Introduction: The Shakespearean Puzzle
Step back to 1599 in London's Globe Theatre, where William Shakespeare was celebrated as England's premier playwright. Yet, centuries later, scholars questioned whether Shakespeare was truly the author behind masterpieces like Hamlet and Macbeth. This controversy, known as the Shakespeare authorship question, challenges long-standing narratives.
Origins of Skepticism
- 19th Century Shift: Shakespeare's reputation rose dramatically in Victorian England, seen not just as a great writer but the pinnacle of human creativity.
- Biographical Gaps: Despite this fame, evidence of Shakespeare’s personal life revealed a modest businessman with limited formal education and no known university attendance.
- Mismatched Background: His plays showcase detailed knowledge of law, royal courts, Italian geography, and classical history, expertise seemingly incongruent with his humble origins.
Core Mysteries Fueling Doubt
- Humble Origins: Born to a glove maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare’s educational and travel records don't align with the elite contexts in his works.
- Family and Personal Life: Married at 18 to Anne Hathaway with three children who left little written evidence, raising questions about literacy and private writings.
- Absence of Manuscripts: No original playscripts, drafts, or personal letters in Shakespeare’s handwriting have survived, creating an incomplete historical record.
Alternative Authorship Theories
Several notable figures have been proposed as the true authors:
Francis Bacon
- Philosopher and scientist whose intellectual footprint matches the plays' themes.
- Supporters claim encrypted ciphers in the texts reveal his authorship.
- Criticisms include lack of motive for anonymity and speculative cipher interpretations.
Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
- Nobleman with courtly experience reflected in Shakespeare’s plays.
- Suggested autobiographical elements in Hamlet and satire of his father-in-law in Hamlet’s Polonius.
- Timeline issue: Oxford died in 1604, yet some plays premiered after his death.
Christopher Marlowe
- Contemporary playwright with a similar dramatic style.
- Rumored to have faked his death in 1593 and continued writing as Shakespeare.
- Lacks concrete evidence; considered a compelling yet unproven hypothesis.
Historical and Mainstream Evidence
- Testimonials from Shakespeare’s contemporaries, including Ben Jonson’s tribute in the First Folio (1623).
- Records showing Shakespeare’s involvement as an actor, playwright, and theater shareholder.
- Common historical explanations for missing manuscripts attribute losses to typical practices of the era.
Broader Reflections on Genius and Class
- The skepticism partly arises from disbelief that a commoner could depict noble courts so adeptly.
- Questions posed about the relationship between privilege, education, and creative genius.
- Comparison with other great figures who lacked formal privilege yet reshaped culture.
Cultural Impact of the Debate
- Prominent skeptics include Mark Twain, Sigmund Freud, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and modern figures like actor Mark Rylance.
- The authorship question inspired books, films (e.g., Anonymous), and societies dedicated to uncovering the truth.
- Regardless of authorship, Shakespeare’s works continue to inspire, challenge, and captivate globally.
Conclusion: The Enduring Mystery
No theory perfectly solves the authorship puzzle, leaving room for ongoing debate and fascination. Whether Shakespeare himself penned the plays or served as a creative brand for others, the legacy endures through the collective imagination of readers, actors, and scholars alike.
What do you think? Could the real Shakespeare story be hidden in history’s shadows?
Imagine stepping into the Globe Theater in London back in 1599. It's packed.
The place is noisy, full of people
waiting to see the newest play by William Shakespeare, the most famous
writer in England at this time. His name was known across England.
He wrote plays, acted in them
and his company. Even performed for the Queen. Now, fast forward a few hundred years
later, we're no longer in this busy
theater. Instead, we're in a quiet study,
surrounded by books. A scholar leans over a stack of paper
and says something strange.
It might sound like a wild idea,
but this question has sparked one of the longest
running debates in literary history. Because some people genuinely believe
that Shakespeare
wasn't the real author
behind the works that carry his name. It's an astonishing claim. Write the most famous playwright
in history, the supposed author of hamlet,
Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth
might not have written a single word. It all started when a handful of curious minds refused
to accept the legend at face value.
But it took a long time
for the legend grow. So why did all this skepticism about
Shakespeare's surface in the 19th century? Shakespeare's plays
weren't always seen as genius.
