Comprehensive Overview of Neuroanatomy: High Yield Concepts for Exams

[Music] hello guys so now we shall be discussing uh regarding the high yield Concepts in

neuroanatomy okay so these high yield Concepts will cover most of your mcqs from your exams okay so regarding this

high content let us start from the complete basic okay let us start with a little bit basic for let us say 10 15

minutes and after that directly we'll dive into the important topics so the basics are little bit confusing it means

uh most of you don't know what are what is called as gray matter what is called as white matter actually you know color

is gray so gray matter white so white matter fine but gray matter is made up of what white matter is made up of what

what is called as a gangon what is called as a nucleus what is called as a nerve what is called as a tract so these

are some basic disturbances regarding the neuro Anatomy which keep on coming in your mind so let us clear all these

important things now okay so coming to uh this important thing the first important thing we shall come across is

this one see let us say these are cell bodies all of you know right these are your cell bodies

like this and this is an axon axon terminal axon and axon terminal okay you know these important things right now if

I divide these regions into two important parts for example let us say this entire part which I'm highlighting

with the lellow over here okay see tell me all these group what are these group these are the group of cell bodies yes

or no these are the group of cell Bodies Okay so these group of cell bodies together you call it as gray matter okay

so if you find any lag in the video I prefer you to put it at 1.1 or 1.2 or 1. 5x okay so that would be better for you

so gray matter so group of cell bodies together is called as a gray matter okay in the same way in the same way uh let

me highlight another important part this one what are these these are a group of axons okay so group of cell

bodies are called as gray matter then what do you call group of axons see all these are axon right so these are group

of axons what are these group of axons called they form the white white matter group of axons form the white matter now

you might get a doubt how are the axons looking white actually surrounding this axon you very well know that we have got

a specific sheath what is this sheath called as mine sheath right so this because of this myin sheath because of

this myin sheath the group of axons they look white in color so that is why they comprise of white matter right now

coming to the gray matter coming to the gray matter now gray matter matter is different in different locations what do

you mean is that for example gray matter you find in the central nervous system gray matter you see in the central

nervous system and peripheral nervous system for example the gray matter which is located in the central nervous system

is called as nucleus okay the gray matter which is located in the peripheral nervous system

is called as gangon for example group of cell bodies in the central nervous system is called nuclei group of cell

bodies in the peripheral n system is called as gangon okay now in the same way if you look at the white matter so

group of axons form the white matter right now group of axons in the central nervous system and in the peripheral

nervous system group of axons in the central nervous system in the central nervous system are called as

tracks okay they are called as tracks or they are called as lisy or they are called as

fuli f in the same way group of axons in the peripheral nervous system you call this

as nerve you call this as nerve okay so these are the important Basics which you

have to know here okay and by the way you know very importantly that we have got two different types of neurons one

are called as melinated neurons and the other one are called as unmated neurons okay so the the electric conduction

right the what do you say the depolarization right or the electrical impulses they are very fast in which one

mated or unmated they are very fast in the mated neurons and in unmated neurons they're very slow okay now second

important thing I want to highlight here is that uh let us say let us say that this is your central nervous

system okay we'll go in detail about this this is your central nervous system you know very well that we have got

neurons in the central nervous system right you know we have also got neurons in the peripheral nervous system so this

is a neuron here okay this is a neuron of central nervous system and this is a neuron of a peripheral nervous system

okay now the neurons of central nervous system okay listen carefully the neurons of central nervous system on both the

sides they are covered by mine okay both the sides they're covered by mine in the same way the neurons of

peripheral nervous system on both the sides here also they are covered by milin like this so both the sides

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system the neurons are covered by milin so this is your

CNS and this is your pns now the important point I want to highlight over here is that what are the cells that are

forming the myin in the central nervous system these are oligodendrocytes

oligo dendrocytes okay these are oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes they

form the mine sheath of the neurons in the central nervous system okay so they form mileen

sheath of neurons in CNS okay they form the Ming sh of neurons in CNS now coming to

the pns per pereral nervous system okay so what cells form the milein sheet in the peripheral nervous system that is

the Squan cells that is your Squan cels okay Squan cels form the mine of the neurons of the peripheral nervous system

clear so these are some of the basics which you have to know and next important thing is that we shall

directly discuss about the brain vesicles okay so we shall start our discussion with the brain

vesicles now coming to these brain vesicles what do you know about these brain vesicles

guys so first of all these brain vesicles are mainly three okay so from these brain vesicles itself the brain

development starts okay the central nervous system development starts so first thing you have to know is that

these brain vesicles they start developing at fourth week okay the development of brain vesicles they

start their development at fourth

week they start their development at fourth week okay now coming to this brain vesicles how many brain vesicles

do we have see for example this is one brain vesicle okay now coming to this is another brain vesicle over here this is

a third brain vesicle over here okay how many brain vesicles are there these are the three important brain vesicles now

what is this particular first brain vesicle over here called as this first brain vesicle over here is called as

your proen sealon okay so this is called as proen sealon in the same way what is the

next brain vesicle over here is called as this is called as misen sealon Nan sephon and finally what is

this particular brain V over here is called as this is called as Roman seon

Roman seon so how many brain vesicles we have got we have got proen seon we have got mlon we have got renon okay now next

important thing is that how these brain vesicles in future they are going to develop into for example if you look at

pron okay if you look at PR enlon this is how it is going to develop this is your PR enlon okay after

that this part is your mlon and after that this part over here is your romen sealon okay so when I color these things

you'll understand for example proen seon is this one you see this entire part including this one so completely these

three parts together is called as pren seon it means proen seon is developing into these three parts okay in the same

way if you look at mean seon mean seon is alone I mean it is not developing into anything and when it comes to Roman

sephon again here Roman sephon develops into two important things okay Roman sephon develops into two important

things clear all of you right so now what are the names of these important things over here for example these two

important this one is called as your tlon this part is called as tan sephon the lower part is called as

