hello everyone and welcome back my name is mr covald and in this video we're going to be going over the patterns that

we see in electron configurations so let's get into this so in an earlier video i talked about electron

configurations and how they're related to orbital diagrams in another video i talked about how to use orbital diagrams

to fill in where the electrons are in your in your particular atom based on how many electrons you have

but hopefully maybe you saw some patterns so in this video i'm going to make those

patterns explicit so here

there are four quantum numbers now i'm not going to get into the details of what these quantum numbers

are in detail uh but just know that there are four quantum numbers each quantum number relates to a different

characteristic or description of the orbital or the electron in the orbital so i'll just write them down but i'm not

going to go into detail so you have your your n which is going to be related to energy

level okay you have your l which is going to be related to your

sub level or energy sub level this is also related to shape of your orbitals so we talked

about shape of the orbitals in an early earlier video and so uh this is also the sub-level that we're going to be

talking about in a moment you have your m sub l quantum number that's going to be

related to your orientation of the orbital so remember we were talking about how

the orbitals can be oriented along different axes like your p orbitals you have three p orbitals the p x

p y p z and they're they're named that because of the orientation along the uh those

axes or between the axes depending on what orbitals you're looking at and then you have your

m sub s which is your electron spin so electron electron spit and so remember we talked about how electrons

could be spin up or spin down and the poly exclusion principle says that if you uh if you are going to put electrons

into any orbital you can only put two and those electrons must have opposite spin so that's why you can only have two

because you can't have if you have more than two then you're going to end up having electrons

that have the same spin and you can't have that so so two electrons only in an orbital

okay so this is energy level sub-level orientation and spin so

uh now let's talk about the uh the patterns so um

so we have our energy levels and we saw that your energy levels could be n one through whatever actually so what

i'm going to do is i'm gonna list the the energy levels

so we'll have n so so you get at n equals 1

n equals 2 n equals 3 4

5 6 7

8 and so on so remember that the uh energy levels here

are as far as energy goes the energy level number one is closest to the nucleus it's the lowest in energy

and then the next higher one is energy level number two so that would be a higher energy than the n equals one

so it's farther from the nucleus n equals three would be higher energy and that would be still farther so as

you increase in your energy level you're increasing in energy and therefore

you're getting farther from the nucleus okay so

here we have n and then here we'll have our sublevel so remember this is going to be our energy

level and so then we have our sub level

and our sub levels we're given the three shapes or three letters s p d and f and those are

related to the shapes that we saw before so so when we're looking at the sublevels

we saw that n equals one only has one sublevel so that was the s sub level

right so the s is in the one and that's the only sub level that exists in the one

and then at the second sub level i'm sorry at the uh at the second energy level we saw that we added a p sublevel

so we had s and p we had 2s and we had that 2p right we had the 2s orbital and the 3

uh 2p orbitals so here we have the s

and the p okay and then we go to the third the third

energy level and then that's where we saw the ds come in so the third energy level had the s

the p and the d and then if we keep going

at the fourth energy level we saw that there would be s p

d and then we get the f coming in at that level as well so what do you notice in the pattern

here i'm at energy level number one and i have one sub level

energy level number two and have two sublevels energy level number three

i have three sub levels energy level number four i have four sublevels

so what's the pattern if you're noticing the pattern you'll see that the number of the sub-level

gives you the number i'm sorry the number of the energy level gives you the number of the sub-levels so if i if i'm

at energy level number one i have one sub level energy level number two i have two sub levels three three sub levels

four four sub levels so i could actually keep going and it and the pattern does continue uh we stop at f because our

periodic table actually only goes up to f but we could discover other elements that

don't stop there right so if we were to continue this we could continue the alphabet from f right

so if i'm at energy level number five we would have s p

d and f and a new sublevel would be introduced and we could call that

g you know following the alphabet f g okay and we could continue also so we would six

energy level number six you'd have six sublevels so that would be s p

[Music] d f

g and then we could throw h in there and then we could do sevens so seven would have seven sublevels so s

