Introduction
Welcome to the final episode of Crash Course Theater! Join host Mike Rugnetta as we dive into America’s greatest theatrical invention—the singing, dancing sensation known as the Broadway book musical. This article will explore the history, significance, and evolution of this iconic form of entertainment, particularly during its Golden Age.
The Importance of the Broadway Book Musical
Why It Matters
The Broadway book musical has profoundly influenced theater and other entertainment forms globally. It’s considered America’s most significant cultural export alongside Hollywood, contributing to a billion-dollar industry that has captivated audiences across continents (except Antarctica) and even found its way onto cruise ships.
A Brief History
The intersection of theater and music dates back to ancient times, from Greek tragedies to operatic performances. American musical theater has its roots in several traditions, including:
- Minstrel shows
- Vaudeville
- Pantomime
- Operetta
- Comedy burlesque
The first American musical is often credited to be "The Black Crook," born from a bizarre twist of fate involving a burning theater. This production combined a disjointed play with the spectacle of ballet, shaping the future of musical theater.
The Evolution of Musical Theater
Early Beginnings
- In the 1870s, Harrigan and Hart led the charge with musical comedies, combining comedic skits with songs that often had little to do with the storyline.
- The rise of African-American musicals in the early 1900s also made a mark, culminating in the famous Ziegfeld Follies, featuring spectacular chorus girls and popular songs.
Transition to Book Musicals
The transition from variety shows to cohesive narratives was spearheaded by composers like Jerome Kern. During the late 1920s, the introduction of song-integrated storylines led to the emergence of book musicals, where lyrics, plot, and characters were interwoven seamlessly. Kern, along with lyricists like Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse, brought life to musicals that focused on contemporary characters and relatable situations.
The Golden Age of Broadway Musicals
Defining Characteristics
The Golden Age, spanning from the 1940s to the early 1960s, was marked by:
- Wit and sophistication in writing
- Memorable melodies
- Athletic choreography
- Depth in character development
Highlighting ‘Oklahoma!’
One of the standout productions of this era is “Oklahoma!” by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Based on Lynn Riggs's play, this musical was groundbreaking in its narrative complexity. Key elements include:
- The relatable character dynamics between Curly and Laurey.
- The iconic opening number, "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin’."
- A dream ballet that reflects the inner conflict of its characters.
“Oklahoma!” showcased how musicals could delve into serious social themes, groundbreaking for its time. The production laid the foundation for subsequent works like “Carousel,” “South Pacific,” and “The Sound of Music.”
Significant Contributors in Musical Theater
Influential Figures
- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II revolutionized the musical stage with emotionally charged storytelling and integrated songs.
- Cole Porter, known for his witty lyricism and catchy melodies, contributed a unique flair to the musical landscape.
- The Gershwin Brothers, with their jazz influences, added a new dimension to Broadway musicals.
The Role of Original Cast Recordings
One of the pivotal innovations was the conception of the original cast recording, allowing audiences to experience musicals beyond the theater. This advancement popularized Broadway shows and expanded their reach worldwide.
The Legacy of Broadway Musicals
The Cultural Impact
The Broadway book musical has continued to evolve and inspire. It instilled a lasting love for musicals in countless individuals, often serving as a gateway to theater appreciation. While some content may address problematic themes, the essence of Broadway remains virtuosic and hopeful.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Broadway book musical has left an indelible mark on the history of American theater. From the Golden Age to contemporary iterations, these musicals continue to explore diverse topics and evolve with societal changes. As we reflect on the journey of Crash Course Theater, we celebrate the rich tapestry of musical history and the profound impact of the Broadway book musical on audiences around the world. Thank you for joining us on this theatrical journey, and here’s to many more curtain calls to come!
Hey there! I’m Mike Rugnetta, and this is the LAST episode of Crash Course Theater. So get ready for like, 9 curtain calls at the end. But for now, we’re grabbing our Playbills and our Twizzlers to spend an episode with America’s greatest theatrical invention:
the singing, dancing, orchestra-in-the-floor sensation that is… wait for it… the Broadway book musical. Why does the Broadway book musical matter? Well, it’s changed theater as we know it. Along with Hollywood movies, it’s America’s
most influential entertainment export, a billion-dollar industry that has zoomed its way across the world, to every continent except Antarctica, and onto cruise ships, too. Today we’ll focus on the Golden Age of the Broadway musical, trying to figure out how
song, story, and the occasional dream ballet come together to create this singular sensation. Lights up! INTRO Theater and music have always been closely intertwined. Greek tragedies were mostly sung
and danced. Liturgical dramas had key musical components. Melodrama was originally a musical form. And most styles of traveling or folk theater were strongly musical—not to mention the nineteenth-century rise of the opera—and pretty much every style of Asian theater we’ve
studied. American theater, of course, has its own musical theater traditions, including the troubling and unfortunately VERY popular minstrel show, which we looked at in an earlier episode. In terms of imported forms, America also went
big for vaudeville, pantomime, operetta, and comedy burlesque—which is different from the modern tell-dirty-jokes-and-take-your-clothes-off sexy burlesque. In the 1860s, we got what some consider the first American musical, “The Black Crook.”