Dian sealon tlon and the lower part is called as dianon the middle part is alone and

this is called as your mlon no change and the lower part if you see this is called as metan

seon and milen seon milen sealon so what did I tell you guys what did I tell you here is that we

just talked that proen seon is going to develop into these two important things that is your Tien seon and Dian seon

mean seon will not develop into anything it remains alone whereas Roman sephon will develop into metan seon and milen

seon these are the important things which I want you to remember now Within These brain vesicles slowly what will

happen slowly ventricles are formed okay within this brain vles you see this is one ventricle that is connecting with

another ventricle over here see how many ventricles have drawn so far two ventricles right so there are two

ventricles that are formed where are they formed in the T ofon next there is a small connecting duct and there's a

small connecting duct again there is another ventricle here can I tell this is as a third ventricle right in the

same way there is a small connecting de again and again you have got another ventricle over here can I tell that this

is a fourth ventricle right and fourth ventricle is in continuous downward in this way okay fourth ventricle is

continuous in this way so how many ventricles do we have so basically we have actually we have actually got these

two are your first two ventricles first two ventricles are connected to the third ventricle like this and third

ventricle is finally connected to your fourth ventricle actually we have got five ventricles I will tell you where is

the fifth ventricle later on not now right but just remember we have got five ventricles okay so this is first and

second ventricle this is your third this is your fourth ventricle and remember right now here itself that the first two

ventricles are connected to the third ventricle with the help of this small opening here this opening is called as

foramen of Monro foramen of Monro okay in the same way the third ventricle is connected to

the fourth ventricle with the help of this particular duct here this is called as Aqueduct of

sylvus Aqueduct of sylvus or you can also call it as cerebral Aqueduct cerebral

Aqueduct Aqueduct of sylvus or you can call it as cerebral Aqueduct okay so these are the important things which I

want you to focus okay now if I ask you tillan sephon will in future what it will develop you told me that proen seon

in future it will develop into tlon and dlon now I'm telling you asking you that teal and sephon in the future what it

will develop into in the same way Dian sephon in the future what it will develop in same way in each one of the

point we'll discuss right now okay so first let us discuss about the t sephon t seon so what will T and seon develop

in the future you can see here these two are called as two cerebral hemispheres okay how many cerebral hemispheres we

have got two cerebral hemispheres one is called as a right another one is called as left so tlon will develop into the

first important thing that is your cerebral hemispheres

it would develop into Cal hemispheres next it would also develop into lateral ventricles I told you right first and

second ventricle so it would develop into those two lateral ventricles okay now after T and seon the next part what

do we have here dianon right so what will dianon develop into dianon what will Dian seon develop into

so this part over here was your tlon like this down here you have got another part

this is called as dlon right now within the cavity of dianon which ventricle do you have ventricle number three okay so

dianon will first develop into third ventricle so cavity of third ventricle where is it it is the dianon dianon the

third ventricle cavity I mean cavity of dlon is your third ventricle okay second important thing what is the second

important thing which you see see second important thing is that here you have got this particular

part over here called as hypothalamus okay so along with hypothalamus you have got a pitutary stock what is this

pitutary stock and here you have got anterior pituitary you have got posterior pituitary okay so what should

I write here you even have got hypothalamus over here

hypothalamus okay you have got this pitutary stock pitutary stock and remember one thing

attached to the hypo hypo when I tell hypothalamus it means this entire thing is called as a hypothalamus okay so

attached to the hypothalamus we have got pitutary gland pitutary gland okay so and fifth

important thing we also have this is the thalamus Thalamus okay Thalamus hypothalamus pitutary stock pitutary

gland these are the structures that are present within the andon along with the third ventricle okay along with the

third ventricle next fourth important thing what is the fourth important thing over here fourth important thing over

here is that uh me and sephon okay let us discuss about me and sephon now me sephon so let us see how does

this meon sephon develop into so you must be particular about this that you can see here you can see here that these

two are called as Cal hemispheres okay let me let me put up this picture so that you'll understand here all of you

see here so this is your cerebral Hemisphere okay after the Cal hemisphere here we have got what what is this this

is called as a midbrain next after that we have got pawns after that we have got medula what is this medula oblata and

then we have got spinal called I hope you know this right now we are already done with tan seon and Dian seon okay

that means the Cal hemisphere part as well as the dianon third ventricle part okay now now what we will do is that we

shall see how is mean sephon developing into see here mean sephon is exactly the middle part okay so mean seon will

develop into midbrain midbrain along with midbrain in the center you have got a duct what is that Aqueduct of sylvus

or cerebral Aqueduct okay so mlon will develop into midbrain Plus

Aqueduct of sylvus or cerebral Aqueduct okay after mlon we have got what metan

seon after mlon we have got metan seon where is metan seon see this is metan seon so what will metan seon develop

into after midbrain midbrain was developed by what midbrain was developed by mlon right after this midbrain after

this midbrain you have got what pawns after pawns what do you have medula obl now tell me mlon is developing into mid

brain then metan Zeon can I tell it will develop into pawns right yes so metan seon will develop into pawns and

cerebellum it develops into pawns and cereum and what is the only part that is left that is your medo oblong as well as

the spinal cord and your milon your

mlon will develop into medula oang milin seon will develop into medula O Okay so these are the structures over

here guys so what are the different structures which you can see here tlon Dian seon meanon metan seon as well as M

