Comprehensive Overview of Biotechnology Types and Applications

okay today we'll talk about the types of biotechnology the general the broad

classification of biotechnology so biotechnology the first type of biotechnology

is called red biotechnology or medical biotechnology so actually from the name it implies

that it is a biotechnology that that deals with the making of drugs making pharmaceutical compounds making

enzymes making antibiotics vaccines and these all can be used as well for molecular diagnostic and that

is the read biotechnology or medical biotechnology the second type is white biotechnology

and white biotechnology white biotechnology or industrial biotechnology and it is

of course from the name as well it it it deals with the uh the industrial

and other production process the third type is green biotechnology or agriculture

biotechnology and of course from the name it deals with all the agricultural process like

like the production of a different species of genetically engineered species of

food for example okay the fourth type is the blue biotechnology

or marine biotechnology and this deals with all the products that all the marine organisms that can be genetically

engineering for a application or for getting a better organism and the famous

example of that is one which we have discussed last lecture is a casper zebrafish

okay so we have some application for these four major

clauses which include microbial agriculture animal forensic bioremediation aquatic

medical regulatory biotechnology it's all subdivisions of the major red and white and the green

and the blue blue by technology so let's let's take some general information about each type of

biotechnology so for the microbial biotechnology actually you manipulate the

microorganism and majorly it is yeast and bacteria you can create better enzymes using these animals

using using these organisms because animals probably is not the correct term

you can decon you can use this organism to do efficient decontamination for industrial

industrial waste product consume and break a lot of environmental pollutants and i have already students doing a

master i already now a supervised students doing master and phd

studies that can can can use biotechnology and we are trying to uh biomediate

from the plastic as well a microbial biotechnology can be used to clone and produce important proteins

used in human medicine for the agriculture biotechnology the united nation

of the food and agriculture organization predicts that by 2 to 2050 we will need

to feed a world population of around 9.1 billion and these of course require raising food production by 70 percent

okay 70 percent more than which is already present now so gm which is genetically modified

plants are more environmentally friendly and here yield more per acre and the resistance

you can provide by agriculture by technology plants that are resistant to disease and

insects okay so as well you can provide foods with higher protein or vitamin content

and the famous food which is already in the market is a golden rice and for example

how can you develop a plant that can resist disease or insects using a biotechnology let's let's talk

about one example so naturally naturally there is a plant which is not used as a crop as a major

crop and they can secrete a substance that can repel insects but this plant normally humans don't eat

this plant okay but there is another plant for instance like maize

for something like um rice for something for for example and a human consume this kind of crops so by by biotechnology

you can isolate the gene from that plant which you secrete the toxic material to insect

and genetically engineer the plant the crop that is consumed by human to secrete

this substance so now you will have like for example like maize that secrete repellent

substance against insect and that will be a genetically modified crop

so you can develop as well drugs developed and grown as plant products and these

petal plants ultimately reduce production cost to help feed the growing world population

for the animal biotechnology animals of course is a source of a lot of medically

valuable protein especially antibodies animals are important model in basic research

these animals can be used in knockout experiments and you can design and test a lot of drugs and genetic therapies

the animal cloning is a source of organ transplant so they do animal cloning and collect

organs and they can do transplant for human you can you can do transgenic animal so

what's the transgenic animal it's it's a way that you introduce a specific gene inside an

animal so it's a way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins

from animals for the use in humans so for example introducing a gene of important protein that is beneficial

to human into animal like mice and you let this animal produce that important protein or

enzyme for you so female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk so this is

one of the or this is one of the famous example so human

in this example the human genes actually it's another example the human genes coding for clotting

protein clotting protein our clotting protein can be introduced into female goats

for production of this protein in their milk okay while gene knockout

you can knock out gene this mean make a neutralize specific gene it's a way to disrupt the

gene in the animal and then look at what function

are affected in the animal as a result of the loss of the gene so it's a way to understand the function

of the gene if it's already unknown this allow researcher

to determine the role and the function of the gene as we said the knockout of the gene will

allow will allow a researcher to determine the role and the function of the gene

since the human are very similar similar in the genetic complement in the genome to rats and mice

so the gene knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to better understanding of gene function

human so the aim here instead of which actually forbidden to do

gene knockout in human and you need to know to understand the function of a specific gene in human

so since you can do it in uh in humans and the gene is conserved and is actually the same

nucleotide sequence in mice or red and you need to check that before doing the experiment

so you can do the knockout in the mice or the rat or any model organism that have the gene with the