For about 200 years after he died in 1616. People respected his work, but he wasn't
treated like some kind of legend. That changed in the 1800s,
when people, especially
in Victorian England, started seeing him
as the greatest writer of all time. You see, around this time, people didn't just see
Shakespeare's plays as great stories.
They started treating them
like the peak of human creativity. Historian Jonathan Bate even said
that Shakespeare's work had become the most important body of imagine active
literature of the last thousand years.
But here's the catch. The more people praised Shakespeare, the more scholars started
looking closely at his life.
And if you're calling someone the greatest
mind of the last thousand years, of course
people are going to want to know more. But when they started
looking into his background,
what they found was kind of disappointing. No deep letters, no journals
full of big thoughts or about life or art. What they found
instead was a quiet businessman whose life
seemed really ordinary, even boring. And that gap between Shakespeare's
simple small town background and the incredibly complex plays
he's known for.
Well, that's
what started to make people uneasy. Victorian scholars had a hard time
understanding how someone with such a simple background
could write plays like hamlet,
with all its psychological prowess
or The Merchant of Venice, with its detailed legal arguments and vast
mappings of Italy, or even Julius Caesar and Anthony and Cleopatra, which show
a deep knowledge of ancient history.
The doubts started because of a mismatch. People had built
Shakespeare up to be such a genius. But when they looked at the real man,
a quiet guy from a small town
with no formal education,
the son of a glove maker, he didn't seem to fit the legend. So let's break down
where most of the skepticism comes from.
And it's in these three mysteries. So Shakespeare has a surprisingly humble
background. He was born in 1564,
the son of a glove maker
in a small town
called Stratford upon Avon. There's no record of him
going to university, traveling outside of England,
or spending time in royal courts.
Nothing that connects him to the kind of elite world
his plays often describe, right? Because Shakespeare's
plays are full of expert level knowledge.
He writes about royal court
etiquette, detailed legal arguments, medical knowledge,
military strategies, and detailed descriptions of Italian geography
and customs.
That's way beyond what someone from a small town
grammar school would normally know. Julius Caesar and Lanus show a deep
understanding of ancient Roman history
and the writings of Plutarch,
the Greek philosopher. The Tempest touches on navigation
and ideas about colonization, and plays like Othello and The Merchant
of Venice include very specific details
about Italian life that would make it seem
like the author had actually been there. Shakespeare had a family. He got married at 18 to Anne Hathaway,
who was 26 and already pregnant.
So this might suggest that the marriage
was likely rushed, probably to avoid the social faux
pas of an unwed pregnancy in that era. And not long after the wedding,
Shakespeare moved to London
to actually go work in theater. But he moved without his family. And meanwhile, and in the three
kids, Susanna and the twins
Hamnet and Judith,
stayed behind in Stratford. He spent most of his career
living away from his family. And sure, that may seem reasonable.
Honey, I must spread my wings
and make a name for myself. I want to become the best playwright
the world has ever seen. And so he leaves. But get this.
Official records show that Shakespeare's
daughters could barely write. They only left behind shaky signatures. No letters, no personal writings at all.
Now, some will argue that this reflects
the gender norms of the Elizabethan era,
where educating women was not a priority. But it makes others wonder
what the greatest writer in history really
let his own children grow up without
learning to read or write properly. I don't know. So let's talk about his travels to London.
Maybe it wasn't about him
being a genius writer. Maybe Shakespeare's real
talent was business. Think about it.
He shows up in London
wanting to be a part of theater. He knows it's taking off
and he makes some smart moves. By the early 1590s, Shakespeare's
name starts appearing in connection
with the London theater scene
as both an actor and a writer. His early plays,
like Henry the Sixth and Titus Andronicus were popular with audiences,
but just because his name was on
the script doesn't prove
he actually wrote it right. Because remember, in this era, authorship
wasn't protected the way it is today. Theater companies often bought plays
anonymously or attached
to no name to draw bigger crowds. So if someone behind the scenes
wanted to stay hidden, like, let's say, a nobleman, they might have seen
Shakespeare as the perfect public face,
a working actor already inside the system who could take the credit
while the real writer stays invisible. He helped set up key venues
like The Globe or Blackfriars, and build
strong connections with producers, people
at court and wealthy patrons. So with this, it's kind of easy to imagine
lesser known writers or even highly educated noblemen
wanting to stay anonymous,
handing him scripts, hoping to get staged. Shakespeare becomes the face,
the name that sells. Maybe not the author,
but at least the operator and the brand.