and seon so these are this will cover up the introductory part okay of the neuro Anatomy here and one clinical point I

just wanted to share with you just keep that thing in mind that from where is the eighth nerve so one very important

clinical point I just wanted to share with you that uh all of you just look here that we have got we have got this

is your midbrain right midbrain here we have got pawns here we have got medula oblongata and down over

here we have got spinal cord okay so here we have got midbrain and this is your pawns this is

your med oblongata now one very important thing is that from the pawns and Meda oblongata you have got a nerve

that is passing here right so can I tell that this nerve is passing through the Ponto medular Junction and this nerve is

called as your eighth pair of cranial nerve and remember one thing this eighth pair of cranial nerve once if it is

damaged right basically the name of this nerve is vestibulo cckar nerve right so if this

vestibular coar nerve is damaged you should remember one thing that the vestibular part is responsible for

balance and the cckar part is responsible for hearing both of them will be lost so if there is any injury

to the Ponto medular Junction or if there is any kind of tumor that is formed in the Ponto medular Junction

right what can happen there can be damage to your eighth pair of cranial now where your vestibular nerve and

cckar nerve both of them will be damaged leading to loss of balance as well as hearing so now we shall be uh discussing

after this important topic which we have discussed regarding the basics and all now we shall discuss some of the basics

of a nervous tissue okay basics of your nervous tissue now coming to the basics of

nervous tissue first of all you have to know that your nervous tissue is uh divided into three important parts okay

one is called as neuronal tissue proper another one is called as specialized connective tissue another one is called

as ordinary connective tissue so your nervous tissue is in turn divided into how many parts three parts so what are

these three parts over here what are these three parts over here one is called as neuronal tissue

proper one is called as neuronal tissue prop proper another one is called as specialized connective

tissue specialized connective tissue and the third one is called as ordinary connective

tissue ordinary connective tissue okay so what is this neuronal tissue proper what is this specialized connective

tissue and what is this ordinary connective tissue we'll discuss for example all your neurons okay all your

neurons or nerve cells whatever are there all those come under neuronal tissue proper so the neurons which you

have in your body okay they come under this neuronal tissue proper what is specialized connective tissue

specialized connective tissue is a type of nervous tissue okay what is the specialized connective tissue is that

for example you know you've got gal cells right so these GES they come under the specialized connective tissue

ordinary connective tissue in the sense the meninges ordinary connective tissue in

the S the meninges what are the three different layers of meninges you have got you have got the outer Dura matter

middle you have got eroid matter okay and inner you have got what P matter inner you have got P matter so Dura

matter arid matter and patter together you call it as ordinary connective tissue now first we shall discuss about

the neurons then we'll go to gal cells and finally the menes okay so coming to the neurons what are the important

things you can see this is one type of classification guys okay this is one type of classification there are

multiple classifications based upon function based upon the length of the neuron also there are classifications

okay we'll discuss about that so first of all let us put the heading neuron over here so when it comes to

neuron when it comes to neuron what are the two important things you can see in a neuron there are two important parts

within a neuron okay what is the first important part all of you know we have got cell body okay what is the other

name for cell body that is your peric Carion other name for cell body is your peric

carum okay now attached to the cell body you know we have got axons attached to the cell body you know we have got

dendrites so what are dendrites and axones called These are called processes processes of a cell

body okay these are called processes or you can also call them as neurites processes or neurites of a cell

body so what are the two different types of processes you know one is called as your axons okay other name is called as

what nerve fiber axon is also called as your nerve fiber another one is called as your dendroides another one is called

as your dendroides let us start from complete Basics okay so some are called as axon or nerve fibers and the other

one are called as dries now let us look at the structure of a neuron and let us see what are the structures that are

located within it in detail okay so what did I tell you it will have a cell body see this is your cell body

okay now after cell body attached to the cell body what do you have you have got processes I told you see attached to the

cell body you have got processes like this so these processes which you have over here are called as D

rites okay these processes over here are called as your Den rites next down to the cell body what do you have you have

got what is this this is called as your axon this is called as your axon okay next attached to the axon here you have

got what here you have got structures like this these are called as terminal buttons what are these called These are

called terminal buttons okay now in the center you have got a very important thing what is this important thing in

the center this is called as nucleus okay now surrounding the nucleus you have got a green color substance like

this you know what is this this substance is called nissle substance what is this substance called nissle

substance so let us write down one by one so the the first important structure which we have got over here this is

called as dendrites this is called as your dite and this one over here is called as your

cell body okay in the center of the cell body what is this this is called as your

nucleus and what is this particular substance over here this is called as your nissle substance n SSL substance

nissle substance so this is the nissle substance which you have over here okay next important thing next important

thing is that you see this particular location which I'll be highlighting right now see this particular location

which I'm highlighting with the green you see can I call this as the neck neck region of the uh neuron right so this

neck is called as axon hilock what is this called this neck portion is called as Aon hilock and one very important

thing I want to tell you about this is that this is the place from where the action potential are generated axon hog

is the one which generates your action potentials is the one which generates your action potentials now if I ask you

that within the cell body okay within this entire cell body what are the organal you have got what are the

organal you have got within the cell body the first important organal which you have over here is nissel substance

what is nissle substance what is nissle substance nissle substance is nothing but your

rough endoplasmic reticulum you know rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum you also know that

rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes protein smooth endoplasmic reticulum for lipids right in the same way the second

important substance is neuronal filaments neuronal filaments so these are the two important organal that are

present within this particular cell body okay okay so this is a typical structure of a neuron now we are done discussing

about the neuron the next topic we shall be discussing is your gal cells okay now what are the different kinds of gal

