different sort of pros and cons

based I hope on on good scientific references are listed there so back to um this here just to mention that if

your patients are on statins please do remember to give them CoQ10 because statins

um do interrupt the um Central pathway through which CoQ10 is also

produced and metabolized so um they'll often experience various

difficulties when on um statins that um sometimes are not put down to the lack of CoQ10 or at least a

deficiency in CoQ10 for a very long time but um this study in the American Journal of

Cardiology for example explains that taking CoQ10 decrease the severity of muscle pain induced by statin drugs by

40 percent and the impact on pain on daily activities by almost the same amount

so very very important actually I think Merck has produced a pharmaceutical that contains both statins and CoQ10 and

somehow that never came onto the market so the food sources of CoQ10 are mentioned here or at least some of them

primarily um Meats um certainly uh you know carnivorous um types of

foods so vegetarians and vegans will have problems obtaining this and we'll need to consider supplementation

phosphocreatine or creatine is also very important and this is a couple of studies

um among many on the importance of creatine and how it can support patients with mitochondrial cytopathy

it does provide Power for immediate energy and creatine supplementation helped to increase patients maximum

performance by various percentages I think an important quotation from this article here is these results indicate

an improved aerobic oxidative function of mitochondria after creatine Administration

in patients with a certain type of condition because those are the ones selected for the girl what

and um interestingly sometimes particular nutrients are put together in supplement form and then child

this article describes the trial of creatine monohydrate together with CoQ10 and alpheniperic acid on

mitochondrial dysfunction and together the results did um

produce a in a beneficial improvements along various different Pathways that influenced markers of cellular energy

dysfunction so um you know obviously I'm not going to

mention the names of particular supplements here but it could be worth just keeping your eye on the individual

nutrients that are particularly well substantiated when you do consider support for patients with not just cfsme

but of course you know mitochondrial dysfunction underlies a huge number of um

issues in patients that we encounter day in day out so these are the sources of creatine and alpheniperic acid here

listed alpha lipoic acid is um a nutrient that occurs naturally in food so you know we are consuming it if we're

able to absorb and digest you know a well-balanced diet every day but

patients in particular um situations will need more of it and so um

uh that there's some detail here that I think is very useful but it's included in liberalizing Rich vegetables include

spinach and broccoli for example as well as Tomatoes peas and Brussels sprouts so that doesn't have to be a carnivorous

diet go on to the next page um carnitine

is vital as we saw before for the um metabolism of fatty acids it acts as a carrier for them across the

mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation and is essential for converting fat into energy

so patients who are not consuming or let's say patients who are vegetarian or vegan will most likely have a problem

obtaining sufficient quantities of this because it is primarily found in meat poultry fish and dairy foods

they Supply about 75 percent of carnitine so um it's often very very difficult

with patients who um are unable to

alter their diets or find it very difficult to alter their diets to obtain the nutrients they need it's something

we're just continuously going to have to work on but um this here describes and these excellent articles below I haven't

quoted only from um one or two articles I've tried to give you quite a number there

um because this is I think after CoQ10 the second best um

researched mitochondrial nutrient in the literature and um it's also crucial for modulating

ketogenesis as well as glucogenesis and for eliminating toxic metabolites so this is a lovely diagram here and I know

that Anthony Haynes once gave a superb longer presentation just specifically on carnitine and all of the different uh

sort of puzzle pieces that are absolutely essential here in order to actually be

able to get fatty acids into your mitochondria so um taurine also another

um crucial ingredient in the mitochondrial mix um this here article talks about taurine

deficiency mediated impairment of complex one and um

this melas um mitochondrial disease that's being

discussed in this particular article stands for mitochondrial encephalo encephalopathy lactic acidosis and

stroke-like episodes you don't of course have to have all of them but um of course you know disastrous mix and

increasingly Solutions are being found I won't say you know entire Solutions but but

definitely um steps along the path towards Improvement are being found for people

born with or who develop mitochondrial disease it is actually generally genetic um I can't say that you sort of will

suddenly develop mitochondrial diseases against dysfunction in your life but um we do

um frequently see patients or or hear of them through the Press who are and owned In Articles who are suffering from

serious disease that is often considered to be incurable but actually increasingly

um initiatives are being found so sources of taurine are listed here and again this is another one that you'll

have difficulty obtaining in sufficient quantities if you are a vegan or vegetarian

so the right balance of electrolytes is also essential in what's increasingly being called the metallone in other

words the um mix of different trace minerals within the cell and interestingly there are

different ratios required within the mitochondrion here as against in the um here it is being shown in the