And you may be asking,
why would a nobleman feel bashful about publishing their work? Well, that's a good question.
In Elizabethan England,
writing plays was considered low class work, especially for the stage. Theater was popular entertainment, often
associated with rowdy
crowds, crime, and moral looseness. Think of it more like today's pop
culture or street performances, rather than high art.
Nobility were expected to pursue
higher intellectual or political goals, not write dialog for actors
and make up to yell on a wooden stage. Things get even trickier
with plays like A Yorkshire Tragedy
and The London Prodigal. These were performed by the King's Men. Shakespeare was own theater company.
So here's the big question. Did he actually approve of these
being released under his name? And the reality is,
the King's Men were a business.
They staged a lot of plays,
and not all of them were Shakespeare's. Sometimes publishers just assumed
that if his company performed it, it had to be Shakespeare.
And so they printed his name on it. And Shakespeare was still alive then. If it bothered him,
why didn't he say something?
Maybe he didn't care. Or maybe it just wasn't worth the trouble. But one thing was for sure
he was making some money.
So if that's the case, if Shakespeare
was the public face of the play's not necessarily the author,
then it actually makes a lot of sense.
It would explain how he gained so much
wealth and influence in the theater world, without needing him to have written the literary masterpieces
that carry his name.
And here's maybe a helpful way
to think about it in today's terms. Take the company like A24. They don't write or star in the movies,
but when you see their name on a film,
you expect a certain level of quality,
right? Because over time, their brand became
a signal, a mark of creative credibility. So if Shakespeare's name work
the same way, like a trusted label,
it wouldn't matter
if every play came from his own pen. What mattered is that his name was associated
with something that people wanted to see.
And that sense Shakespeare
might not have been just a writer. He could have been the original creative brand,
someone whose name guaranteed a good show.
So here we are. Shakespeare is making a massive name
in the theater world. Okay, let's say,
just for the sake of argument,
that Shakespeare did write
all those plays, that he worked tirelessly
handcrafting every line himself. That brings us to question
number three, the missing paper trail.
There's
no trace of any of Shakespeare's work. We don't have a single original manuscript
in Shakespeare's handwriting. No letters, no drafts, no notes.
Not even a quick scribble
on a piece of scrap paper. And for someone who supposedly
spent decades creating some of the greatest works
in English language,
that kind of silence is hard to ignore. All that survives are six signatures,
and even those are messy. They're inconsistent,
and they're hard to read.
Trying to prove that Shakespeare
personally wrote all these plays, it starts to feel like trying to prove
that Bigfoot wrote hamlet. It's interesting,
but almost impossible to prove.
But skeptics will say
this actually makes sense. If Shakespeare was more of a
theater businessman than a writer. Maybe he used his name as a brand.
He bought scripts from struggling
playwrights and never claimed
to have written every word himself. But mainstream historians push back.
They say it's normal that we don't have
original draft Elizabethan writers didn't usually keep them, and scripts were often
thrown out after printing, and this makes sense.
But still, skeptics aren't convinced. They ask if Shakespeare really was
the greatest writer in English history. Where's the evidence?
Where are all the books he owned? The notes he took, the personal thoughts
of someone who spent decades creating these amazing plays.
Other writers from that time, like Ben
Jonson, Christopher Marlowe and Sir Philip Sidney, left behind
letters, essays, private writings. So why didn't Shakespeare?
And when you put all this together, his
simple background, his business success without any personal writing,
the missing manuscripts, and not to mention the weird spellings
that you will get into a little later.
It's easy to see why
people started questioning things. In fact, some of the most respected
thinkers in history began to seriously doubt that Shakespeare
was the real author behind the plays.
First up, mark Twain,
the famous author of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, known for his wit
and love of questioning authority. Twain wasn't just a little suspicious
about Shakespeare.
He wrote a whole essay about it
called Is Shakespeare Dead? He wrote,
so as far as anybody actually knows and can prove, Shakespeare of Stratford
on Avon never wrote a play in his life.
Twain even called Shakespeare's biography
an Eiffel Tower of artificiality, meaning it was a huge, impressive looking
structure made of nothing but guesswork. Next we have Sigmund
Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis
and someone who spent his life
digging into hidden truths and motives. So it makes sense that he'd be drawn
to the mystery around Shakespeare. In 1928, Freud wrote and then a letter
to his colleague Arnold Zweig.