cells you have got now gal cells are located where are these gal cells located these gal cells

are located in the central nervous system gal cells are also located in the peripheral nervous system okay so what

are those gal cells in the central nervous system peripheral nervous system what is the name of them what is the

name of those GL cells for example you know the name oligodendrocytes which I've have

discussed already oligodendrocytes are what these are the gal cells in the central nervous system if I ask you the

function what will be the function the function of these oligodendrocytes is they will cause what myelination they

will form the mine around the neurons of central nervous system now second important cells we have got is asroy

star shaped cells are called as astrocytes third important cells we have got is

microglia what are they they are called as microglia and fourth important cells are your endal

cells fourth important cells you have got is endal cells next important thing is peripheral nervous system in

peripheral nervous system what are the two important things we have got over here one you call it as a Squan

cells one you have the Squan cells second one you have is the satellite cells okay one you have got what Squan

cells and the second one you have got is a satellite cells so these are the two different types of cells that are

located in the peripheral nervous system okay so these are some of the important things which you have regarding this

Galis okay so now tell me what is the function of your oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes they form the mine

sheet of Central or peripheral nervous system central nervous system Squan they form the milein sheath of your

peripheral nervous system now what are the different types of neurons what are the different types of neurons based on

poles based on poles what are the different types of neurons based upon poles what do you mean by this by this

we mean that we have got neurons called as unipolar neuron bipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron multipolar neuron right

so what are the different types of neurons based upon poles for example let us discuss the first important thing see

here here I'm drawing a nucleus and a cell body or peric Carion now for example if I am telling

you that there are multiple poles over here okay now through these multiple poles what structures are coming see see

through one pole through one pole we come across a DDE like this okay so here also there is one more DDE here also

there is another DDE now through another pole we see an axon that is coming like this okay so here how many poles are

there so how many poles are there here we have got okay let me rub this out so how many poles from how many poles the

structures are coming 1 2 3 4 more than two poles so can I call this as a multipolar neuron yes so this neuron is

called as a multi molar neuron this neuron over here is called multipolar neuron where are these

multipolar neurons present the first important thing is these multipolar neurons are present in your cerebral

cortex now when I cut down the Cal cortex you have got gray matter you have got white matter yes or no now what is

what is gray matter first of all tell me gray matter is collection of cell bodies or gray matter is collection of axons

gay matter is collection of cell bodies right now we are talking about poles where are poles attached to attached to

the Aon or attach it to the cell body cell body so where do you find these multipolar neurons you would see in the

cerebral cortex especially in the gray matter or white matter that is the gray matter gray matter okay in the same way

coming to the second important thing second important thing is that where do you find other other than this cell

cortex you even see in cere cortex okay cerebellar cortex okay again the same the gray matter of cere

CeX gray matter of cere CeX and third most important thing is that you will find multipolar neurons in the anterior

Horn of spinal cord anterior Horn of spinal cord okay so don't confuse here regarding the anterior and

posterior horns let us say this is your spinal cord over here this is your spinal cord over here

right now if I divide this spinal cord into two halves what are the things I'm going to get this is called as the this

is called as the um anterior region this is called as a posterior region okay or you can call this as a dorsal region or

this is called as a vental region all the neurons that are present here see you see all the neurons every neuron

that is present in the dorsal region these neurons together you call it as what sensory neurons and all the neurons

that are present down over here all the neurons that are present down over here which I'm highlighting with the blue all

these neurons are what motar neurons which will innervate your muscles okay so above all these neurons are called as

sensory all these neurons are are called as Sensory neurons and here all of them are called as your motor

neurons Sensory neurons as well as the motor neurons okay now what I'm telling you is that anterior Horn of spinal cord

in the sense so the neurons that are present in the anterior Horn of spinal cord all these neurons here all of them

are multipolar neurons okay all of them are multipolar neurons so after this first point multi polar neuron

discussion is done coming to the second important thing now second important thing you will tell me this let us say

this is the nucleus and this is a cell body okay now um let us say that from here dendrites are coming and down here

we have got an axon dividing into two parts now tell me how many poles have been used here so this is one pole and

this is one pole one pole for axone one pole for these dries so can I call such neurons as bipolar neurons

bipolar neurons such neurons are called as what bipolar neurons now where are these bipolar neurons present in two

separate locations for example your all Factory neurons are bipolar neurons you know your all Factory neurons which you

have these neurons are bipolar neurons and your retina of the eyeball also retina

of eyeball right retina of eyeball also is a bipolar neuron and all Factor neurons are also bipolar

neurons now coming to the third important type of neuron that is this one see here this is called as pseudo

unipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron okay so why it is basically called as a pseudo

unipolar neuron actually it is not a pseudo unipolar it is a bipolar neuron only but look here what has happened

this is a neuron here okay so uh to this neuron we have got two important things see there are

two structures that are passing out okay from two separate poles now tell me what is this neuron unipolar or bipolar this

is a bipolar neuron so what has happened is that there is a small depression that is developed over here now into this

depression what has happened is that the nucleus will invaginate into this depression okay and not only this you

see there are two poles over here pole number one and pole number two these two poles they will come towards each other

these two poles are pulled towards each other okay when these two poles are pulled towards each other see one pole

is coming from here one pole is coming both the poles joined together so what will happen here is that look at the

next picture over here so both the poles from here and here they're coming towards each other and this is how it

looks this is a single pole and from this single pole you see there are two

processes here so this is one and this is two there are two processes now in the later on stage of development this

is how it looks this is a neuron it looks as if it is a single pole but actually it is not a single pole Two