bloodstream and so um this is a lovely article very worth reading on Mineral requirements for mitochondrial function

and the only two that I'll be discussing today though I'm sure I'll be going over more when we talk about

um both antioxidants for the mitochondria and mitophagy autophagy and producing

healthy mitochondria um the two that I'll be talking about today are copper and magnesium

and um interestingly copper is um frequently rather neglected

in health and indeed in syllabuses I think that we study from because it's considered to be toxic if it's found to

be too high but that's copper in the serum which is actually often an indication that bioavailable copper

within the cell and within the mitochondrion is too low

and copper is new is vital for numerous cellular processes this superb article here talks about the roots of

intracellular copper trafficking and every little yellow sphere here is a copper

molecule all playing a vital role for example within superoxide dismutase and um particularly in the fourth complex of

the electron transport chain um copper is the major redox active element

in most biological systems so it's not just in our sits and plants it's in other mammals

other organisms too it's utilized in many essential cellular processes including energy production by

the respiratory chain inadequate copper Supply results in numerous metabolic defects

so I have a couple more slides on this um and I'm very indebted to the root cause protocol which I've been studying

um in great detail for the last couple of years actually that's um Molly Robbins and his group has recently

been interviewed um quite a lot on the web so that's following a book that he's recently written and um so

that's surfaced a lot of this for me many mitochondrial proteins are copper dependent and so the CU here shows where

that comes up and actually by all accounts and there's superb substantiation for this In Articles

going back many decades um this could well be one of the central

reasons for inability to produce energy sufficiently in your mitochondria is lack of bioavailable copper

and um to just go on briefly um to show you that in complex four

which is Central to your energy production because it's the complex before ATP synthase and without

complex four working properly you're not going to get the electrons released for ATP synthase to produce your high

performance energy and there are many copper subunits in complex four that are key to its

function it's not just the two here the little sort of orange balls um it's a dimer so it's reflected On The Other

Side by another two and you've also got um copper in the heme A and hemb subunits of it as well and actually heme

copper oxidases terminate the respiratory chain in the mitochondria but not just their inmost bacteria too

so um there's a lot of um you know scientific substantiation for the importance of

copper and um I would suggest anybody who's interested um

have a look at uh you know the various articles that I've

um linked to here and I think it's rcp123.org or something the root cause

protocol you can also find it under that name it's been a bit Niche up to now but particularly in the course of the last

um two to three years of the pandemic that's so um driven by Iron

dysregulation the importance of this bioavailable copper has has really become more and more important I think

so going on to sources of bioavailable copper

some of them are listed here you can get particular supplements with that as well but it's important to first build

celluloplasmin which is the carrier for bioavailable copper and the backbone of that is

retinol the fraction of vitamin A that's actually quite difficult to obtain again

unfortunately if you're a vegan or vegetarian it is um mainly found in Dairy and in um

carnivorous Foods so that's you know a bit of a longer explanation why but it's it's all

um available to be found and you don't have to do the course of some shits um you know there's a lot of information

about it freely available on the web so without magnesium you also can't produce mitochondrial ATP because ATP synthase

the final um a sort of Rotor at the end of the chain

is magnesium dependent it's actually rate limiting so um it's vital for actually activating

this terminal complex and um this article together with many others describes the

importance of that and the next one I think talks particularly about intracellular magnesium and migraines

and um reduced intracellular magnesium and disordered oxfos are linked to neuronal

function and migraine so um the episodic migraines that patients may be suffering from can be due to the

hypoxia in the brain caused by insufficient mitochondrial function which after all is using oxygen and if

the oxygen isn't there because it's unable to be metabolized then headache May well be one of the symptoms

natural sources of magnesium are listed here and you'll know all of them anyway

um again maybe easier to Simply provide your patient with magnesium off the right kind there are it's of course

alloyed to many different um other nutrients and whether you use

magnesium torate or magnesium malate or buslacinate or or citrate will all depend on the particular action that

you're looking for so that again is a bit of a sort of subject unto itself um interesting too that the vast

majority of bacteria also have a respiratory chain so we shouldn't forget that it's not

just our mitochondria that are functioning in this hugely sophisticated way but also all the bacteria in our

microbiome and elsewhere I just sort of slipped this in even though it's not as well researched as

the other nutrients we've been discussing which is a wonderful article among several others that sort of says

it all in the title which is that light harvesting chlorophyll pigments enable mammalian mitochondria to capture

photonic energy and produce ATP and that's quite a wow isn't it that perhaps there's