He says, I no longer believe the actor from Stratford
wrote the plays attributed to him. Such genius is too vast and unexplained
by his known circumstances.
If someone like Freud,
who made a career out of uncovering what's hidden, had doubts about Shakespeare,
maybe it's worth paying attention. Even Ralph Waldo Emerson,
one of America's most respected
writers and thinkers, had a hard time
with Shakespeare's story. He just couldn't
connect the brilliance of the plays with the very ordinary life
of the man from Stratford.
In 1847, Emerson wrote in his journal,
I cannot marry the works of the life. I am troubled by the ordinary actor
of Stratford being Shakespeare. And now maybe one of the most
dramatic quotes of all
comes from the famous novelist
Henry James. He couldn't shake the feeling
that something about the Shakespeare story just didn't add up.
In a 1903 letter to writer Violet hunt,
he wrote The Divine William is the biggest and most successful
fraud ever practiced on a patient world. And these are just a few.
There are so many more prominent writers
and thinkers who actually believe Shakespeare
wasn't the man behind the words. But why do these skeptics matter?
Well, because they weren't
just some random conspiracy theorists. They were some of the most respected minds
in history. People whose ideas shaped culture,
literature, and how we even think today.
When people started questioning
who really wrote Shakespeare's plays. Three names often come up again and again. Francis Bacon.
Edward
de Vere of Oxford and Christopher Marlowe. So let's take a closer
look at each of them and lay out the facts and see if any of them might actually hold
the key to this centuries old mystery.
First up, Francis Bacon. He was a major thinker of his time. He was deep into philosophy,
law and science, and his knowledge lines
up surprisingly well with the topics
in Shakespeare's plays. Supporters
known as bacon ins believe he had secret ciphers and messages
in his text to reveal himself.
But here's the problem. Bacon was already a very public figure. Why would he need to stay anonymous?
And if so, why risk everything
by planting secret messages in plays performed in front of thousands? Most historians don't buy it.
They see the cipher theories as interesting, but more like speculation
than solid evidence. But it's worth noting
many great writers have used pen name,
so it's not that strange. Here are just a few. For example, we got Mark Twain, George
Orwell, Lewis Carroll, the list goes on.
But let's get back to Francis Bacon now. Delia bacon was one of the earliest
and most passionate supporters of the bacon theory.
Her idea was, well,
almost literally groundbreaking. In 1857, she published a book called The Philosophy
of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded.
And yes, look at that spelling. She spelled it arc s p e r e. And let's talk about that for a second.
In historical records, Shakespeare's name
shows up in a bunch of different forms. Sometimes it's Shakespeare, sometimes it's
the normal Shakespeare that we all know. And sometimes, especially in early printed
plays, it's hyphenated.
Shake, hyphen, spear. And can I just slide now for a second? I always like the thought of Shakespeare
being like,
sort of like Athena with her spear. He's like a writer,
a warrior of writings, right? He would Shakespeare his pen on the paper.
Anyways, we can either cut that or leave
that in whatever. Let's get back to Delia and Francis Bacon. No relation.
Delia bacon spelled
it Shakespeare on purpose. She believed the real man from Stratford
was different from the literary figure shake, hyphen, spear,
which she saw as a pen name.
But we have to understand a little more
about printing practices back then. You see, there wasn't any sort of standardized
spelling or formatting practices. Not for names, not for titles,
not even for everyday words.
Printers had a lot of freedom
and they used it. They changed spellings. They would add hyphens and adjust layouts
however they liked, sometimes
just to make the text fit better or appear
more esthetically pleasing on the page. So while some people see Shakespeare
as a clue, maybe even a secret signal, others argue that it was just the product
of messy early printing practices.
But let's not lose
sight of the bigger picture here. Delia bacon was a smart, determined
historian and lecturer from Ohio, and she became completely obsessed
with the question of who really wrote
Shakespeare's plays. Delia believed
that Shakespeare was just a cover up, a fake name used by a group of wealthy,
educated nobles.
And yes, she thought the group might have been led
by none other than Francis Bacon himself. Now, why would Delia Bacon think Francis
Bacon was actually William Shakespeare?