p d f g

h what would follow h i so at the seventh sub level i would be

introduced so that would be a possible sublevel at energy level number seven and just to complete this so eight would

be s p d

f g h

and then i and then after i we have j so all of these if i put

parentheses around these these are like hypothetical these we haven't discovered yet

but we could discover an element that is not on the periodic table and we would have to

introduce these new new letters

but for now we only go up to f but the pattern can continue so

these are possible sub levels at these larger energy levels so now you kind of see the pattern there

okay so what about electrons

or what about the number of orbitals let's talk about that number of

orbitals okay so number of orbitals we said that if you look at s

how many orbitals are in s remember the orbital diagram with the lines how many lines does every s sublevel in your

orbital dot in your orbital diagram have there's only one so that means there's one orbital so at this sub-level you

have one s orbital

so you only have one s orbital at that sub level

right now at the p your p orbitals or your p sublevel has

three p orbitals so you have three p orbitals at the s i'll put the s here

and we'll put p there how many p orbitals you have at the p sub level

you have three p

orbitals about at the d sublevel d we said it was five

we have five d orbitals okay and then at f we said

f has seven we saw the seven f orbitals okay so do you see a pattern here so s

sublevel 1s orbital p sublevel 3p orbitals d sublevel

5d orbitals f sublevel 7f orbitals and remember the difference in the orbitals is about their orientation in space they

have different kinds of shapes but they're uh also oriented differently in space

so notice how each one is increasing so these are increasing in energy as well

so the s or sublevel is lower in energy than the p the p is lower in energy than the d

and the d is lower than the f that's why they fill in in that order

so you notice the pattern here one three five seven how is it increasing

they're all odd numbers increasing by two starting with one so we have our hypothetical sublevels here

g so after g right we have our hypothetical g there so if we're following the pattern what

would be the number of sublevel or number of orbitals at the g sublevel it would be

nine nine g

orbitals or noodles and what about h

we're going to continue h hypothetical h 5 7 9 11.

so we'd have 11 h orbitals and what about i

if we continue i this would be 13 and so on so that's the pattern that's relating

sublevels and orbitals so your number of orbitals in the sub-level increases by two

every time you go to a different sub-level okay

so this is another pattern that we can keep in mind um

so what about the maximum number of electrons so if we're

if we're looking at sublevels right let me make sure i have space so number

of the total number of orbitals total number of orbitals

it just so happens that the total number of orbitals at a particular energy level is the square

of that level so if we're looking at n n is our energy level the total number of

orbitals all the orbitals at that level happens to be

one right the total number of

orbitals at number two we have one s orbital and we have three p orbitals so that's a total of four

we have at the third energy level we have spd so we have 1s 3p

and we have 5d that's going to be 9

so 1 plus 3 plus 5 is 9. and at four

we have the four sublevels each of them has one one s three p five d seven f and so there we have

sixteen and do you know notice the pattern between the energy level and the number

here 1 1 2

4 3 9

4 16. what's the pattern

the number the total number of orbitals in the energy level is equal to n squared

so whatever energy level you are at square that number that's the total number of orbitals you have at that

energy level now what about electrons all right sorry about that it looks like

the power went off so we'll just keep going so

just really quick how do i figure out the maximum number of electrons

in a in an energy level well since i know that there are a maximum of two electrons in each orbital

right so you can only have two electrons in each orbital and i have the number of

electrons a number of orbitals here then i take that number of orbitals and i

multiply by two so the total number of orbitals in your energy level is

n squared so if you multiply that by 2 you get 2n squared so total so total number of electrons

is 2n squared so i'll write that total total number

of electrons two n squared so i hope this is

interesting and helpful um this is just interesting patterns that uh i think are you will be helpful in keeping in mind

like what's going on uh in the uh electron configuration and maybe this will help you remember what's up okay so

thank you for joining me and have a great day oh and don't forget smash that like button

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the comment section okay thanks for joining me have a great day