Poles fused together and there are two processes in this way you see now tell me how many poles have been used here

this is a unipolar so I have to call this as a unipolar neur but once you know this entire history then you will

tell that this is not a true unipolar neuron actually it was a bipolar neuron which converted into a unipolar neuron

right so that is why you call it as pseudo unipolar neuron so where do you see the Pudo unipolar neurons the first

important location where do you see this is your spinal ganglia so where are these uh neurons that are basically

present the first important place is your spinal ganglia spinal gang is a place where

these neurons are present second important thing is your sensory ganglia sensory ganglia sensory ganglia is the

second place where these neurons are basically present okay so basically sensory ganglia of your fifth nerve

right seventh nerve uh ninth nerve as well as the 10th cranial nerve okay so fifth 7th 9th and 10th cranial NES okay

now uh we are done with multipolar neuron bipolar neuron pseudo unipolar neuron and now we shall come across

another important neuron here look here so let us say this is the this is a cell body right I mean this is a nucleus and

this is a cell body okay so here here we have got we have got what are these these structures are called as

dendrites right now do we have any axones over here we don't have any axon over here here so such neurons where

only ddes are present no axon is present is called as an aonic neuron an aonic neuron so what is an

aonic neuron an aonic neuron is consisting of only axons sorry only

dendrites only derides and there are no hones only derides and there are no axones over here so the best example is

amacrine cells ofia retina okay anine cells of retina amacrine cells of retina okay next after this the next

important thing the next important thing is that so these are another different kinds of neurons but these neurons are

like this only cell bodies are present there is no axon there is no pole there is no dendrites okay so what are the

what are present over here there are no poles no axons and no dendrites okay so such type

of neurons are called as apolar neurons neurons with no poles are called as apolar neurons so when I tell apolar

neurons apolar neurons are those neurons which have got only what they have got only cell

bodies they have got only cell cell Bodies Okay such neurons are called apolar neurons and where are these

apolar neurons present they are present in the adrenal medula okay so all of you know adrenal gland right adrenal gland

has got adrenal medula so they are present in your adrenal medula adrenal medula okay now coming to

the next important classification based upon the function of a neuron how are they

classified based on function of a neuron how are these neurons classified So based upon the function

these neurons are classified into four different types of neurons what are those four different types of neurons

some are called as Sensory neurons right or sensory fibers Sensory neurons right second one is called as

motar neurons motar neurons third different kind is called as intermediate

neurons intermediate neurons and fourth important type is called as atomic neurons Atomic neurons so what are the

four different types Sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons as well as autonomic neurons so these neurons here

you can either call them as intermediate neurons or interneurons or internuncial neurons

intertial neurons okay these are these can also be called as internuncial neurons okay now

what are these Sensory neurons over here so as I have already told this important thing that all the neurons that are

located in the dorsal root of your spinal cord this is your spinal cord okay so

let us say let me rub this part now here these are called as dorsal horns now in this dorsal horns whatever neuron you

have got over here right so this is called as dorsal root ganglia what is this this is called as drg dorsal root

ganglia okay so the neuron which you have over here if you see here it is having a peripheral process it is also

having a central process so such kind of neuron is called as pseudo unipolar neuron I also told you there that sudo

unipolar neurons example is dorsal root gangas that is your spinal gangas okay so this is a central process next in the

center here you have got one more neuron like this there is one more neuron and after that you have got a red color

neuron this is your motor neuron so all of you know this basic thing what is the basic thing over here this neuron is

called as your sensory neuron this neuron is called as your motar neuron and in between the neuron which you have

here is called called as what internuncial neuron internuncial

neuron internuncial neuron so sensory neuron you know the function Sensations right it brings the sensations to the

spinal cord and after that these Sensations are relayed on the internal neurons and internal neurons will send

the message to the motor neurons and these motor neurons will inate your muscles and start Contracting your Muses

now when it comes to autonomic neurons you you know this basic thing Atomic neurons

there are two different types right what are these two different types we have got sympathetic neurons in this

sympathetic neurons we have also got parasympathetic parasympathetic so sympathetic and

parasympathetic neurons together you call them as what Atomic neurons okay sympathetic parasympathetic together you

call as atomic neurons so this is based upon the function okay now based upon the length also we classify the neurons

into short axons long axons okay so based upon the length based on the length also we

classify these into two types one are called as long axons and the other one are called as

short axons long axons and short axons so what are these long axons Golgi type one

GOI type 1 neurons whatever are there GGI type 1 neurons are your long axons next Gogi type two

neurons GOI type two neurons whatever are there they are called as short axons so Gog type 1 neurons are long axons Gog

type two neurons are short axons okay now one important thing uh you need to understand is that usually the neurons

whatever mature neuron we have got mature neurons these neurons they do not have centrioles okay if there are no

centrioles then the neuron cannot divide why is the neuron not dividing well let us say my radial nerve is cut off why is

my radial nerve not dividing because the radial nerve is not having Centrio so when centrioles are present only then

the neurons will divide so out of all neurons in your body right all Factory neurons are those neurons which have

centrioles that is the reason why Al Factory nerves can regenerate again okay so this important thing is that

normally centrioles are needed for division of a neuron division of a

neuron division of a neuron okay so in our body all the neurons what we have mature neurons what we have these mature

neurons they lack what they lack centrioles they lack centrioles and that is the reason why what there is no

division but all Factory neurons all Factory neurons they have centrioles they have cental centrioles

are present and that is the reason why they regenerate they regenerate that is the reason why they

regenerate okay so this is one of the important thing you have to know so this completes the complete basics of neuron

anatomy and now on we can start directly with the topics of neuron so Guys these are the important things uh which