Well, Delia Bacon thought the connection
between Francis Bacon and Shakespeare was pretty uncanny,
and it actually made a lot of sense. You see, she said, the plays
share the same basic ideas and worldview
found in Bacon's writing. Both men lived in London at the time
and even knew some of the same people. And bacon
was known for being smart and clever,
much like the person you need
to have expected to write those plays. Delia even believed
the plays were part of Bacon's big plan to change how people think.
You see, Francis Bacon had this big idea
called the Great Inspiration, and it was his plan to rebuild
all humans knowledge from science to philosophy,
using logic, observation and clear
thinking instead of the old traditions
and guesswork. Delia bacon believed Shakespeare's
plays weren't just entertainment. They were part of the plan.
She thought the plays were designed
to get people thinking differently, to challenge old ideas
and push for change, in her view. They were the emotional, creative part
of Bacon's mission to transform the world.
And if she was right, wouldn't
that make the plays a pretty brilliant form of propaganda
in her book? She writes, behind the mask
of Shakespeare stands not one man,
but an entire society of great thinkers
and philosophers. So here's something to think about. Whether or not Shakespeare
was really Francis Bacon.
The plays themselves absolutely challenged
the way people thought. Take King Lear,
Macbeth, and Julius Caesar. These aren't just stories about kings.
They're about how power can twist people,
how leaders can fail, and how ambition can destroy everything. And that's a bold thing.
The show on stage.
Or take a look at hamlet, a character who over thinks everything,
questions everything, even life itself. Now, that
kind of deep inner conflict
that wasn't typical back then. Shakespeare was putting raw
human psychology front and center. And then you've got plays like.
Or Fellow or The Merchant of Venice
tackling race, religion, gender and justice. Even the women in this play
as Portia Viola, Lady Macbeth.
They're not just love interests
or background characters. They are sharp, clever,
and they are powerful. Way ahead of their time.
So for those who followed Bacon's
philosophy, it's easy to see the parallels. These plays don't just entertain,
they provoke.
They push people to think differently,
to question and to change. Maybe Shakespeare
and Bacon influence each other, or maybe they were never separate to begin
with.
Now, Delia's ideas were bold
and they were creative. And to most people at the time, they were
absolutely, totally unbelievable. But Delia didn't stop at
just writing a book.
She wanted proof. She was convinced that important documents
were hidden in Shakespeare's tomb. So she traveled all the way to Stratford
upon Avon, stood at his grave,
and actually asked the authorities
to open it up. And as you'd expect, the authorities said
no, partly out of respect, but also because of the very clear warning
carved right into Shakespeare's tombstone.
It reads, good friend, for Jesus sake, forbear to dig
the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares
these stones, and cursed be he that moves
my bones. Well, maybe Delia
thought the curse wouldn't scare anyone, or that curiosity
would win over superstition.
Either way, the tomb remained closed
and her theory remained unproven. So what exactly was Delia hoping to find? I think it's simple proof.
Manuscripts, letters. Something in Shakespeare's own tomb
that showed he wasn't the true author of the plays.
Maybe even documents written by Francis
Bacon himself. It does sound extreme,
but it makes a strange kind of sense, because one of the weirdest parts
of this whole mystery is
just how little we have
in Shakespeare's own handwriting. Even though most people dismiss Delia's
ideas at the time, they didn't disappear. In fact, they started to catch on
by the late 1800s.
The authorship question
had turned into a real movement. Societies were being formed just
to figure out who really wrote the plays, and most famously,
the Francis Bacon Society, founded in 1886
and shortly after, Ignatius Donnelly,
author of The Great Cryptogram, took it even further. He writes the plays conceal
a cipher message,
confirming Francis Bacon
as their true author. Shakespeare was merely the pseudonym
for Bacon's revolutionary mind. After that, the books started pouring in,
each one of them
more dramatic than the last. The bilateral cipher of Francis Bacon
by Elizabeth Wells Gallop in 1900 is Shakespeare Dead?
By Mark Twain in 1909, and more recently,
Shakespeare Was a Woman and Other Heresies
by Elizabeth Winkler in 2023. Just to name a few.
And all of them argued, some seriously
and some with humor. That Shakespeare wasn't the real author
and that hidden writers were behind the famous plays.
But one of the most influential books
to push the authorship debate in a new direction came in 1920,
when an English school teacher named J. Thomas Looney published
Shakespeare Identified.
Unlike the cipher hunting bacon,
Looney took a different approach. He looked at the plays themselves,
their tones, their themes and values, and asked one simple question what kind of
person could have written this?