“The Black Crook” basically happened because a theater burned down, and a Parisian ballet troupe was stranded. So some enterprising producers were like, well, we can’t just put French girls in flesh-colored tights onstage and leave them there? The people demand a
story! Do they? Anyway, the producers paired the dancers with a totally incomprehensible play about black magic and fairies and a really weird New Year’s Eve. And they tricked it out with scenery and songs. The total package! … that lasted
five hours and made nooooo sense. The first American musical comedies on Broadway were created in the 1870s by a duo called Harrigan and Hart. They started with a variety act that made fun of drunk neighborhood militias—armed and hilarious!—and then expanded these sketches
into song-filled shows like “The Mulligan Guard.” They poked fun at all sorts of working-class types, and they never met an ethnicity they couldn’t mock. Stereotyping was huge, and the songs didn’t have anything to do with
the plot. But these shows made audiences hungry for more, more, more musical farces with more, more, more irrelevant songs. At around the turn of the 20th century, there was a vogue for African-American musicals, which we discussed in our episode on the theater
of the Harlem Renaissance. In 1907, the Follies were born and musical theater got very leggy. The Follies were evenings of loosely linked sketches and popular songs, but the big draw was the chorus of Follies girls.
Each year, producer Florenz Ziegfeld assembled a group of beautiful chorines who had to have, he said, “beauty of face, form, charm and manner, personal magnetism, individuality, grace and poise.” The scripts? They’re not great. In the first
Follies, Captain John Smith and Pocahontas drop in on 1907 New York and meet all kinds of people. Yeah. The Follies walked the line between titillating and classy pretty much perfectly. They were girlie shows that men could perv out to. While
sitting next to their wives. Because middle-class wives enjoy a kickline, too? Between 1907 and 1931, there was a Follies every year, each leggier and more sumptuous than the last. Oh, and Ziegfeld’s Follies were the tame version. Other producers just
threw a bunch of nude showgirls and raunchy comics on the stage and called it a day. Broadway could have gone on forever with classic girlie shows and questionably hilarious ethnic stereotyping. But thankfully, instead something wonderful happened: The birth of the book
musical. The father? That would be Jerome Kern, a guy who got his start fixing up imported British musicals. The songs he contributed were really good, usually a lot better than what he’d been handed. The melodies were catchy, and
the lyrics conversational. At the Princess Theater, Kern and the lyricist Guy Bolton started writing charming, low-key musicals, which became even more charming when comic mastermind P. G. Wodehouse joined them. Notable shows included “Oh Boy!”
“and “Oh Dear!” Oh wow! Maybe they seem like piffle now, but at the time book musicals were revolutionary: the characters were recognizable. The situations were contemporary. The plot, lyrics, and style of song actually /went together/!
Bolton told an interviewer, “Every line, funny or serious, is supposedly to help the plot continue to hold.” Whoa! Now I know what some of you are thinking. Gilbert and Sullivan already did this. And you’re not wrong, but those were operettas, mostly sung
through. And they involved fantastical situations. The Princess Theater musicals were different. By the late 1920s, this newfangled idea that maybe the songs should have something to do with the plot and the plot could be minimally coherent was really catching on. More than
fifty revues and musicals crowded Broadway every year. And there were so many new composers and lyricists! Like Richard Rodgers or the romantic Lorenz Hart. Or the astonishingly witty Cole Porter, a man who could rhyme anything. And, oh my
god, George and Ira Gershwin, s’wonderful, people! And hey, look, Irving Berlin! Probably the first thoroughly modern musical was the 1927 “Show Boat,” which is tricky to revive today because its racial politics are … a mess? But as written by Jerome Kern
and Oscar Hammerstein and set on a Mississippi showboat, it pushed the musical in a more serious direction, towards an honest examination of racism.. It offered rich roles for African-American actors and gave them character-driven songs
like “Old Man River” and “Can’t Help Lovin’ that Man,” which are still standards. The Broadway musical made it through the Great Depression. And while World War Two was being waged, the musical leveled up again, entering a twenty-year Golden Age.