covered up your entire basics of neuron Anatomy so these are the basic things which we discuss that a group of cell

bodies together you call it as a gray matter in the CNS you call it as nucleus in the pns you call it as ganglia group

of axons together you call it as a white matter in the CNF you call them as tracks a group of axons in the CNS are

called tracks lonis culi in the pns you call it as a nerve okay like for example you have got radial nerve alar nerve all

these are per Al they coming out of the central nervous system right bra let us say youve got median nerve right common

peronal nerve all these nerves are what they are nothing but axons right so Central peripheral nervous system

central nervous system May what is the how is the milein formed with the help of which cells olgod dendroides

peripheral nervous system it is because of Squan cells we discuss that olgod dendroides and Squan cells they are a

specialized connective tissue right specialized neuronal connective tissue which means the gal cells right right

and here we discussed about the brain vesicles if you remember three types of brain vesicle proen seon mlon and Roman

seon proen seon dividing into three structures tlon and dianon right so I mean two tlon and dianon so tlon is

having what cerebral hemispheres and first and second ventricle now dianon is having what dianon will develop into

your hypothalamus Thalamus right the pitutary gland and all okay and also third ventricle over here now mean seon

is having what midbrain will develop into midbrain and a duct in the center what is this Aqueduct of sylvus metan

seon over here will develop into what pawns as well as cereum and finally medo by m and and next important thing I told

you is the nervous tissue is of three types neuronal tissue proper specialized connective tissue and ordinary

connective tissue neuronal tissue proper is your neurons right neurons are having two process one is called as a cell body

or peric Carion other one are the processes process in the sense this axon is one process in the same way you have

got what is this this is called as your drites and this part this part the neck part is called as a axon hog which

generates your action potentials okay what are the organal Nile substance and neuronal filaments nil substance are

nothing but your rough endoplasmic reticulum Galis as I just told you right oligodendrocytes astrocytes microand

endal here it is Squan cells and satellite cells so types of neurons based upon the poles so how many poles

you have got multiple poles so multipolar neuron cerebral cortex cere cortex anterior Horn of spinal cord they

have these neurons okay next bipolar neurons are located in O what is this Alla Factory neurons and retina of

eyeball pseudo unipolar neurons are located in spinal ganglia which I already told you that is your dorsal

root ganglia right and they are also present where in the sensory ganglia of fifth 7th 9th and 10th cranial NOS where

are neurons located no poles no aons no dries only cell bodies are located that is your adal materal based upon the

functions you know Sensory neurons are always on the top motor neurons are always on the bottom in between them

youve got inter neurons okay so these are some of the important things which you need to understand over here uh

regarding this important topic right so after this uh we shall discuss right now we as I already told you we shall enter

into the real topics over here real important topics that the first topic which we shall cover is white

matter now tell me what is white matter gray matter is collection of cell bodies then what is white matter white

matter is a bundle of unmated axones or melinated axones melinated so it is nothing but a bundle

of melinated axons bundle of melinated axons is called as your white matter okay so actually within the cortex

cerebral cortex when you cut down the cerebral cortex within the cerebral cortex there are some fibers running

from one end to other end running from right side to left side okay so these fibers running from one end to other end

these fibers together you call them as what these fibers are called as repeat now when you cut down the cerebral

cortex in the cerebral cortex you will see fibers running from one end to other end okay you will see fibers running

from one cortex to other cortex so all these fibers are mated fibers so how they're running how they're moving from

one side to other side right so based upon their movement they are divided into three types right even if you're

not understanding right now whatever I'm telling when I draw the picture you will completely understand it okay so white

matter fibers right the white matter is compressed of mated axon and these mated axons they start at one point and they

project to another location right so this kind of projection over here are given three names there are three

different types of projection or there are three different types of fibers what are these three different types of

fibers some fibers are called as Association fibers some fibers are called as Association fibers some fibers

are called as projection fibers okay some fibers are called projection fibers and third type of fibers are called as

cural fibers chural fibers okay now let us see what are these Association fibers what

are these projection and what are this chural fibers for example let us say let me draw the cerebral cortex

here this is the cerebral cortex okay and remember one thing this particular

sulcus which you can see over here this is called as syvan Fisher this is called as syvan

fisher syvan fisher or you can call it as lateral sulcus we will discuss about this in detail okay syvan Fisher or you

can call it as lateral sulcus now what about the fibers yeah about the fibers now some fibers are running from one

part of the cortex to another part you see how these fibers are running you see these fibers are running

from one part of the cortex to another part it means these fibers are they Crossing to the opposite side see if

this is your right Cal hemisphere this is your left Cal hemisphere are these fibers Crossing from one Cal hemisphere

to another no these fibers they are C they are present in a single I mean in each cerebral cortex they are not

Crossing to the opposite side okay so in one cerebral cortex they start at one point and end at one point they do not

cross to the other side so such fibers over here these fibers over here are called as Association fibers okay so if

I have to write about Association fibers what is the important point will I uh write over here guys tell me what is the

important point I will write over here near Association fibers they connect Association fibers they connect

the cortical regions they connect the cortical regions in the same cerebral hemisphere regions in the same cerebral

hemisphere they connect the cortical regions in the same cerebral hemisphere of the brain next after this we have got

a next group of fibers so why do we need this is that information from one point has to be taken to another point so that

is the only reason and what are these fibers these fibers are nothing but your melinated fibers right right the next

important fibers which we will discuss right now is your commissural fibers okay what are your okay what is the next

here projection right what are these projection fibers projection fibers are those fibers which take the information

from one part of the cortex all the way from the higher centers you see they're taking the information from the higher

centers down to the lower centers they take the information down to the lower centers like

this it means let us say let us say that from the cortex from the cortex the information is taken down to the lower