His answer? As our second suspect,
Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, Looney argued that Oxford's
life, personality
and background aligned almost perfectly
with the works of Shakespeare. And from that point forward
the Oxford theory was born J. Thomas Looney goes on to write Edward
Revere's Life and works a line
to perfectly wash Shakespeare's writings. Oxford's Penn, hidden behind Shakespeare's
name, revealed his true
life and his profound literary genius.
Even Sigmund Freud was convinced. In 1928, he wrote I no longer Believe. Shakespeare of Stratford wrote the plays.
Oxford's biography alone holds the psychological complexity
required for Shakespeare's genius. Oxford often point
to some strange and specific
parallels between Edward, the various life
and Shakespeare's plays. For example,
Oxford led a military expedition to Italy and plays like Othello
and The Merchant of Venice show
unusually detailed knowledge
of Italian city's customs and geography. Some even believe hamlet
is partly autobiographical, a story of a nobleman caught in the
political power games of a royal court,
much like Oxford himself,
and one of the most talked about X14 claims centers
on the character of Polonius in Hamlet. They argue
he's a direct satire of Lord Burghley,
who just happened to be Oxford's real life
father in law. So listen, in this play,
Polonius gives this speech to his son, Laertes as he leaves for France.
And it's meant to be wise and practical. But in the play, Polonius is often
seen as pompous and overly self-important. That's why Oxford thinks Shakespeare
may have been poking fun at Lord Burghley,
who was known for giving his long
winded, moralistic advice just like this. Neither a borrower nor a lender
be for loan oft loses both itself and friend,
and borrowing those the edge of husbandry.
This above all, to thine own self be true. And it must follow as the night, the day. Thou canst not then be false to any man.
Farewell, my blessing. Season
this in thee. It's an interesting take. And this theory didn't stop here.
The Oxford theory even made its way
to Hollywood in 2007. The film anonymous portrayed
Edward de Vere as the secret
author behind Shakespeare's works.
So Edward de Vere,
the Earl of Oxford, a nobleman whose life in many ways mirrored
the world of Shakespeare's plays. He had the right background.
A top tier education, insider
knowledge of court politics, and extensive travels across Europe,
especially in Italy. Just like the settings
in many of the works.
But there's one major issue. Oxford died in 1604,
and some of Shakespeare's most famous plays, like Macbeth and The Tempest,
were published or performed after that.
Supporters of the Oxford theory argued
that the plays were actually written earlier
and only released later, or that collaborators
finished them after his death.
But for most historians,
that timeline problem is hard to ignore. And while mainstream scholars reject
this theory, the Earl of Oxford remains one of the most popular and persistent
suspects in this ongoing literary mystery.
So finally, we have Christopher Marlowe,
one of the most famous playwrights of his time, known for his bold, poetic plays
like Doctor Foster's and Tamburlaine. He was a rising star,
and his writing style
was powerful, complex
and emotionally intense. Sounds familiar right? But in 1593, at the height of his career,
Marlowe died suddenly.
Supposedly, he was stabbed to death
in a tavern over a bar bell. And this is where the mystery begins. Marlowe supporters, otherwise known
as Marlowe Villains, claims
he staged his death
to escape political trouble, and then he kept writing under the name
William Shakespeare. And the timing is interesting.
Right after Marlowe's supposed death. Shakespeare
suddenly appears as a major playwright. Some even point to similarities
in writing style between the two.
Calvin Hoffman, one of the most vocal
supporters of the Marlowe theory, believed Marlowe's fake death and secret
life of Shakespeare wasn't just possible. It was obvious in his 1955 book
The Murder of the Man Who Is Shakespeare.
He writes, Marlowe's fake death and secret
life of Shakespeare is not mere theory. It's the only reasonable explanation
of Shakespeare's mysterious literary emergence.
And those are bold claims. But here's the problem
Marlowe left a lot of what ifs. It depends on a major conspiracy,
and there's
no solid historical evidence to prove it
actually happened. And the list continues to grow. Here are other wild and not so wild
candidates beyond the big Three.
Queen Elizabeth the first Mary Sidney
Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Roger manners, sir Walter Raleigh. And the list goes on.
Now mainstream historians are confident
in their case, and they have reason to be. Their strong evidence
from Shakespeare's own time that he really did write the plays.