same nucleotide sequence in this model animals you can investigate the function of the gene and

you relate that to the function in the human so let's talk about the famous example

of the animal biotechnology and the famous examples comes from initially

from dolly if you heard about it and if you heard about dolly and dolly was actually the first

mammal produced by nuclear transfer cloning so dolly was created by cloning

technologies so it's under the category of biotechnology

it's a promising new technique for improving livestock so this cloning commercially

if you clone commercially valuable animals you can use it for human transplantation but unfortunately dolly

developed early complication and was killed in february to 2003

so that was the story of dolly the first cloned animal so what about forensic biotechnology

actually the major technique used in forensic biotechnology is the dna fingerprinting

and actually you can by dna fingerprinting to to to have the uh to exclude or

include a person from a suspicious as well you can use it for the paternity cases

and the identification as well of human remains as well you can monitor the endangered

species by dna fingerprinting and then track and confirm the spread of diseases

so let's see an example here you can see this actually a dna agarose gel

and you can see from this dna result from digital did the dependent sorry

did the defendant commit this crime and you can explain based on digital results

so from these general results you can see here that's the defendant's blood so the iran

they do cuts by using some restriction enzymes they do cuts in the dna

so it runs in a specific pattern so dna is cut already and runs on the agarose gel

in a specific pattern and then this is the defendant's uh blood then they got some blood

samples from the defendant's clothes one from the genes

some from the gene and the two samples from his chart and this is is actually this actually the victim blood for all

these how many samples now we have we have one two three

four five one of them from the defendant blog and the the uh these three from their

defendant close i mean that's a blood that have been taken

from his cloth and this actually from their victim blood actually except assembled from the blood

and they use the same cut using the same restriction enzymes or all dna extracted from these

samples and then you compare the pattern of the cup so the answer now there is an evidence

that defendant commit and crime you can see that the position of the band as well as

number of the bands on the gel matches with the victim blood so actually this you can see here that this there are

matching between the victim blood and the blood from their defendant clothes

so that's mean that if at some at some point the victim blood have been uh stained the clothes of the defendant

and there is a complete match not only in the pattern of the cut but in the intensity

and the number of the bands that arise due to the cut of the dna sample that is on the

chart of the defendant so actually although the bands are very light for the sample

from the genes they are also match the victim blood so if you look closely to the

the blood on the jeans although they are very faint but you can see that the bands are

matching the bands are matching so based on visual you can say

that the defendant is linked to the crime scene you cannot use this evidence to state

that already the defendant have killed or do the murder

okay it's not a proof that he murdered the victim it's only linking the defendant

to the crime scene okay so what about the biomediation actually you can use biotechnology to process and

integrate a variety of natural and demand-made substance particularly those that contribute to environmental

pollution and you can see from the figure how they pour a lot of solutions on

on a heavily polluted area trying to degrade these pollutants generally is the

estimated growth of bacteria that the great components in crude oil is is increasing you can see that

there is a major spill that happened in 1989 in alaska for oil as well there are

another major spill that happened that occurred as well in in 2010

and then if you have a an organism that biotechnologically uh enhanced or modified

that can degrade this oil you can just uh have this bacteria with the oil and it

will degrade it into similar products and we it will do its biomediation

so what about aquatic biotechnology so the major uh famous example of aquatic

biotechnology is aquaculture and agriculture can raising the fish actually it's raising

the fish in controlled condition for the use as a food source because 50 percent of all fishes

consumed by human uh worldwide you can use as well genetic engineers to produce

oysters for example that is disease risk resistance vaccines against viruses that infect the salomon and other thin

fish so the transgenic salomon already have been made

that over produce gross hormone okay you can follow this link to see some good examples for the transgenic

salomon for the bioprocessing or bio prospecting this actually the search for a plant or

an animal species you can get from these species medicinal drugs and other

commercially variable compound can be obtained for human benefit many implant

plankton and the snails found to be a rich source of anti-tumor and anti-cancer

molecules so you can see here so you can see here how the transgenic mice can be

produced which have already over producing gross hormone and you can see it's there is a major

difference between normal solomon and the transgenic solomon

the answer by creating these a transgenic solomon that overproduced gross hormone it

allows the salomon to have fast gross rates over a short period of time

actually why is that to fulfill the requirement for the food for humans the overproduction of food

for humans so how this how does this modified solomon help humans

actually this this transgenic salomon actually it decreases the time and the expenses required to grow salomon for