The musicals of this era were defined by their wit, sophistication, extremely hummable songs, and dazzling and often athletic choreography—and by their willingness to allow genuinely complex characters to exist. Now we’re going to take a look at the American
musical that finally put it all together—music and lyrics and book scenes and ballet—to tell a distinctly American story. Welcome to “Oklahoma!” Note the exclamation point! This one is exciting, people! Even though it’s set in …Oklahoma. No offense to my
Okies out there. This 1943 musical, written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, is based on Lynn Riggs’s 1931 play “Green Grow the Lilacs.” The exclamation point wasn’t all they added. The play opens in 1906, when Oklahoma is still
a territory, and a surrey wagon is a plausible way to get around town. Help us out, ThoughtBubble! Cowboy Curly comes forward and sings “Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin’” as though chatting to the audience. The Times critic, Brooks Atkinson, wrote that after a magnificent song
like that “the banalities of the old musical stage became intolerable.” Curly and farm girl Laurey clearly like each other, but can’t seem to get along. Laurey has another suitor: Loner farmhand Jud Fry,
who is basically a Golden Age incel. The guy is bad news. To make Curly jealous, Laurey agrees to go to the box social with Jud, even though she’s kind of afraid of him. Curly takes the news well, so well that he goes to see Jud and
sings a joke/not joke song suggesting that Jud kill himself. Jud, also a really mature guy, decides that he’s going to marry Laurey—whether she wants to or not! Laurey is so confused that she buys a magic potion from the Persian peddler Ali Hakim.
She takes it and falls asleep, and that’s when we get a fifteen-minute dream ballet, where Laurey imagines marrying Curly and Jud murdering Curly. That is a bad dream. And a good ballet. When she wakes, Laurey is too frightened to reject Jud, so they go to the
box social. There’s a scuffle between farmers and cowmen, and some comedy subplot stuff. Jud and Curly fight over Laurey. And Curly sells all his things to win her heart. Jud confesses his feelings. Laurey rejects him and then fires
him. Curly and Laurey are married, but drunk Jud shows up and tries to kill Curly, which is not good wedding etiquette. They tussle, and Jud falls on his own knife. And Curly and Laurey get to go off on their honeymoon. A
happy ending! Except for the dead guy! Thanks, ThoughtBubble. It’s hard to get across how innovative “Oklahoma!”—a musical that includes a number like “The Farmer and the Cowman”—actually is. Rodgers’s melodies had a distinctly American sound.
And Hammerstein wrote the lyrics first, which meant that the songs were way more integral to the story and were written in the voices of the characters. Even more than “Showboat,” every song had a purpose, and so did every dance number.
Agnes de Mille’s dream ballet took the musical to a daring, expressionist place. The story was allowed to exist with a level of tonal and character complexity that no one thought a musical could handle. But the musical /could/ handle it. It’s so good!
As we’re filming this in late 2018, a number of American theaters have recently staged “Oklahoma!,” interrogating its depictions of sexuality, violence, conflict, and community. These are radically different interpretations. But maybe that’s one of the signs of a great
work of art—that it can stand up to all kind of interpretations and still tell us something truthful. With a fringe on top. Oh, and this was also the show that pioneered the original cast recording, which is NOT a small deal. You’re welcome.
After “Oklahoma!,” the Golden Age continued until the early 1960s. Maybe there were no other great musicals named after states and territories, but Rodgers and Hammerstein followed “Oklahoma!” up with “Carousel,” “South Pacific,” “The Sound of Music” and “The
King and I.” Shall we dance, Yorick? At the same time, Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe wrote “Brigadoon” and “My Fair Lady.” And let’s not forget “Guys and Dolls,” “On the Town,” “Wonderful Town,” “Kiss
Me Kate,” “Damn Yankees,” “West Side Story,” because somewhere there’s a place for us... and “Gypsy.” Whew! There is sooo much more that we could talk about! The counterculture musical! The
mega musical! The concept musical! Sondheim! There’s so much to say about Sondheim. Yorick loves Sondheim! I’m lukewarm myself but NO SHADE, well.. Except...maybe literal shade... Because it’s time for our curtain call. This is our final episode of Crash Course
Theater and yet we have forty or fifty years of theater history and contemporary performance still to go. Maybe we’ll meet again for a reprise down the road. Still, we wanted to leave you with the book musical, not just because it’s a hugely
popular and influential theatrical form, but also because it’s how a lot of us who make Crash Course Theater got hooked in the first place. We saw a musical or a movie musical when we were kids, and it just knocked us out. That’s right. Musicals are the gateway
drug. First “Guys and Dolls” Then Artaud. Book musicals are sometimes sexist and sometimes racist and sometimes really dumb. But they’re also virtuosic and hopeful and big-hearted. Like many of the things in life we love, they are big, and they are complicated.
Speaking of love, We can’t actually see or hear you, but you’ve been a great audience. Thank you for staying in your seats while we explored more than two thousand years of people trying to put their world onstage. We wish we could sign at the stage door, but
you may have to settle for … like, VidCon or … twitter I guess? We’ve seen sad theater, funny theater, dangerous theater, avalanche theater, theater that wants to burn it all down, and theater that wants to build a new and better world. So give yourselves
a hand. And take a bow, Yorick. That’s right, cue ball. You’ve earned it. And for now, for the last time… curtain!
Heads up!
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