People who knew him, fellow actors, writers and publishers,
openly credited him as the author. Official records confirm
that he was deeply involved in the theater
world, both on stage
and as part owner of a company. And what about the missing manuscripts? Historians say that's not unusual.
Original drafts
from the Elizabethan era rarely survived, so the lack of personal papers
doesn't raise red flags for them. But one of the strongest pieces
of evidence comes from the First Folio,
the first official collection
of Shakespeare's plays published in 1623, just seven years after his death. Its full title is Mr.
William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories
and Tragedies, and it was put together by people who worked very closely
with them in its introduction. Shakespeare's friend
Ben Jonson offered a famous tribute,
calling him the Swan of Avon. He writes,
he was not of an age, but for all time. Sweet Swan of Avon, what a sight it were
to see the in our waters yet appear.
So there we have it. Edward de Vere, Christopher Marlowe,
Francis Bacon, Shakespeare himself. Let's lay it all out side by side
and weigh the case for each contender.
What do we really know?
What still doesn't add up? And where does the evidence actually
point? Francis Bacon brings serious intellectual
credibility, but his case depends heavily
on hidden codes and secret messages
that have never been definitively proven. Edward de Vries life lines up closely
with themes and details in the plays, but he died two early for several
key works to make sense and then timeline.
And Christopher Marlowe offers
a dramatic and fascinating story, but there's no solid evidence that he faked his death
or continued writing afterward.
And then there's William
Shakespeare himself. He has the strongest historical support. People in his own time
said he wrote the plays,
but there are still real questions. His background was modest, and there are no surviving
letters, journals or drafts from him.
So what are we left with? No theory is perfect. Each has strong points and big gaps.
Could the real answer still be out
there, tucked away in a forgotten archive, buried in a dusty library, waiting to be
uncovered by future research? Maybe. But maybe the mystery remains.
Because no theory, not even
the traditional one, answers everything. And maybe that's why
it still captivates us. But before we talk about the big question,
I want to lay out three more questions.
Questions that go beyond Shakespeare
and speak to something deeper about how we see history,
talent, and truth. Does genius require privilege?
Can a self-taught actor from a small town
really create the greatest works in English language? Or do we only believe in genius
when it comes with a noble title
and a formal education? Was Shakespeare the rare exception, or does his story challenge
our assumptions about class and talent?
Some of the earliest doubts about Shakespeare's authorship
didn't come from new evidence. They came from discomfort.
Discomfort with the idea that a commoner
could understand kings and court so well that someone without status could write
like he belonged amongst nobles. It says as much about us
as it does about him.
Do we doubt the man? Or do we doubt the class he came from? Vincent van Gogh, Michael Faraday,
Frederick Douglass, Maya Angelou
none of them had privilege,
but each of them reshaped the world. Francis Bacon,
Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton. Their genius was nurtured
by wealth, education and power.
And history remembers them that way. So how do we trust historical evidence? Skeptics point to missing
letters, journals and manuscripts.
But does that mean that Shakespeare
didn't write the plays? Or is it just a normal gap in history, especially from a time
when very few personal documents survived?
But here's the thing. History is full of gaps, and the further
back we go, the more we rely on fragments. And we have more evidence
of Shakespeare's life than we do
for many other writers of his time. And still no one questions the authorship of John Webster,
Thomas Kidd, or Thomas Middleton.
They were all major playwrights,
all with huge holes in their biographies. No letters, no personal artifacts,
and no handwritten plays. But none of them says maybe someone else
wrote The Duchess of Malfi.
So what does the silence mean to skeptics? It's suspicious. And to historians it's just typical.
We're used to modern authors, tweets,
interviews, rough drafts in the cloud. But in Shakespeare's time, being a writer
meant leaving almost nothing behind. So are we missing proof,
or are we expecting too much from an era
that simply didn't document
the private lives of playwrights? And what do you think about creative
writing? Does creative writing require
first hand experience?
Anti Stratford audience would say that
the plays show too much insider knowledge about law, about politics,
foreign cultures. For a commoner to have written them.
But does writing always reflect
personal experience, or shouldn't a great writer with books and imagination
create entire worlds beyond their own? Jules Verne, Mary Shelley, George Orwell
none of them lived the futures
they imagined. But each of them changed
how we see the world. Ernest Hemingway, Maya Angelou,
Chinua Achebe.