further layers to this in fact I'm sure there are and that

photonic energy rather in the way that plants um subsist has a huge impact on our mitochondria

too and the subject line there chlorophyll enables mammalian mitochondria to

capture photonic energy summarizes this article also very worth reading and I mean we can obtain chlorophyll from all

kinds of nutrients as well as in synthesized form so I'm getting to the end now

um I think oh that's a lovely quotation straight from the article

um It is Well researched by the way so um just to mention briefly though I haven't gone into this at all in this

talk is that removing anything that can be blocking proper mitochondrial function is just as important as

supporting what's missing and um again I'll point you to a different um sources of information on this but

this may be viral or bacterial infections just think back to the CDR that I briefly mentioned and how the

mitochondria go down in order to attempt to prevent those from replicating and eradicate them biotoxins mycotoxins

you'll know this and parasites interestingly Toxoplasma actually tethers and disables the mitochondria

look at this here rather terrifying that you can pick up from cats unfortunately cat scratches and cat bites heavy metals

pesticides and herbicides glyphosate for example blocks the Shiki make pathway which is the generation of bacterial

energy but of course that means you lose your microbiome or at least a lot of the

bacteria in that so um despite the fact that the producers say it doesn't have any influence on

human cells if it does on all of our bacteria then that's extremely important and um many other different

[Music] um influences can block our mitochondria

this here lists all the different um psychotropic medications that can block the mitochondria listed by each

complex so um it's quite stunning really to see you know where they might be having an

effect on and the fact that even proton pump inhibitors for example bind to complexes one three and four and block

electron transport so it's no wonder that if we have patients taking Sertraline or

um Citalopram or Prozac or whatever that they're finding it's so so hard to regain their energy whatever we do for

them it's just worth keeping in mind and maybe discussing it with their psychiatrists or doctors

um this web page here has a lot more information I'm sorry it's so tiny here but that's actually because there is

quite a lot there talking about crypto paranuria and you know the history The evolutionary history of the mitochondria

the involvement of mitochondria and diabetes so if um you find you have a passion for that as well then do have a

look at those articles and the Articles to which they're referenced and um here there are webinars on the mitochondria

Sarah my hill of course a great great um specialist on the mitochondria has written many scientific papers on them

and this here is a wonderful website by Dr Rachel Nichol who ran mitochondria day with bio lab

about a year ago and all the presentations that she gather here together with their scientific

references so that the link to it is up there and there are many other resources on

these orchestrators of ourselves this book here is particularly amazing it's just come out molecular nutrition and

mitochondria there's been a need for that and it took a long long time to appear about 700

Pages full of scientific references and excellent information so I went

um go on anymore about that particular aspect of mitochondria just to say that

next term will cover oxidative stress and um

thank you very very much indeed I hope that was useful I'll just stop sharing shout out Alma I

I think you can oh that's okay thank you very much for your time and for this presentation

um it's really fascinating subject and we do have a few that we have a few questions but I also want to remind

everyone that we do have part two and part three so if you do have any questions

um you can send them um to um I think Julian do you want to

yourself or to me and then we can send it to you absolutely yeah either way and then also I will save the chats so I

will forward that to you then just to make sure that we answer everybody's questions if not if not now then next

time so um just a few questions to go through um does bilirubin impact the energy

transport chain yes indeed it does it's a very important antioxidant and um

okay um what is the difference between importance yes okay what is the

difference between TCA cycle and energy transport chain is that well the TCA cycle

um which is also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle is um inside the mitochondria 2 and so is

the electron transport chain and the TCA cycle um actually produces the precursors

nadh particularly and f a d for the electron transport chain and these are fed in at the various complexes uh at

the beginning of the electron transport chain and these in turn um

produce the protons and the electrons that then begin to hop along the electron transport chain and the protons

build a gradient as it's called that actually derives at the end of the chain the

Turning rotor that produces the ATP so um the TCA cycle does require ATP to turn and it's using

some of the um ATP in fact all of it all of the ATP from the glycolysis which is where glucose is metabolized and um

without a functioning TCA or Krebs cycle also called citric acid cycle you won't get mitochondrial energy from the