Center lower Center in the sense your midbrains right so what what is the next Center you have over here you what is

this this is your midbrain after that you have got your pawns you have got your medo oblata you have got your

spinal cord so if the fibers are coming all the way taking information from the sensory cortex right from the cortex

this is the motor cortex basically from the cortex and the these fibers are going to the lower centers like this

either to the midbrain or let us say complete brain stem or to the spinal cord like this right so these fibers are

called as projection fibers right so if I have to write about this what will I write projection fibers are those fibers

projection fibers are those fibers they they run from the higher to lower what higher to lower centers higher to lower

centers vice versa vice versa in the sense from lower to higher also right for example from the cortex if a if a

group of fibers are coming to my spinal cord this is called corticospinal tract yes or no coros spinal track so can I

tell this C in this cortical spinal track all these fibers are called projection fibers because they are

taking the information from higher Center to the lower center right next important thing is that from the spinal

cord if the information if the fibers are going from the spinal cord to the higher centers this is called as what is

this spinothalamic tract or spino cortical tract right from the spinal cord to the cortex so from the lower

centers to the higher centers so these fibers are called as projection fibers next next fibers are interesting fibers

here these fibers connect one half to the other half it means it is connecting the right cerbral hemisphere with the

left like this you see these fibers are connecting the right cerebral hemisphere with the left cerebral hemisphere in the

same way these fibers connect right cere hemisphere with the left cere hemisphere not only this these fibers also connect

one half of the spinal cord to the other half of the spinal cord okay so these fibers which are connecting the two

identical structures right like right and left right right and left c space right and left cereum right and left

brain strem right so if they are connecting the two identical structures on either side this is called as

commissural fibers okay so what are commissural fibers commissural fibers they

interconnect interconnect parts of CNS for example for example they connect the cerebral hemispheres okay they connect

the two halves of cerebellum they connect the two halves of cereum they connect the spinal cord

spinal cord not only that brain stem right brain stem so when they're interconnecting like this when they're

interconnecting the two halves like this these fibers are called as commissural fibers so what are the fibers which we

have over here guys these fibers are called as Association fibers these red color fibers are called as commissional

fibers and these blue color fibers are called as projection fibers okay so these are the important fibers which we

have over here okay now now first we shall discuss about Association fibers okay first we shall discuss about

Association fibers let us see what are the names of these Association fibers okay so another very important simple

example I wanted to just share with all of you that what did I tell you regarding Association fibers within the

same cerebral hemisphere from one location to other location these fibers are going and these are called

Association fibers okay see let us say this is my right seral hemisphere my right Sur hemisphere is having frontal L

my right Sur hemisphere is having temporal l peral l and occipital L my left side is also having the same now if

fiber is going from frontal lobe to occipital glob on the same side not onto the opposite side like this on the same

side these are called Association from frontal L to temporal L let us say from peral L to O from peral L to temporal L

from peral L to oxital L these fibers are called as Association fibers so let us say what are the names of these

Association fibers there are different kinds of Association fibers so let us look at the names of each and every

Association Fiber One By One so before I discuss about the association fibers you have to know one very important thing

that these are two halves of Cal hemispheres now whatever you can see this part and this part right this on

the top this is called as a superolateral surface Superior and lateral surfaces okay superolateral

surface of Cal hemisphere now when I'm dividing the two Cal hemispheres and when I'm showing it to you the inner

part this is called as a medial side of the Cal hemisphere what is this medial side in the medial side of Cal

hemisphere you see a circle Half Half Moon shaped Circle this half moon shaped circle is called as Corpus calm what is

this called This is called as Corpus calos okay so just look at the picture now I'm drawing directly the medial

surface now okay this is the medial surface where is

Corpus calm exactly here this is your Corpus calm you know what is Corpus calm that is a type of

commisural fiber connecting the right Cal hemisphere with the left Cal Hemisphere okay so you will understand

in the later on lectures it is not necessary that you have to understand everything right now slowly as I'll be

discussing you'll understand each and everything okay now first important thing what is a first important thing

first important thing is that we have got we have got one Association fiber okay we have got one Association fiber

and this Association fiber starts all the way in the front and by the way guys you know this that what are the lobes

here I hope you know this this is your frontal lobe right and and and this is your temporal L this is your occipital

lobe this is your paral lob I hope you know this right now if there are a group of fibers if there are group of fibers

from frontal L to temporal L like this group of fibers from frontal L to temporal L right now these group of

fibers are called Association fibers but the name that is given to them is uncinate tulus okay so what is this

uncinate fasiculus I'm just writing it as a right what is a over here a is unate fasiculus okay and uncinate physic

and also right from and to from where it is starting and to where it is going uncinate fular starts from the frontal

lob these are the association fibers starting from the frontal lobe all the way they go to your temporal L easy they

go to your temporal Lo this is the thing I want you to remember okay second important thing second important thing

is that what is this thing Corpus kosm what is this thing Corpus kosom right now surrounding Corpus kosom we have got

a g okay surrounding Corpus kosom see here surrounding Corpus kosm we have got a

gyus like this so this let me highlight this part like with the green over here you'll understand it better see

surrounding Corpus kosm we have got a gyus this particular gyus is called as singulate gyus what is this gyus

singulate gyus I hope you heard this name before right this gyus is called singulate Gus okay in the same way in

the same way uh let me highlight another location see this particular location which I'm highlighting to you right now

this is called as rhinal cortex what is this cortex rhinal cortex okay now what is this green one singulate gyus and