market sales okay and as well what about the medical biotechnology

because it's medical so it's involved a whole spectrum of human medicine

like the preventive medicine medicine the diagnosis of human and aliens of health and illness the treatment of

human disease and gene therapy the stem cell technology one of the very booming technologies in our days it uses

stem cells and you can grow in the lab and then treat with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific

kind of tissue needed for transport for transplant and this is major concern the concern

in the scientific field in order to avoid the complications that happen uh when you trans when when an organ is

transplanted from between two different person so they are aiming now

to get the stem cells from the same individual and do uh some genetic

engineering and some biotechnological approach on this stem cell to allow it to differentiate into

liverphone liver for example and use this liver and transplant it back

to the same individual and this will minimize or even cancels all the rejection reactions that

happen in the process of transplantation so the current use in the currency the

stem cells are used for diabetes and spinal cord injuries actually genes are headlines in the news

always headlines in use so whatever they explore or discover something that is related to

the genes and the human you you illustrate see it in the news because it's a very uh the medical

biotechnology it's one of the most important branch of biotechnology that human can

be affected by by this uh approach and as well can get a lot of benefit

by this approach what about regulatory biotechnology actually regulatory you can

summarize regulatory into quality assurance and the quality control so you need in any any branch of the

biotechnology we have just talked about you need to have a you like a quality assurance and the quality

control procedures so all activities involved in you need to regulate

the final quality of the product and actually quality control is a part of qa that involve we need to look to do a

lot of testing and moderate monitoring of process and application to ensure that the product

that you already have made for using the biotechnology organism will be the same over a lot of round of

experiments a lot of round of batches so in other words if if a company wants to make

your product in different country it have to be the same product so that's why you need a strict quality

assurance and quality control to ensure the quality and the consistent product standards and together quality

assurance and qa and qc ensures that the biotechnology product meet strict standards for purity and

performance so how will medical biotechnology change our life in the years ahead

this actually the major answer for that came after the discovery after the uh finish of the human genome project

research on function of human genes and factors that regulate genes that's actually was

the main aim of the human genome project while the human proteome it's a definition

means the collection of all protein that's responsible for the activity in the human cells so actually it's the

total proteins inside each human cell while single nucleotide

polymorphism actually it is which we call it slips it occurs in dna sequences and

they are varied between individuals and these variations are the cause of some genetic disease

for example like cycle sickle cell anemia snips will help help to identify genes

involved in medical condition including a lot of genes including a lot of diseases like heart

disease and cancer and diabetes even behavioral and emotional illness examples of snips one of the major snips

that affect breast cancer the identifies need in two of the important genes

that control that control uh the dna repair machinery in cells in breast cells

so they found that or they identified a number of snips in these two genes which is called bracawan and bracato

and the evolve in promoting breast cancer led to the development of better

targeted treatment for people for people who have this specific gene mutation

in another context scientists have managed to predict who is more susceptible

to to to a certain type of cancer if this snap is present in their respective

gene so what are the snips let's see what are the steps

so ex we'll see here example of how we can benefit from the human genome project so

from the figure based on the figure you have person one had this a nucleotide sequence in his

uh dna or the gene of entries while the other two have just one nucleotide have been

multiplied which is g or divided to t or or another in another person g is modified to a so actually it

is the same g it is the same gene but have one nucleotide that have been

changed scientists found that in these two cases this gene will generate a normal protein

while the modification of this nucleotide from g to a leads to

a protein product from this gene which is non-functional uh protein okay

so you can understand now just a single a single change in one nucleotide in a gene

which is called the snip in this case it can lead to change in the product of the

protein of this gene so the answer since there there can be multiple codons

for some amino acid then even person two why person two doesn't develop non-functional protein

because the new codon that arise when translating the messenger rna of the gene

will was actually that can be translated to the same amino acid because if you know that

some amino acids have multiple codons like lysine lysine for example have six different

codons so any change in one of the nucleotide can be compensated

and can result as well into lysine so in this case you can understand why this individual

gave rise to normal protein because the change doesn't affect the code for the amino

acid while in this does the same protein will be made

in in both cases while the type of mutation is called this type of mutation in this

case is called the silent because it doesn't appear and haven't been translated in the protein

and will not affect the amino acid sequence while pearson's three had a snip

that he changed the codon when it's uh translated and gave a different amino acid and this different amino acid

was a very dramatic in in producing a change in the shape of the protein leading

to give the protein that is a non function and of of course this will may lead to a disease