ETC the electron transport chain okay thank you and um I think this is in relation to the study that you mentioned

did they conclude whether there's a difference if ubiquinone or ubiquinol is better

well the particular um article where I sort of analyzed this and I did look through several studies

um suggested that it's not essential to use um ebiquinol which is the more expensive

um reduced form because a lot of the body does actually use um the ubiquinone form but there are

also um extracts you know sort of supplements you can buy which use both

but it definitely suggested as far as I could tell that it was not essential to always be buying the most expensive one

the reduced form thank you and um is seaweed a reliable source of taurine for vegans and if so

how much would you recommend seaweed yes um I'm not sure of the dosages and I

think it would probably depend on on how the seaweed had been prepared and what type of seaweed it was it does contain

some but I don't think enough um you're obviously obtaining it from various different foods anyway but

remember that um seaweed also um contains iodine and you have to be very careful about your patient's iodine

status I mean I know it's wonderful too it obtains sufficient iodine and you do need it for all kinds of uh you know

organic processes and not just for the thyroid but it's a good idea to not overdose on it either so um that would

need a bit of careful sort of balancing with the patients overall thyroid I think function as well

thank you thank you um a question about creatine it's uh no it's usually talked about in research in

relation to exercise is there any other specific benefit to it outside of exercise that would be noticeable

um well it's vital for the um um the signaling function of muscle in particular and so you could say for

exercise but I mean it's for any type of movement at all so you know because you're always using

your muscles even if you're just sort of laying on a couch or or bed bound or whatever so there is definitely a place

for creatine but it's um it you know fairly easily obtained um

um nutrients it's it's it's not one of these very very difficult ones like City choline for example

um how efficient is carnitine uptake into a muscle um are co-nutrients insulin-mediated

mechanisms useful to increase availability of carnitine that's an excellent question

um I imagine so I could um promise to cover that a little bit more in our next um talk I'd like to not sort of shoot

from the hip but actually look at what the different cofactors for carnitine in that particular situation are because it

is absolutely true that um if you have insulin resistance of any kind

then you're not even going to get um the the precursors of glycolysis going into the mitochondria and that

will disrupt so much um of your energy metabolism so it's very very important to have a look at

the sort of early stages you know the Upstream of this process and not just the downstream which is mainly what I

was concentrating on just now okay and thank you do drugs used in hormone replacement therapy have an

adverse effect on the mitochondria and that again I'd have to look into in detail I did go through the um

psychotropic drugs um albeit at the very first Pace just previously but um I sort of imagined that that would be the case

something I've been looking at recently um though I sort of started years ago but have only really begun to get my

head around it properly is deuterium and the importance of deuterium depletion and how Pharmaceuticals of all

kinds and it's not just the psychotropic ones that I mentioned earlier do increase your deuterium

and what that does is um block the TCA cycle at various points for example Fumarate

and without the vital action of the different stations on this TCA cycle you're not going to get your electron

transport chain working properly so I imagine that hormone replacement does have

um side effects along those lines but I'll look into that and it's important to remember us I think I mentioned at

the beginning that because your um hormones are actually um vitally driven by the

um cleavage of cholesterol right at the beginning of the chain which has to take place in the mitochondria that it's a

little bit circular isn't it you've got to have mitochondrial function working to get your ordered production of

hormones so sometimes that's an aspect that seems to be forgotten and one's just sort of looking purely at the

hormones the hormonal levels and then adding in perhaps bioavailable hormones when some work on mitochondrial support

might also produce uh you know very beneficial effects

thank you and what are the nutrients required for the body to synthesize its own CoQ10 carnitine and taurine

um the nutrients required for the body to synthesize them yes um well you'd need to make sure that you

were actually absorbing them properly and so if for the ones that are reliant on food and I think a lot of those were

because of course you can obtain um CoQ10 from food and taurine from food um it would be essential that you were

actually metabolizing your food and digesting it properly so one of the first things I do

with patients actually apart from asking them to do a um you know patch test for for their

thyroid function is to um do a sort of digestive test whether a kind of slightly homegrown one you know

the sort of stomach acid test or a a more um complex one that's a bit difficult to

do you know sort of swallowing the um um filter paper and then pulling it out

again but um making sure that digestive function is actually working is absolutely vital I would say for all of

those that were mentioned it's pretty much so I think that concludes the questions but we had many

many many um phrases for your presentation and many things so uh we're all looking

forward to part two so if anybody has any questions would you um like them to email you just yes

what is the best uh what is the best female what is this it's on the last page of the presentation which I know

you'll be making available it's Jillian g-i-l-i-a-n at a-o-n-m that's Alpha Omega North Pole

mother dot org Credence and uh there's just a few questions with regards to the

availability of the presentation and the slide so it will both the presentation and the recording will be available from

the band's website in a few days so um watch out for it and you will be notified about part two and we very much

look forward to welcoming Julian again thank you very very much thank you thank you very much to you and all of that and

talk listeners as well thank you thank you so much bye-bye great evening everyone bye bye