this is what rhinal cortex now look at the next group of fibers now these next group of fibers

they start all the way from your singulate Gus like this you see these fibers are starting all the way from

from singulate gyus and finally where are they ending they are ending in your rhinal cortex like

this singulate gyus all the way till the rhinal cortex you see all these fibers are going and ending in your rhinal

cortex so let us name these fibers as as B okay fibers B so what is B okay so these fibers are called as

singul singul what is singul singul are the association f iers they are starting from singulate

gyus singulate gyus all the way till the rhinal cortex rhinal cortex you basically call

it as Endor rinal cortex okay rhinal cortex next next important fibers these fibers now look here these fibers they

are starting from here okay let me use another color yeah these fibers they start at the frontal L and these fibers

are going all the way back from the frontal lobe all the way back to the occipital lobe like this

okay these are the fibers like this you see these are the fibers which are starting in the frontal lobe and all

the way they go back and they enter into your oxital L now tell me what are these fibers here these fibers are called as

Superior longitudinal facular when I tell Superior longitudinal facular there will also be inferior longitudinal pesus

right let us say fibers C so let us write down what are these fibers c c are superior

longitudinal facular so these Superior longitudinal faul they start from frontal

L they start from where they start from frontal lobe all the way they end at the oxital L frontal L till the oxital L

this is called as Superior longitudinal fulus now when I tell Superior longitudinal D will be inferior

longitudinal inferior longitudinal facul so from where these inferior longitudinal facular start see all of

you just look at the picture now now these inferior longitudinal facular fibers they start all the way from the

occipital lob and they come like this to which lob now what is this LOB temporal

low you see these are your fibers so let us write it down fibers D over here they are starting from the occipital L and

all the way they go to your temporal L okay from occipital till the temporal Lo so these are what

your so they start all the way from your occipital L occipital L all the way to the

temporal l temporal so these fibers over here are called as what these fibers over here

are called as your Association fibers so these are the association fibers guys and there is one last Association fiber

which you have to know so what is that last Association fiber is I cannot show it to you here so let me draw the

picture over here and right now I'm not drawing Corpus cisum here if I don't draw Corpus cisum

it means what surface is this this is a superolateral Surface what is this superolateral surface okay now in the

superolateral surface this is what I was telling you that you have got a Fisher in the sulcus like this this is called

lateral sulcus or syvan Fisher Okay and next important thing is that here exactly here you have got an area what

is this area called this area is called as your brokas area in the same way in the temporal region here you have got

another area what is this we will discuss in detail what is this area called This is called as verik area so

what are these two areas what are these two areas this is called as broa area and this area is called as verik

area vernik area okay now coming to this brokas area and verik area there are fibers that are going all the way like

this making an arch and connecting here going all the way like this making an arch and connecting you see these fibers

are making an arch here right these fibers which are making an arch connecting the broa area to verik

area these fibers are called as your e what is e here rq8 fasiculus rq8 faic what are these fibers these

fibers are your rate facular now where is your brokas area located can I tell brokas area is located in your frontal L

yes broa area is located in your frontal L and where is ver Niki's area located in the temporal Lo temporal Lo so these

are the areas which you have to remember here guys so there are five important fibers five important Association fibers

so fibers a right they are starting in the frontal L till the temporal L this is called as uncinate fulus next all the

way from the frontal till occipital Superior longitudinal fulus occipital till temporal inferior longitudinal

fulus next all the way from the sing gyus to the endoral cortex this is called as what is what fibers are these

These are called as singul these fibers together you called as singul okay and the last fibers which are Arc shaped

connecting the frontal L to the temporal L especially speaking broas area to the verus area these fibers are called as

your rate vesicular now we are done discussing we are done discussing regarding what

regarding your Association fibers now let let us move on to what are projection fibers okay I'll just write

down the names you just have to memorize them projection fibers what did I tell about projection fibers from higher

centers to lower centers or lower centers to higher centers okay for example Corona

radiator Corona radiator okay next important example is internal capsule internal capsule third important thing

is fim a fimbria so projection fibers are Corona radiator internal capsule and fima all these three together you call

it as projection fibers coming to commissural fibers the last one we are discussing is the commissural

fibers so what are these chural fibers so there are four important chal fibers what are these four important what did I

tell you see let us say this is one uh cerebral hemisphere this is another cerebral hemisphere this is your

midbrain pawns like this okay so if one calisphere is connected to the other so in this manner like this right so what

is this called These are called Comal fibers and the name of this particular fiber is Corpus

calm this fiber is Corpus Calin okay in the same way we have got the next important commer called as hippoc cample

commission hippoc cample commiss what do you mean by by hippocampal commissure it means it is connecting hippocampus on

one side to the hippocampus on the other side in the same way we have got two important commissures one is called as

anterior commissure another one is called as posterior commission opposite of

anterior is posterior fifth important thing is here we have got a nucleus called habin nuclei here also we have

got a nucleus called habenular nuclei connecting both the habenular nucle got a commissioner called as habenular

commissioner so the last one is your habenular commissioner okay so wherever see the

what are the all these Corpus CM hippocampal commiss anterior commission poster commiss habol commiss all these

are your commissural fibers all these are your what commissural fibers okay now if you look at Corpus calm

especially this is very very very important guys okay if you look at Corpus calm I'm just drawing a small

picture over here see this part over here is your Corpus C when I'm drawing Corpus Calum

it means which surface is this medial surface okay now this Corpus cism is having few important parts for example

in the starting of Corpus cism you see a pink color body in the end of Corpus cism you see a green color body over

here right so this part of Corp Corpus cism is called as genu G nuu genu of Corpus cism and this part is called as