Their writing was shaped by the way they
lived, every word rooted in experience. One group dreamed it, the other lived it,
and both gave us stories that still resonate.
Sometimes lived experience
makes writing richer, but imagination, that's where the magic lives. The best writers don't just reflect
the world, they invent it.
They research, observe,
and then imagine the rest. So the question isn't
what has Shakespeare lived? But perhaps what did he understand
and how brilliantly he brought it to life?
Sigmund Freud, Mark Twain, and even U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens
all expressed doubts about Shakespeare's authorship.
More recently, actor Mark Rylance,
former artistic director of Shakespeare's Globe, has been one of the most outspoken
modern skeptics. And in 2011, the film anonymous brought
the Oxford theory to Hollywood, portraying
Edward Vere as the head and author behind
Shakespeare's legendary works. But at the heart of all this doubt lies
one big question. Could one man really have done at all
Shakespeare's
plays and cover
an incredible range of human experience? He gives us Hamlet's
deeper inner conflict, Falstaff s wild humor and prosperous, thoughtful
farewell, all written
with emotional insight
that still moves people today. So how did one person master history,
law, politics, philosophy, music, and the details of both royal courts
and everyday village life?
For some, it's easier
to believe that more than one person, or maybe a hidden noble with the right
background was behind it all. Shakespeare's
brilliance is what keeps the doubt alive.
He seems, in some ways
almost too good to be true. So where does this leave us? Most likely with a renowned admiration
for the man, not just as a playwright,
but as a historical figure whose life
continues to spark endless intrigue. Because in the end, the evidence
still points in one direction. The man from Stratford
really did write the works of Shakespeare,
and maybe the most poetic twist of all
is the authorship question this centuries old mystery
might just be Shakespeare's final, unwritten play, a story where he is
the central character,
the suspect, and the legend in a whodunit
with no final curtain. But no matter where you stand on this
debate, one thing is absolutely clear. This controversy has kept Shakespeare's
work alive in a whole new way.
Whether you read them for poetry
or search them for secret clues, the plays still captivate,
challenge and inspire. And maybe in the end, the true
author of Shakespeare's
genius was never just one person. It was and always will be, the collective
imagination of every reader, every actor and skeptic
who's ever engaged in his words.
And that, as the Bard himself might say,
is the stuff that dreams are made of. If you enjoy this dive into literary mystery,
don't forget to like, subscribe
and hit that bell for more stories
that challenge what we think we know. Got a theory of your own? Drop it in
the comments. I'd love to hear it. Bye.
The Shakespeare authorship question is a debate challenging whether William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon truly wrote the famous plays attributed to him. It arose due to biographical gaps, like his modest education and lack of manuscripts, contrasting with the plays' sophisticated knowledge of law, royal courts, and classical subjects.
The main alternative candidates include Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere (17th Earl of Oxford), and Christopher Marlowe. Each is supported by different claims: Bacon for his intellectual likeness and alleged ciphers; Oxford for his noble background matching the plays' themes, though conflicting timelines exist; and Marlowe for stylistic similarities and rumors he faked his death, though none have definitive proof.
Skepticism exists because Shakespeare came from a modest family and likely had limited formal education, with no university records. However, his plays display detailed understanding of complex topics like law, royal court intrigues, and classical history, which appear inconsistent with his documented background.
Historical support includes testimonials from contemporaries like Ben Jonson, Shakespeare’s documented roles as actor, playwright, and shareholder in London theaters, and common historical explanations that original manuscripts often didn’t survive due to period preservation practices, helping explain existing gaps.
The debate has inspired books, films such as Anonymous, and societies dedicated to exploring the mystery. Prominent skeptics like Mark Twain and Sigmund Freud brought attention to it, fueling ongoing fascination and scholarly discourse, while Shakespeare’s works continue to inspire regardless of authorship.
It questions whether cultural privilege and formal education are prerequisites for genius, as skepticism partly stems from disbelief that a commoner could produce such elite knowledge. This prompts reflection on how society views the link between status, education, and artistic creativity.
To delve deeper, read both mainstream historical accounts and alternative theories, examine works by authors and scholars on the subject, watch documentaries or films like Anonymous, and consider joining discussion groups or societies dedicated to the debate, allowing engagement with multiple perspectives.
Heads up!
This summary and transcript were automatically generated using AI with the Free YouTube Transcript Summary Tool by LunaNotes.
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